微生物多糖合成关键基因挖掘的研究进展

随着分子生物学技术的快速发展,功能基因的挖掘在微生物高产多糖合成关键途径研究中变得越来越重要,不断发展的基因挖掘方法和基因组分析工具推进了研究的深入进行。本文主要综述了近年来报道的微生物多糖生物合成途径和多糖合成途径中的关键酶,以及利用多种技术手段和分析软件工具对多糖合成关键基因进行挖掘和验证的相关研究,为微生物多糖合成关键基因的验证以及微生物高产多糖菌株的制备提供参考。     

海洋微生物中提取的多糖的药用功能研究

海洋微生物多糖主要是从海水、海泥和海藻中的细菌中分离出来的多糖,大多是微生物胞外多糖。海洋微生物资源丰富多样,由于其生存环境所限,微生物物种之间的竞争十分激烈,多数微生物通过代谢产生了一些小分子有机化合物,此活性物质便可提炼出结构迥异、作用独特的活性多糖。本文综述了海洋微生物多糖的药用功能,对海洋微生物多糖的药用价值进行了系统分析。     

新型微生物多糖胶联多糖

本文介绍了新型微生物多糖胶联多糖的结构、来源及生产,通过与其它水溶胶体的比较说明了它的溶液性质,凝胶性质,还涉及其商业可获性和安全性研究,并展望了它在食品中的应用前景。     

海洋微生物胞外多糖结构与生物活性研究进展

海洋微生物胞外多糖结构和功能的特异性源于海洋特殊环境,对其研究具有重要的理论和应用价值。综述了海洋微生物胞外多糖的结构及其生物活性研究进展,展望了研究及应用前景。     

4种山药多糖的体外发酵特性比较研究

采用体外发酵技术评价分段醇沉得到的4个山药多糖对宁乡猪盲肠食糜体外发酵特性和发酵产物的影响,探讨其用作动物功能性营养调控剂的可行性.乙醇终浓度(%)分别为30、45、60和75时沉淀得到4个山药多糖,用硫酸蒽酮法测得其总多糖含量(%)分别为45.85、56.24、90.91和13.87.选用正常饲喂的肥育宁乡猪,处死后无菌取盲肠食糜作为接种物,分别以4个山药多糖和葡萄糖为底物进行体外发酵.于不同发酵时间点记录产气量,48 h后检测发酵液pH值、NH3和SCFA含量.结果表明,75%醇沉多糖发酵动力学参数最优,并极显著优于葡萄糖组(P<0.01);45%、60%醇沉多糖和葡萄糖组pH值最低,60%、75%醇沉多糖和葡萄糖组的NH3含量最低;葡萄糖组的乙酸、丁酸和异丁酸含量均显著高于其它处理组(P<0.05),60%醇沉多糖组的丙酸含量稍高于、丁酸和异丁酸含量略低于其它3个多糖组.丁酸和异丁酸含量与pH值和NH3含量呈显著相关.提示60%和75%醇沉山药多糖是2种理想的可被宁乡猪盲肠微生物利用的碳源,并可改变微生物产生的SCFA含量与组成.     

我国微生物多糖工业发展中的喜与忧

最近,有关微生物多糖的评论文章都认为,它存在着巨大的市场潜力,随着研究和开发的迅速发展,微生物多糖将有可能很快占据植物胶和海藻胶的现有市场。     

微生物-生物技术提高石油产率

石油的紧缺是未来一大趋势。多途径开发替代能源（或洁净新能源）也是必然趋势。现阶段如何确保石油品质，提高其采取率？是石油科学工作者、微生物一生物科学工作者关注的重要课题。微生物技术大有应用潜力，其中微生物生产的多糖用于石油开采早已为科技工作者所关注，如细菌生产的黄胞胶（Xanthan gum）作为石油开采的乳化剂，这种胞外杂多糖（酸性多糖）已于上世纪60年代末已实现工业化生产，     

微生物多糖WL-26深层发酵工艺的优化

产碱杆菌Alcaligenes sp.JL-1能分泌一种高分子多糖WL-26.以生物量、发酵产量和黏度为主要指标,对其深层发酵培养基进行了筛选,并在此基础上对发酵条件进行优化.培养条件确定为:40g/L蔗糖,4g/L复合氮源(20%硝酸钠和80%的牛肉膏),2g/L KH2PO4,0.1g/L MgSO4,0.5mL/L FeSO4.初始pH为7.2～7.4,5%的接种量、装液量为50mL/250mL三角瓶、转速为200r/min、30℃恒温培养58h,WL-26产量从9.326g/L提高到21.767g/L.     

