不同pH条件下R-藻红蛋白和C-藻蓝蛋白荧光寿命的研究

采用自己研制的时间分辨毫微秒荧光谱仪对R-藻红蛋白(R-PE )和C-藻蓝蛋白(C-PC)进行了荧光寿命的测定和研究,并对能量传递过程进行了分析和讨论.测得R-PE的荧光寿命为3.1±0.1ns,C-PC的荧光寿命为1.3±0.1ns,且在pH5—pH9的范围内不变;当pH<5时,两者的荧光寿命都有变短的趋势.我们还测定了R-PE和C-PC混合溶液中R-PE的荧光寿命不变,而C-PC的荧光寿命变长,从而表明存在着R-PE向C-PC的辐射能量传递.     

藻胆蛋白复合物的合成及其分子内能量传递

通过偶联剂3-(2-吡啶联巯基)丙酸N-羟基琥珀亚胺酯(SPDP)及改变配料比, 合成了两个R-藻红蛋白(R-PE)与C-藻蓝蛋白(C-PC)的复合物A和B.利用吸收光谱确定了分子内R-PE与C-PC的摩尔比为6∶1和2∶1. 通过荧光光谱, 观察到能量传递现象, 并计算出能量传递效率为63%和88%.证明分子内能量传递效率很高. 二硫苏糖醇(DTT)还原连接R-PE与C-PC的二硫桥键后, 能量传递被阻断. 这一现象进一步证明复合物中存在分子内能量传递.     

两种藻胆蛋白对人肝癌SMMC-7721细胞的光动力体外杀伤效应

用3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2)-2,5-二苯基四氮唑溴盐(MTT)法测定提取自条斑紫菜的R-藻红蛋白(R-PE)和C-藻蓝蛋白(C-PC)经激光介导对人肝癌SMMC-7721细胞的杀伤率,并检测细胞凋亡率。结果显示在120mg/L浓度下,R-PE在氩离子激光器100J/cm2辐照下对应的细胞存活率为27%,C-PC在He-Ne激光器35J/cm2辐照下对应的细胞存活率为47%;单用2种激光器辐照对应的细胞存活率分别为65%和70%;单用2种蛋白处理细胞在72h后出现对细胞生长的显著抑制,最大抑制率分别为31%(R-PE,120mg/L)和27%(C-PC,250mg/L)。120mg/L的2种藻胆蛋白在对应激光辐照下,于照后8h达到细胞凋亡率最大值,分别为31.54%(R-PE)和32.54%(C-PC)。本实验证明条斑紫菜R-PE和C-PC具有可开发成为光敏剂的应用前景。     

嗜热蓝藻层理鞭枝藻（Mastigocladus laminosus）藻胆体在解离过程中荧光发射光谱和光能传递的研究

研究了层理鞭枝藻藻胆体在不同浓度磷酸缓冲溶液中解离过程中荧光发射光谱的变化和光能传递。完整藻胆体的７７Ｋ荧光光谱中只有一个峰,位于６８５ｎｍ它是末端发射体（核心－膜连接多肽和别藻蓝蛋白－Ｂ）的荧光峰。部分解离藻胆体的荧光光谱的主峰位移至６５２ｎｍ：次峰位于６８５ｎｍ;６６０ｎｍ为一弱荧光发射肩。它们依次为Ｃ－藻蓝蛋白,末端发射体和别藻蓝蛋白的荧光。严重解离藻胆体的荧光主峰移６４４ｎｍ;次峰由６８５ｎｍ移至６８２ｎｍ;６６０ｎｍ荧光发射肩消失。这表明Ｃ－藻蓝蛋白所捕获的光能已不能传递给别藻蓝蛋白,但可传递给末端发射体洞时又表明Ｃ－藻蓝蛋白不仅与别藻蓝蛋白相连接而且还与末端发射体相连接。提出该藻胆体光能传递链如下：核心－膜连接多肽藻红蓝蛋白→Ｃ－藻蓝蛋白→别藻蓝蛋白别藻蓝蛋白－Ｂ     

优化培养基增加层理鞭枝藻藻胆蛋白产量

藻胆蛋白(phycobiliprotein)是蓝藻和红藻藻胆体的组成部分,是光合作用集光复合体的组成部分,一般由α和β亚基构成,每个亚基含1～4个辅基色素,从而使藻胆蛋白具有特定的光谱吸收性质。根据这些吸收光谱性质,可以将藻胆蛋白分为:别藻蓝蛋白(APC)、藻蓝蛋白(PC)和藻红蛋白(PE)等,在某些缺乏PE而有异形胞的蓝藻中存在充当PE天线捕光功能的藻红蓝蛋白(PEC)〔1〕。藻胆蛋白可用于天然食用色素、化妆品色素和制药行业,还可作为免疫检测、荧光显微技术和流式细胞荧光测定法技术方面的荧光探针。特别是本工作研究的层理鞭枝藻(简称M.laminosu…     

