固氮蓝藻对水稻肥效的初步研究

在农业增产中,氮肥的充足与否起着决定性的作用。在我国广大面积的耕地上,氮肥来源主要靠粪便肥、厩肥、绿肥和部分的化学肥料,因此一般都感到氮肥不够充足。在提高农作物的产量上,如何增加氮肥肥源,便成为当前生产上的关键问题了。     

不同奶量乳母营养状况的分析及对新生儿发育情况的影响

目的：不同奶量乳母营养状况的分析及对新生儿发育情况的影响。方法：选取青岛城阳人民医院妇产科2017年9月—2018年9月随机筛选的240名乳母进行观察,根据奶量情况将140名奶量充足的乳母分为奶量充足组,100名奶量不足的乳母分为奶量不足组。通过3d膳食记录法对所有乳母进行膳食调查,比较两组乳母的各类营养摄入情况、血液生化指标;观察新生儿神经发育［生理发育量表（PDI评分）、智能量表（MDI评分）］、体格发育（体重增长速率、头围增长速率、身高增长速率）、免疫系统情况。结果：奶量充足组乳母各类营养摄入量、甘油三脂、血清葡萄糖水平均高于奶量不足组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。奶量充足组新生儿的MDI评分、PDI评分、体重增长速率、头围增长速率、身高增长速率均高于奶量不足组,且胃肠道及呼吸系统感染发生率更低,有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：奶量充足的乳母的维生素A、脂肪、热能等各类营养摄入量大,满足新生儿的营养需求,能够促进新生儿体格及神经功能发育,增强免疫功能,降低感染发生率。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)蒸腾耗水规律

塔里木沙漠公路防护林生长于极端干旱的塔克拉玛干沙漠中,防护林植物的蒸腾耗水和灌溉管理是防护林可持续的核心问题.利用植物茎流计连续测定了塔里木沙漠公路塔中段防护林植物梭梭的茎干液流、蒸腾耗水量.结果表明:梭梭茎干液流具有明显昼夜节律性,液流的高峰值出现在白天10:00～15:00,最小值出现在0:00～03:00,夜间也保持较小的液流;茎干液流受环境因子影响而波动,太阳辐射、气温和风速与茎干液流有较明显的正相关关系,相对湿度和茎干液流呈负相关关系;滴灌条件下,防护林带内土壤含水量充足且在各个月份变化不大,土壤含水量对茎干液流影响不大;依据清晨和午后水势变化,梭梭体内水分在夜间得到了较好的恢复;在一个生长季内,3株直径为2.0、2.8、3.4cm的梭梭总的耗水量分别为295、436、616kg,日平均耗水量分别为1.48、2.18、3.08kg;现行灌溉模式提供了充足的水分供应,梭梭的水分状况良好;在充足水分条件下,梭梭有较大的蒸腾耗水量,干旱的环境条件和较为充足的水分供应是梭梭耗水量大的主要原因;依据梭梭的水分状况,当前水分管理为防护林提供了较充足的水分.     

奇特的人体《零件库》

世界上一些国家设立了人体“零件库”，以便在进行移植手术时有充足的储备可供利用。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地多枝柽柳茎干液流及耗水量

2005年4—11月,利用植物茎流计研究了塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙漠公路防护林植物多枝柽柳的茎干液流特性和耗水量.结果表明:在极端干旱的沙漠腹地,土壤水分充足时,直径为3.5和2.0 cm的多枝柽柳在整个生长季的日平均耗水量分别为6.322和1.179 kg;多枝柽柳的茎干液流呈单峰曲线型,有明显的昼夜变化规律,茎干液流随环境因子变化而波动;在土壤水分充足的条件下,总辐射、风速、温度是影响茎干液流变化的主要环境因子,可以用总辐射和风速的线性回归模型预测茎干液流的变化.沙漠腹地多枝柽柳的蒸腾耗水量相对较高,是因为在较为充足的水分供应条件下,多枝柽柳通过大量的水分消耗来抵御干燥高温的沙漠环境.     