党参多糖对肠道微生态及肠道疾病作用研究进展

党参为生活中常用的药食两用药材,具有补益作用,其中党参多糖为主要的活性成分之一,具有多种生物活性。近年来,很多学者在研究党参多糖治疗肠道相关疾病方面取得了显著进展。近期研究显示,肠道菌群可能是党参多糖治疗相关肠道疾病的潜在作用靶点。因此,本文就党参多糖对肠道微生物调节及肠道疾病作用的研究进行综述,以期为党参多糖作为益生元微生态制剂的开发和治疗肠道相关疾病提供一些理论依据和试验基础。     

具有工业应用潜力的微生物多糖

已报道的微生物多糖有黄原胶、盘核菌多糖、PS-10、PS-21和PS-53胶、来自粪产碱杆菌属的多糖、PS-7胶、胶凝多糖、热凝多糖、细菌藻酸盐、右旋糖酐、茁霉多糖、面包酵母烯聚糖、含6-脱氧-已糖多糖和细菌纤维素。本文简述一些微生物多糖商品化潜力的限制因素。如利用价值,流变学特性相聚合度。多糖按用作增粘剂和胶凝剂分类。具有特殊用途的多糖,其三分之一的种类包括特制右旋糖酐、茁霉多糖和用作底物制备某些稀有糖类的多糖。本文还指出了多糖在工业水平上发展所面临的困难。     

A note on the formation of microbial polysaccharide from wheat straw decomposed in the absence of soil

C hapman , S.J. & L ynch , J.M. 1984. A note on the formation of microbial polysaccharide from wheat straw decomposed in the absence of soil. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 56 , 337–342.
The proportions of neutral sugars in fresh and decomposed wheat straw polysaccharide were similar, irrespective of the oxygen concentration used during breakdown. Polysaccharide extracted by hot water from the decomposed straw was composed mainly of galactose, glucose and mannose with smaller quantities of arabinose, xylose, rhamnose, fucose and ribose. The presence of these sugars indicates a mainly microbial origin for the polysaccharide but with some soluble hemi-cellulose breakdown products. The polysaccharide precipitable with 70% (v/v) ethanol accounted for 0.5% (w/w) of the degraded straw. The extracted polysaccharide was shown to increase the aggregate stability of Mount St Helens volcanic ash.     

Xanthan gum: production, recovery, and properties

Xanthan gum is a microbial polysaccharide of great commercial significance. This review focuses on various aspects of xanthan production, including the producing organism Xanthomonas campestris, the kinetics of growth and production, the downstream recovery of the polysaccharide, and the solution properties of xanthan.     

Production and purification of rhamnose from microbial polysaccharide produced by Klebsiella sp. I-714

A rhamnose-containing microbial polysaccharide has been produced by Klebsiella sp. I-714. strain. The polysaccharide has been used as a source for the obtention of L-rhamnose. A biotechnological process has been developed to purify the hydrolyzed polysaccharide (EPSH), which contains rhamnose, galactose and glucuronic acid.Microbial removal of galactose is followed by a continuous chromatographie separation of glucuronic acid to render pure rhamnose.The technical feasibility of the process has been studied, with special emphasis on microbial inhibitor's removal.This work was funded by the project AGRE-0011 of the ECLAIR program and CTT-480 of the VALUE program (European Communities). The research was also sponsored by the Spanish program on Biotechnology (CICYT) BI089-1106CE.     

Controlled Photochemical Depolymerization of K5 Heparosan, a Bioengineered Heparin Precursor

Heparosan is a polysaccharide, which serves as the critical precursor in heparin biosynthesis and chemoenzymatic synthesis of bioengineered heparin. Because the molecular weight of microbial heparosan is considerably larger than heparin, the controlled depolymerization of microbial heparosan is necessary prior to its conversion to bioengineered heparin. We have previously reported that other acidic polysaccharides could be partially depolymerized with maintenance of their internal structure using a titanium dioxide-catalyzed photochemical reaction. This photolytic process is characterized by the generation of reactive oxygen species that oxidize individual saccharide residues within the polysaccharide chain. Using a similar approach, a microbial heparosan from Escherichia coli K5 of molecular weight >15,000 was depolymerized to a heparosan of molecular weight 8,000. The (1)H-NMR spectra obtained showed that the photolyzed heparosan maintained the same structure as the starting heparosan. The polysaccharide chains of the photochemically depolymerized heparosan were also characterized by electrospray ionization-Fourier-transform mass spectrometry. While the chain of K5 heparosan starting material contained primarily an even number of saccharide residues, as a result of coliphage K5 lyase processing, both odd and even chain numbers were detected in the photochemically-depolymerized heparosan. These results suggest that the photochemical depolymerization of heparosan was a random process that can take place at either the glucuronic acid or the N-acetylglucosamine residue within the heparosan polysaccharide.     