两种藻胆蛋白对人喉癌Hep-2细胞的光动力杀伤效果

从条斑紫菜中提取高纯度R-藻红蛋白(R-PE)和R-藻蓝蛋白(c-pc),采用MTT法测定主要研究了不同浓度(10、25、50和100μg/ml)R-PE和C-PC分别介导的光动力效应对人喉癌Hep-2细胞的生存率的影响.实验结果显示,两种藻胆蛋白的光动力作用对Hep-2细胞具有杀伤作用.在浓度为100μg/ml,照射剂量为5OJ/cm2的条件下,藻蓝蛋白对应的细胞存活率为64%.藻红蛋白对应的仅为57%;单用碘钨灯处理,Hep-2细胞的存活率达到86.9%;而单独使用这两种藻胆蛋白处理Hep-2细胞,培养24h后,低浓度藻胆蛋白(10、25μg/ml)对细胞的抑制效果不明显,高浓度对细胞生长具有一定的抑制效果,抑制率为68%.实验证明条斑紫菜R-藻红蛋白和C-藻蓝蛋白具有可开发人喉癌治疗光敏剂应用前景.     

盐类对蓝绿藻光合特性的影响

藻胆蛋白是蓝绿藻的天线蛋白,由无色多肽连接,形成的一定结构叫做藻胆体,作为蓝绿藻的主要光能捕获器。一种分子量为90—120KD的无色多肽将藻胆体固着在类囊体膜表面,从而使吸收的光能可从藻蓝蛋白有效地传递给类囊体膜中光系统Ⅱ反应中心的叶绿素a3。为探讨在能量传递水平上藻胆体和类囊体膜之间的相互作用,我们研究了离子强度对蓝绿藻胆体和叶绿素a之间能量传递的影响。       

B-藻红蛋白和R-藻红蛋白γ亚基的分离、特性及其在分子中的空间位置分析

紫球藻 (Porphyridiumcruentum)B 藻红蛋白和多管藻 (Polysiphoniaurceo lata)R -藻红蛋白经蛋白酶K部分酶切消化后 ,分离得到近似天然态的γ亚基 ,并且对它的光谱特性以及在藻红蛋白分子中的空间位置进行了研究 .酶解动力学分析表明γ亚基位于R- 藻红蛋白和B -藻红蛋白六聚体 (αβ) ₆的中央空洞中 .分离的γ亚基上藻红胆素的吸收峰位于 5 89nm ,荧光发射峰位于 6 2 0nm ,与藻蓝蛋白的吸收峰重叠 ,有助于藻胆体中藻红蛋白与藻蓝蛋白分子间高效能量传递 .     

铜离子对钝顶螺旋藻完整细胞中光系统Ⅱ活性和藻胆体能量传递的影响

Cu2 抑制钝顶螺旋藻 ( Spirulina platensis)完整细胞中电子传递活性 ( H2 O→ MV) ,并抑制 PS 的放氧活性。低浓度的 Cu2 处理 ,使钝顶螺旋藻细胞中藻蓝蛋白荧光发射峰位置蓝移、发射强度改变 ,表明藻胆体中能量传递发生了变化。Cu2 处理纯化的藻蓝蛋白 ,使其在长波区 ( 61 6— 62 0 nm)吸收减小、荧光发射峰蓝移 ( 64 7nm→ 64 3nm) ;而变藻蓝蛋白不受影响 ,说明 Cu2 选择性作用于藻蓝蛋白。     

藻蓝蛋白与含叶绿素a脂质体之间的能量传递

制备了嗜热蓝藻优雅粘囊藻（Ｍｙｘｏｓａｒｃｉｎａ　ｃｏｎｃｉｎnａ　Ｐｒｉｎｔz）的藻蓝蛋白和含Ｃｈｌ　ａ脂质体,测定了它们的吸收光谱和低温荧光发射光谱,研究了藻蓝蛋白与含Ｃｈｌａ脂质体之间的能量传递。结果显示能量传递的效率随着脂质体膜表面电荷的改变而改变：当膜表面带负电荷时,能量传递效率降低;当膜表面带正电荷时,能量传递效率随着正电荷表面活性剂ｄｉｏｃｔａｄｅｃｙｌｄｉｍｅｔｈｙｌａｍｍｏｎｉｕｍ　ｃｈｌｏｒｉｄｅ（ＤＯＤＡＣ）的增加（从０到３０ｍｏｌ％）而升高。表明静电引力在它们的能量传递中起重要作用。     

Crystal structure of allophycocyanin from red algae Porphyra yezoensis at 2.2-A resolution.

