专一地切割苜蓿夜蛾核多角体病毒多角体蛋白mRNA的ribozyme的设计与性质

本文针对苜蓿夜蛾Autographa californica核多角体病毒的多角体蛋白mRNA设计并合成了两个ribozyme。体外实验结果表明它们都能准确、高效地切割体外转录得到的mRNA片段。实验表明,在一定的范围内,切割百分率随着温度的升高、时间的延长和ribozyme浓度的提高而增加。Ca~(2+)、Mn~(2+)可以代替Mg~(2+)作为ribozyme切割反应所必需的二价金属离子。     

专一地切割苜蓿夜蛾核多角体病毒多角体蛋白Mrna的ribzyme*的设计与性质”

本文针对苜蓿夜娥Autographa californica核多角体病毒的多角体蛋白mRNA设计并合成了两个ribozyme体外实验结果表明它们都能准确、高效地切割体外转录得到的mRNA片段。实验表明,在一定的范围内,切割百分率随着温度的升高、时间的延长和ribozyme浓度的提高而增加。Ca²⁺、Mn²⁺可以代替Mg²⁺作为ribozyme切割反应所必需的二价金属离子。     

用ribozyme抑制增殖细胞核抗原的表达对HaLa细胞增殖的影响

增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)是DNA聚合酶δ的辅助蛋白,它是细胞染色体DNA复制所必需的。人工设计的ribozyme具有可特异地切割PCNA mRNA的性质,将此ribozyme的自修剪体内表达质粒导入HeLa细胞,从细胞总RNA中分离相应部分能在体外切割靶RNA片段,证明此表达质粒在细胞内能表达出有活性的ribozyme分子。与对照相比,导入ribo-zyme表达质粒的HeLa细胞进入S期的时间从12 h推迟到20 h,而突变ribozyme的对照表明反义抑制对细胞进入S期的影响较小(推迟到15 h)。证明该ribozyme能有效抑制He-La细胞DNA复制,同时亦证明PCNA对于细胞DNA复制及细胞周期进程的重要性。     

家蚕核型多角体病毒的PCR检测及其部分序列分析

为研究应用PCR技术进行家蚕核型多角体病毒广东株的敏感性检验以及探讨不同地理株系的基因水平的相互关系,本文通过对家蚕核型多角体病毒BmNPV广东株的人工繁殖与纯化,引用了一对根据多角体蛋白基因设计的引物phy35/phy36,对BmNPV的基因组模板DNA进行了PCR扩增,并对其产物进行测序分析.结果显示,PCR技术均可扩增检测出3×108个/mL至3×102个/mL不同浓度的BmNPV模板DNA,特异目标片段大小约为680 bp,且扩增带的亮度随着病毒液浓度的降低而减弱,说明应用引物phy35/phy36进行PCR方法可以有效地应用于检测BmNPV病毒感染的家蚕.同时,测序获得了BmNPV广东株多角体蛋白polyhedrin基因674 bp大小的片段,GC含量为46.4%.经过BLAST比对分析,与BmNPV泰国株的相似性为99%,暗示家蚕BmNPV广东株与泰国株的BmNPV (登录号AY779044)亲缘关系非常相近,两者可能属于BmNPV的不同地理株系.通过系统发育树的进一步分析发现,家蚕核型多角体病毒广东株polyhedrin基因部分序列与家蚕NPV分离株S9多角体蛋白基因(DQ231336)关系很近.     

家蚕核型多角体病毒同源重复区hr5的结构和功能

家蚕核型多角体病毒(BmNPV)和首蓿尺蠖核型多角体病毒(AcMNPV)是宿主不同的同类昆虫杆状病毒.AcMNPV有5个同源重复区,hr5具较强增强子功能,最近被发现可能参与病毒DNA复制.Maeda等曾将BmNPV hrs图谱定位,最近又报道了BmNPV hr s的结构,但功能研究至今未见报道.与Maeda等同时,从野生型BmNPV基因组中克隆了hr 5区,进行了全序列测定,与Maeda等的报道有一定差别.功能分析证实,含BmNPV hr 5的质粒在辅助病毒存在下,不仅在宿主细胞(BmN)中能进行复制,而且在非宿主细胞 Sf 21中亦能进行复制.此外,不仅完整的BmNPV hr 5(含 8个重复单位),而且部分序列(含6个重复单位)亦显示上述功能.以上研究结果,并对hr 5在病毒 DNA复制过程中可能有的功能进行了探讨.     