晚安，妈妈

美国近期的一项研究表明，半数的美国妈妈都处于睡眠不足的状态。这些妈妈们普遍认为充足的睡眠会使她们成为更称职的妈妈。     

维生素D有防癌功效

美国科研人员最新公布的一项科研成果显示．人体拥有充足的维生素D可降低患直肠癌和乳腺癌的风险。[第一段]     

拟南芥TOC1蛋白特异片段原核表达培养基的优化

通过正交设计实验,优化蛋白诱导培养基中的有机成分和无机成分及各因素之间的相互组合,将各因素对拟南芥生物钟重要组成成分TOC1诱导的影响进行方差分析,发现氧气充足和氧气较缺乏时,培养基最佳组合不同.对各因素进行回归分析得到目的蛋白的培养基最佳配方为:氧气充足时为酵母提取物19g·L-1,NaCl 5g·L-1,DifcoPeptone 25g·L-1 CaCl20.092g·L-1, KCl0.372g·L-1;氧气较缺乏时为酵母提取物19g·L-1,NaCl 5g·L-1,葡萄糖6g·L-1,胰蛋白胨21.7g·L-1 NaH2PO4·2H2O 0.184g·L-1 MgCl20.847g·L-1 KCl 0.372g·L-1.通过进一步的试验发现氧气充足时的最佳配方优于氧气较缺乏时的最佳配方.     

不同氮水平下异养小球藻生物量和叶绿素含量的变化(简报)

异养小球藻在氮源充足时氮源消耗增大,叶绿素合成也增加;在氮源不足时,小球藻细胞黄化,叶绿素明显减少,生物量则有不同程度的增加。     

深圳梧桐山毛棉杜鹃风景林林分密度分析

通过标准地调查,对深圳市梧桐山毛棉杜鹃Rhododendron moulmainense风景林林分密度进行研究。结果显示,当上层乔木密度为250～350株·hm-2时,毛棉杜鹃拥有充足的生长空间,个体生长达到最优。在标准地内,毛棉杜鹃密度越低,长势越好。为保证毛棉杜鹃具有充足的生长空间,又兼顾生态景观林的景观连续性,避免出现较大的林窗,通过树冠系数法得到万花屏地区毛棉杜鹃最低密度437株·hm-2;小梧桐地区最低密度733株·hm-2。     

Utilization of 13C-13C Coupling in Structural and Biosynthetic Studies Double Labeling Method

A new method which utilizes ¹³C-¹³C coupling for structural and biosynthetic studies on acetate-derived metabolites is described. The ¹³C-NMR spectra of dihydrolatumcidins separately labeled with ¹³CH₃¹³C0₂Na and with a 1: 1 mixture of ¹³CH₃CO₂-Na and CH313C02-Na gave enough information to establish its structure.     

Upconverted photoluminescence in Ho3+ and Yb3+ codoped Gd2O3 nanocrystals with and without Li+ ions

The upconversion photoluminescence of Ho³⁺ ion sensitized by Yb³⁺ ion in Ho³⁺/Yb³⁺codoped Gd₂O₃ nanocrystals with and without Li⁺ is investigated in this paper. Strong fluorescence in the green (534–570 nm) and red (635–674 nm) regions of the spectrum has been observed, arising from the ⁵F₄/⁵S₂ → ⁵I₈ and ⁵F₅ → ⁵I₈ transitions of Ho³⁺ ion, respectively. Yb³⁺ ion is considered to be a better sensitizer for catching enough pumping energy and transferring considerable energy to Ho³⁺ in the Ho³⁺/Yb³⁺system. The upconversion intensity emitted by Ho³⁺ is greatly enhanced when Li⁺ is added to the Ho³⁺/Yb³⁺ codoped Gd₂O₃ nanocrystals.     