Exopolysaccharide production by free and immobilized microbial cultures

The batch production of different exopolysaccharides (alginate, xanthan, pullulan, dextran) by free and immobilized microbial cultures was investigated. First, conventional free-cell cultures were performed to obtain control fermentation parameters and macromolecular characteristics of exopolysaccharides. Then microbial cultures were immobilized in composite agar layer/microporous membrane structures and tested for polysaccharide production. The immobilized-cell system proved unsuitable for xanthan and pullulan production. Owing to the fouling of the microporous membrane by the polysaccharide, dextran production by immobilized Leuconostoc mesenteroides also was inefficient. More promising results have been obtained with immobilized Azotobacter vinelandii cultures. The amount of alginate produced by immobilized A. vinelandii represented about 60% of that recovered from a free-cell culture, whereas the polysaccharide yield reached 35% instead of 9% for the free counterpart. These results are compared to the macromolecular characteristics of exopolysaccharides.     

Immobilization of cells by entrapping in aubasidan

A new technique of immobilization of microbial cells by entrapping in aubasidan, a microbial polysaccharide, was developed. This technique was applied to three cultures: Erwinia aroidea, Pseudomonas sp., and Alcaligenes faecalis, the producers of aspartase and L-aspartate beta-decarboxylase. The new method is effective. After immobilization, microbial cells retained 79-91% of their initial enzymatic activity.     

A metabarcoding analysis of the wrackbed microbiome indicates a phylogeographic break along the North Sea–Baltic Sea transition zone

Sandy beaches are biogeochemical hotspots that bridge marine and terrestrial ecosystems via the transfer of organic matter, such as seaweed (termed wrack). A keystone of this unique ecosystem is the microbial community, which helps to degrade wrack and re-mineralize nutrients. However, little is known about this community. Here, we characterize the wrackbed microbiome as well as the microbiome of a primary consumer, the seaweed fly Coelopa frigida, and examine how they change along one of the most studied ecological gradients in the world, the transition from the marine North Sea to the brackish Baltic Sea. We found that polysaccharide degraders dominated both microbiomes, but there were still consistent differences between wrackbed and fly samples. Furthermore, we observed a shift in both microbial communities and functionality between the North and Baltic Sea driven by changes in the frequency of different groups of known polysaccharide degraders. We hypothesize that microbes were selected for their abilities to degrade different polysaccharides corresponding to a shift in polysaccharide content in the different seaweed communities. Our results reveal the complexities of both the wrackbed microbial community, with different groups specialized to different roles, and the cascading trophic consequences of shifts in the near shore algal community.     

生物质多糖的高效降解与降解酶（系）的精确定制

自然界中多糖类生物质资源十分丰富,然而其复杂的抗降解屏障限制了生物转化的进程.近年来,随着生物质多糖结构的快速解析以及大量多糖降解酶的鉴定研究,针对不同底物结构或产物需求,仿制高效微生物多糖代谢途径,精确定制多糖降解酶系,促进生物质高效转化已成为可能.本文分析中性多糖(纤维素和木聚糖)、碱性多糖(几丁质和壳聚糖)以及酸性多糖(褐藻胶)的精细结构组成与基团性质,总结3类多糖主要降解酶的活性架构特征及其底物精确结合模式.文章还阐述蛋白质工程设计与定制策略,针对酶分子不同功能区的分析,可为酶分子的功能快速设计与改造提供靶点,以获得适宜于工业应用的高效酶分子,此外,根据微生物胞外降解酶系的降解次序与协同关系,可基于应用需求精确定制复杂多糖降解酶系,实现生物质的高效与高值降解转化.     

Polysaccharases for microbial exopolysaccharides

Microbial exopolysaccharides (EPS) are the substrates for a wide range of enzymes most of which are highly specific. The enzymes are either endoglycanases or polysaccharide lyases and their specificity is determined by carbohydrate structure with uronic acids often playing a major role. The presence of various acyl substituents frequently has little effect on the action of many of the polysaccharases but markedly inhibits some of the polysaccharide lyases including alginate and gellan lyases. The commonest sources of such enzymes can be either microorganisms or bacteriophages. These specific polysaccharide-degrading enzymes can yield oligosaccharide fragments, which are amenable to NMR and other analytical techniques. They have thus proved to be extremely useful in providing information about microbial polysaccharide structures and were routinely used in many such studies. Complex systems containing various mixtures of enzymes may also be effective in the absence of single enzymes but may be difficult to obtain with reproducible activities. Such preparations may also cause extensive degradation of the polysaccharide structure and thus prove less useful in providing information. Commercially available enzyme preparations have seldom proved capable of degrading microbial heteropolysaccharides, although some are active against bacterial alginates and homopolysaccharides including bacterial cellulose and curdlan.