家蚕BmNPV多角体蛋白与外源蛋白共包埋入多角体的研究

为了探索家蚕核型多角体病毒多角体的包装特性,构建了一种不形成多角体但能大量表达绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)的重组病毒vBmBac(polh-)-5B-EGFP,将其与野生型BmNPV共同感染BmN细胞,于荧光显微镜下观察到EGFP与多角体可以在同一细胞中同时表达。从感染的BmN细胞中收集纯化多角体,观察到多角体能被激发出绿色荧光,进一步利用Western blot证实多角体中含有EGFP。上述结果表明,多角体可以将自身病毒粒子以外的其他病毒粒子的成分包装进入多角体,表明多角体的包装机制中存在非特异性识别机制。     

用构建的新型BmNPV载体在家蚕高效表达人β-干扰素

家蚕核多角体病毒(Bombyx mori Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus.BmNPV)和家蚕细胞已成功地用来大量生产具有生物活性的重组蛋白。但是BmNPV的通用载体的类型较少。因此,本实验构建了BmNPV新型载体pBm92,该载体将多角体蛋白基因的起始密码ATG改变为ATT,然后在多角体蛋白基因的 12位外连接有5个外源基因的克隆位点。将HuIFN-β基因克隆在多角体蛋白基因的 12位后,构建了pBmIFN 12;同时构建HuIFN-β克隆在-3位后的转移栽体pBmIFN-3。将两种转移载体DNA分别与BmNPV基因组DNA共转染Bm-N细胞。利用重组病毒不产生多角体蛋白的特征,筛选重组病毒。用HuIFN-β基因探针与重组病毒DNA进行杂交鉴定。重组病毒BmIFN 12感染Bm-N细胞,其上清IFN活性最高时可达2.0×10~6IU/ml,将BmIFN 12注射5龄家蚕虫体,表达水平为50×10~7IU/ml,是HuIFN-β基因克隆在多角体蛋白基因的-3位后获得的重组病毒的表达量的2～4倍。家蚕体生产的rHulFN-β为糖基化蛋白具有天然HuIFN-β的抗原性。     

丙型肝炎病毒RNA特异性核酶的切割活性研究

针对丙型肝炎病毒RNA(HCV-RNA)的5′非编码区和部分C区的二级结构,设计并合成了四个不同的锤头型核酶(ribozyme A, ribozyme B, ribozyme C₁, ribozyme C₂).首先应用体外切割实验筛选出作用于HCV-RNA起始密码子上游GTA↓位点的核酶RzA有较好的活性.为初步验证核酶RzA在细胞内的切割活性,经脂质体介导,将RzA-RNA与另一携带该核酶靶基因的质粒表达载体pCl-neo-luciferase(载体中荧光素酶基因受核酶靶基因的调控)共转染HepG₂细胞.通过测定荧光素酶基因的表达证实了核酶在细胞内有较好的切割活性.在此实验基础上,把RzA基因克隆至pCl-neo质粒表达载体中,再次经脂质体介导,将重组的表达载体pCl-neo-RzA与携带该核酶靶基因的质粒表达载体pCl-neo-luciferase共转染HepG₂细胞,获得了更好的切割效果.     