Effect of acute vs chronic H2O2-induced oxidative stress on antioxidant enzyme activities

H₂O₂ can freely crosses membranes and in the presence of Fe²⁺ (or Cu⁺) it is prone to participate in Fenton reaction. This study evaluated the concentration and time-dependent effects of H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress on MnSOD, Se:GPx and catalase and on aconitase. Acute and chronic H₂O₂ treatments were able to induce oxidative stress in HeLa cells as they significantly decreased aconitase activity and also caused a very significant decrease on antioxidant enzyme activities. The inhibition of enzyme activities was time- and concentration-dependent. Chronic treatment with 5 µM H₂O₂/h after 24 h was able to decrease all enzyme activities almost at the same level as the acute treatment. Acute and chronic treatments on antioxidant enzyme activities were prevented by cell treatment with ascorbic acid or N-acetylcysteine. These results indicate that antioxidant enzymes can also be affected by the same ROS they produce or neutralize if the time of exposure is long enough.     

Continuous Measurements of the Free Dissolved CO(2) Concentration during Photosynthesis of Marine Plants: Evidence for HCO(3) Use in Chondrus crispus

An experimental system consisting of a gas exchange column linked to an assimilation chamber has been developed to record continuously the free dissolved CO₂ concentration in seawater containing marine plants. From experiments performed on the red macroalga Chondrus crispus (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales), this measurement is in agreement with the free CO₂ concentration calculated from the resistance to CO₂ exchanges in a biphasic system (gas and liquid) as earlier reported. The response time of this apparatus is short enough to detect, in conditions of constant pH, a photosynthesis-caused gradient between free CO₂ and HCO₃⁻ pools which half-equilibrates in 25 seconds. Abolished by carbonic anhydrase, the magnitude of this gradient increases with decreasing time of seawater transit from the chamber to the column apparatus. But its maximum magnitude (0.35 micromolar CO₂) is negligible compared to the difference between air and free CO₂ (11.4 micromolar CO₂). This illustrates the extent of the physical limiting-step occurring at the air-water interface when inorganic carbon consumption in seawater is balanced by dissolving gaseous CO₂. The direction of this small free CO₂/HCO₃⁻ gradient indicates that HCO₃⁻ is consumed during photosynthesis.     

Reactions of methylcobalamin with tin and lead compounds

Reactions of CH₃[Co] with (CH₃)_nM^(4?n)+ (n = 2, 3; M = Sn, Pb) at concentrations high enough to detect (CH₃)₄M in the head space (yields 7.08×10^?5?2.06×10^?5%), indicate that dismutation is the major route of production. Similarly, kinetic reactions at lower concentrations show that no demethylation of CH₃[Co] by (CH₃)₃M⁺ (M = Sn, Pb) occurs after 60 days. From the methylation of SnCl₂ by CH₃[Co] at pD 1.0 and under aerobic conditions, the following hydrolysis species were observed in the 400 MHz ¹H NMR spectrum: CH₃- Sn(OH)Cl₂·2H₂O (63.6%), [CH₃Sn(OH)(H₂O)₄]²⁺ (17.6%) and CH₃Sn(OH)₂Cl·nH₂O (18.8%). No methylation products were observed from similar reactions with Pb(II) salts.     

Adaptation of methods for evaluating N2 fixation in food legumes and legume cover crops

Methods for partitioning the nitrogen assimilated by nodulated legumes, between nitrogen derived from soil sources and from N₂ fixation, are described as applied in peninsular Malaysia. The analysis of nitrogenous components translocated from the roots to the shoots of nodulated plants in the xylem sap is outlined, with some precautions to be observed for applications in the tropics. Some examples of the use of the technique in surverying apparent N₂ fixation by tropical legumes, in studying interrow cropping in plantation systems and in assessing effects of experimental treatments on N₂ fixation by food legumes, are described. Techniques for assesing N₂ fixation by means of¹⁵N abundance have been used to show that applications of nitrogenous fertilizers commonly used in Malaysia for soybeans depress N₂ fixation, that similar results are obtained with natural abundance and¹⁵N-enrichment methods and that, in at least two locations in Malaysia, differences between the natural abundance of¹⁵N in plant-available soil nitrogen and in atmospheric N₂ are great enough to permit application to measurement of N₂ fixation by leguminous crops.     