The crystal structure of allophycocyanin from red algae Porphyra yezoensis (APC-PY) at 2.2-A resolution has been determined by the molecular replacement method. The crystal belongs to space group R32 with cell parameters a = b = 105.3 A, c = 189.4 A, alpha = beta = 90 degrees, gamma = 120 degrees. After several cycles of refinement using program X-PLOR and model building based on the electron density map, the crystallographic R-factor converged to 19.3% (R-free factor is 26.9%) in the range of 10.0 to 2.2 A. The r.m.s. deviations of bond length and angles are 0.015 A and 2.9 degrees, respectively. In the crystal, two APC-PY trimers associate face to face into a hexamer. The assembly of two trimers within the hexamer is similar to that of C-phycocyanin (C-PC) and R-phycoerythrin (R-PE) hexamers, but the assembly tightness of the two trimers to the hexamer is not so high as that in C-PC and R-PE hexamers. The chromophore-protein interactions and possible pathway of energy transfer were discussed. Phycocyanobilin 1alpha84 of APC-PY forms 5 hydrogen bonds with 3 residues in subunit 2beta of another monomer. In R-PE and C-PC, chromophore 1alpha84 only forms 1 hydrogen bond with 2beta77 residue in subunit 2beta. This result may support and explain great spectrum difference exists between APC trimer and monomer.     

螺旋藻（Spirulina platensis）藻胆体在解离过程中荧光发射光谱和光能传递的研究

对螺旋藻（Ｓｐｉｒｕｌｉｎａｐｌａｔｅｎｓｉｓ）藻胆体在室温和７７Ｋ处于不同浓度磷缓冲溶液和不同解离时间的荧光发射光谱进行了研究。藻胆体在０．９ｍｏｌ／Ｌ磷酸缓冲溶液中,由于没有发生解离,光能传递效率高,在７７Ｋ荧光发射光谱中只有一个峰,位于６８７ｎｍ,属于别藻蓝蛋白－Ｂ。当藻胆体悬浮在０．３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ磷酸缓冲溶液中１分钟,７７Ｋ荧光光谱的主峰出现在６８４ｎｍ．又出现６５５ｎｍ和６６６ｎｍ荧光峰,它们依次属子Ｃ－藻蓝蛋白和别藻蓝蛋白。在２小时;６５５ｎｍ荧先峰成为主峰,６８４ｎｍ荧光峰为次峰,６６６ｎｍ荧光肩消失。这表明Ｃ－藻蓝蛋白所捕获的先能已不能传递给别藻蓝蛋白,但能传给别藻蓝蛋白－Ｂ。我们提出在螺旋藻藻胆体中存在两类Ｃ－藻蓝蛋白,一是与别藻蓝蛋白相连接,另一是与别藻蓝蛋白－Ｂ相连接。     

螺旋藻（Spirulina platensis）藻胆体在解离过程中荧光发射光谱和光能传递的研究

对螺旋藻（Ｓｐｉｒｕｌｉｎａｐｌａｔｅｎｓｉｓ）藻胆体在室温和７７Ｋ处于不同浓度磷缓冲溶液和不同解离时间的荧光发射光谱进行了研究。藻胆体在０．９ｍｏｌ／Ｌ磷酸缓冲溶液中,由于没有发生解离,光能传递效率高,在７７Ｋ荧光发射光谱中只有一个峰,位于６８７ｎｍ,属于别藻蓝蛋白－Ｂ。当藻胆体悬浮在０．３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ磷酸缓冲溶液中１分钟,７７Ｋ荧光光谱的主峰出现在６８４ｎｍ．又出现６５５ｎｍ和６６６ｎｍ荧光峰,它们依次属子Ｃ－藻蓝蛋白和别藻蓝蛋白。在２小时;６５５ｎｍ荧先峰成为主峰,６８４ｎｍ荧光峰为次峰,６６６ｎｍ荧光肩消失。这表明Ｃ－藻蓝蛋白所捕获的先能已不能传递给别藻蓝蛋白,但能传给别藻蓝蛋白－Ｂ。我们提出在螺旋藻藻胆体中存在两类Ｃ－藻蓝蛋白,一是与别藻蓝蛋白相连接,另一是与别藻蓝蛋白－Ｂ相连接。     

Probing connection of PBS with the photosystems in intact cells of Spirulina platensis by temperature-induced fluorescence fluctuation