Determination of 15N Abundance in Nanogram Pools of NO3- and NO2- by Denitrification Bioassay and Mass Spectrometry

Suspensions of two strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ON12 and ON12-1) were used to reduce NO₃^- and NO₂^-, respectively, to N₂O. The evolved N₂O was quantified by gas chromatography with electron capture detection, and the ¹⁵N abundance was determined by mass spectrometry with a special inlet system and triple-collector detection. Sample gas containing unknown N₂O pools as small as 0.5 ng of N was analyzed by use of a spike technique, in which a reference gas of N₂O of natural ¹⁵N abundance was added to obtain enough total N for the mass spectrometer. In NO₃^- or NO₂^- pools, the ¹⁵N abundance could be determined in samples as small as approximately 3.5 ng of N. No cross-contamination took place between the NO₃^- and NO₂^- pools. The excellent separation of NO₃^- and NO₂^- pools, small sample size required, and low contamination risk during N₂O analysis offer great advantages in isotope studies of inorganic N transformations by, e.g., nitrifying or denitrifying bacteria in the environment.     

Utilizing the potential for increased nitrogen fixation in common bean

Many variables affect the amount of N₂ fixation that occurs in field-grown common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). When environmental conditions are optimized, genetically superior plants that are nodulated with efficient rhizobia are able to fix enough N₂ to support grain yields of up to 2000 kg ha^–1. All of the required components are available for common bean to fulfill its potential as a nitrogen-fixing food crop. However, these components must be assembled and presented to growers in a usable package that is economically attractive.     

A branch bag technique for simultaneous CO2 enrichment and assimilation measurements on beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)

A cheap CO₂ enrichment system was designed to perform continuous gas exchange measurements of branches of mature European beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.). Branches were grown at ambient (350 cm³ m^-3) and elevated CO₂ (700cm³ m^-3) during the whole 1992 leafy period. Leaks resulting from airtightness defaults in the system appeared to be low enough to measure accurately net CO₂ assimilation and transpiration rates during the day. However, the CO₂ exchange rates during the night (respiration) were too low to allow accurate measurements. Elevated CO₂ had a great effect on the net assimilation rate of branches via its influence on both the C₃ photosynthetic pathway and the shade-tolerance of beech trees (85% increase). The A/Ca curves showed no acclimation effect to high CO₂, both control and enriched branches increasing their net assimilation in the same way. The decrease of net assimilation rates in mature leaves was similar for both control and enriched branches. The pattern of daily transpiration rates remained the same for both control and enriched branches, hence we can assume that there was no visible CO₂ effect on stomata.     

Characterization of the Reversible Inactivation of Ankistrodesmus braunii Nitrate Reductase by Hydroxylamine

The photoreversible nature of the regulation of nitrate reductase is one of the most interesting features of this enzyme. As well as other chemicals, NH₂OH reversibly inactivates the reduced form of nitrate reductase from Ankistrodesmus braunii. From the partial activities of the enzyme, only terminal nitrate reductase is affected by NH₂OH. To demonstrate that the terminal activity was readily inactivted by NH₂OH, the necessary reductants of the terminal part of the enzyme had to be cleared of dithionite since this compound reacts chemically with NH₂OH. Photoreduced flavins and electrochemically reduced methyl viologen sustain very effective inactivation of terminal nitrate reductase activity, even if the enzyme was previously deprived of its NADH-dehydrogenase activity. The early inhibition of nitrate reductase by NH₂OH appears to be competitive versus NO₃⁻. Since NO₃⁻, as well as cyanate, carbamyl phosphate and azide (competitive inhibitors of nitrate reductase versus NO₃⁻), protect the enzyme from NH₂OH inactivation, it is suggested that NH₂OH binds to the nitrate active site. The NH₂OH-inactivated enzyme was photoreactivated in the presence of flavins, although slower than when the enzyme was previously inactivated with CN⁻. NH₂OH and NADH concentrations required for full inactivation of nitrate reductase appear to be low enough to potentially consider this inactivation process of physiological significance.