Temperature-dependent fluorescence for intact cells of cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis was detected to search for the connection of the phycobilisome (PBS) with Photosystem I (PSI) and Photosystem II (PSII). Some interesting results were obtained from the deconvoluted fluorescence components of C-phycocyanin (C-PC), allophycocyanin (APC), PSI and PSII as well as the fluorescence spectra of the intact cells at room temperature (RT=25 degrees C) and 0 degrees C. It was observed that, compared to those at RT, both of the fluorescence components for PSI and APC increased, whereas those for PSII and C-PC decreased at 0 degrees C with excitation at 580 nm, that is, the fluorescence for C-PC is not synchronous with that for APC, and the fluorescence fluctuation for PSI is not synchronous with that for PSII. On the other hand, the decrease in C-PC fluorescence is synchronous with the increase in PSI fluorescence, and the increase in APC fluorescence is synchronous with the decrease in PSII fluorescence. Therefore, it can be readily deduced that PBS should be coupled not only with PSII through the terminal acceptors in the APC core but also with PSI through C-PC in PBS rods at physiological condition, while at 0 degrees C, a migration of a PBS makes the APC partially detached from PSII but the C-PC more efficiently coupled with PSI. The results provide good evidences for "mobile PBS" model and "parallel connection" model but not for the "spillover" model.     

Photosensitized formation of singlet oxygen by phycobiliproteins in neutral aqueous solutions

Phycobiliproteins (PBPs) are a type of promising sensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Upon irradiation (lambda>500nm) of an oxygen-saturated aqueous solution of phycobiliproteins, particularly, C-phycocyanin (C-PC), allophycocyanin (APC) or R-phycoerythrin (R-PE), the formation of singlet oxygen (1O2) was detected by using imidazole in the presence of p-nitrosodimethylaniline (RNO). The bleaching of RNO caused by the presence of imidazole in our system showed typical concentration dependence with a maximum at about 8mM imidazole, which is in agreement with the formation of 1O2. In addition, the generation of 1O2 was verified further in the presence of D2O and specific singlet oxygen quencher 1,4-diazabicyclo [2,2,2] octane (DABCO) and sodium azide (NaN3). Our experimental results indicated that APC possesses high ability to generate reactive oxygen species and the relative quantum yields of photogeneration of 1O2 by PBPs are as follows: APC > C-PC > R-PE.     

嗜热蓝藻层理鞭枝藻（Mastigocladus laminosus）藻胆体在解离过程中荧光发射光谱和光能传递的研究

研究了层理鞭枝藻胆体在不同浓度磷酸冲溶液中解离过程中荧光发射光谱的变化和光能传递,完整藻胆体的７７Ｋ荧光光谱中只有一个峰,位于６８５ｎｍ,它是末端发射体（核心－膜连接多肽和别蓝蛋白－Ｂ）的荧光峰,部分解离藻胆体的荧光光谱的主峰位移至６５２ｎｍ,次峰位于６８５ｎｍ;６６０ｎｍ为一弱荧光发射肩,它们依次为Ｃ－藻蓝蛋白,末端发射体和别藻蓝蛋白的荧光。严重解离藻胆体的荧光主峰移至６４４ｎｍ;次峰由６８５ｎ     

Effects of proteinase K on the energy transfer between phycobiliproteins in phycobilisomes

Spectral changes in fluorescence of phycobilisomes (PBS) of A. variabilis treated with proteinase K were studied at room and liquid nitrogen temperature. In control PBS, the relative yield of 77 K fluorescence of F686 was very high, and those of F655 and F666 were low. In PBS treated with proteinase K for less than 1 h, F686 decreased, and F655 and F666 increased. In PBS treated with proteinase K for 2 h, F655 was the main peak of fluorescence emission, F686 was the second peak, the fluorescence emission peak of F666 disappeared. In PBS treated with proteinase K for more than 8 h, F655 showed only one fluorescence emission peak.We suggested that phycobiliporteins in the PBS of A. variabilis constitute an energy transfer chain, shown as follows:{fx91-1}The linkages between APC and APC-B, C-PC and APC, and C-PC and APC-B had different sensitivity towards proteinase K.     

Photosensitized formation of singlet oxygen by phycobiliproteins in neutral aqueous solutions

Phycobiliproteins (PBPs) are a type of promising sensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Upon irradiation (λ>500nm) of an oxygen-saturated aqueous solution of phycobiliproteins, particularly, C-phycocyanin (C-PC), allophycocyanin (APC) or R-phycoerythrin (R-PE), the formation of singlet oxygen (¹O₂) was detected by using imidazole in the presence of p-nitrosodimethylaniline (RNO). The bleaching of RNO caused by the presence of imidazole in our system showed typical concentration dependence with a maximum at about 8mM imidazole, which is in agreement with the formation of ¹O₂. In addition, the generation of ¹O₂ was verified further in the presence of D₂O and specific singlet oxygen quencher — 1,4-diazabicyclo [2,2,2] octane (DABCO) and sodium azide (NaN₃). Our experimental results indicated that APC possesses high ability to generate reactive oxygen species and the relative quantum yields of photogeneration of ¹O₂ by PBPs are as follows: APC > C-PC > R-PE.