氯霉素乙酰基转移酶基因在家蚕核型多角体病毒P10基因启动子控制下的表达

昆虫核型多角体病毒(NPV)P10基因属于晚期基因,为强启动子所控制,又是病毒复制所非必需的基因。我们对前报的家蚕核型多角体病毒(BmNPV)P10基因,应用PCR技术进行ATG区定点突变,在ATG被突变的同时形成一个BglⅡ酶切位点,得到一个不含ATG的BmNPV P10基因启动子。将长为230bp的经突变后的BmNPV P10基因5’端(包括启动子所有特征)片段克隆进pMMTV·CAT质粒中,构建成一个CAT基因在BmNPV P10基因启动子控制下的pBmPl0·CAT瞬间表达质粒。该质粒通过转染进入经野生型BmNPV感染的BmN细胞中,CAT得以表达。证明BmNPV P10启动子是比较强的启动子,可以在BmN细胞表达外源基因,具备了作为表达载体启动子的特性。     

丝裂霉素C和二甲基亚砜对家蚕核型多角体病毒(BmNPV)的诱变

该文报道强诱变剂丝裂霉素C(MMC)和化学溶剂二甲基亚砜(DMSO)在家蚕蛹体内对家蚕核型多角体病毒(BmNPV)的诱变结果。MMC对BmNPV具有诱变效应： (1)导致蚕蛹发病时间延迟,发病死亡率下降,有显著的剂量效应;(2)部分病蛹体内发生异常形态多角体,继代试验证实具有遗传稳定性。其中具对角线裂痕的四角形超大多角体(15.0-30.0, um)尚属首次发 现;(3)诱变的BmNPV多角体内部结构发生变化;(4)诱变的BmNPV-DNA经EcoRI、Bgl II和 Bam HI酶切消化,其电泳图谱出现某些DNA泳带的增加或丢失。以上结果说明,MMC可能诱导BmNPV基因组发生了多处位点的突变。DMSO处理剂量在9.0 μL/蛹及其以下各剂量组,对BmNPV无诱变效应。     

杆状病毒凋亡抑制基因IAP1促进家蚕CyclinB的核内积累

[目的]家蚕核型多角体病毒(Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus,BmNPV)是生产上危害最严重的病原之一。BmNPV感染BmN-SWU1细胞将细胞周期阻滞于G2/M期。CyclinB是调控细胞周期G2期向M期转换的重要细胞周期蛋白。因此,研究BmNPV感染后CyclinB变化对解析病毒调控细胞周期的机制具有重要意义,同时探究这个过程中与CyclinB互作的病毒蛋白,可为构建家蚕转基因品系提供分子靶标。[方法]qRT-PCR检测BmNPV感染后BmCyclinB的表达变化;免疫荧光观察病毒感染前后BmCyclinB的定位变化,通过细胞质细胞核蛋白分离实验验证。免疫共沉淀钓取与BmCyclinB互作的病毒蛋白。BmNPV感染期间敲除BmNPV IAP1观察BmCyclinB的入核比例。[结果]BmNPV感染后BmCyclinB转录水平下调。BmNPV感染前BmCyclinB主要定位于细胞质,而感染后主要定位于细胞核。BmNPV感染BmN-SWU1细胞后促进BmCyclinB在核内积累。共钓取了7个与BmCyclinB互作的病毒蛋白,免疫共沉淀和细胞共定位证明BmNPV IAP1与BmCyclinB之间存在相互作用。敲除BmNPV IAP1后BmCyclinB进入细胞核的数量显著减少。[结论]BmNPV IAP1可通过与BmCyclinB互作,促进BmCyclinB在核内积累。     

The use of 10-23 DNAzyme to selectively destroy the allele of mRNA with a unique purine-pyrimidine dinucleotide

10-23 DNAzyme is an oligodeoxyribonucleotide-based ribonuclease. It consists of a 15-nt catalytic domain flanked by two target-specific complementary arms. It has been shown to cleave target mRNA effectively at purine (R)-pyrimidine (Y) dinucleotide. Taking advantage of this specific property, 10-23 DNAzyme was designed to cleave mRNA of a given allele at a unique RY dinucleotide while leaving the mRNA encoded from other alleles of the same gene intact. In this study, a p53-R249S (AGG-->AGT) mutant was tested. 10-23 DNAzyme was used to cut mutant mRNA at GT dinucleotide of codon 249. Both in vitro and in vivo studies showed that this DNAzyme could specifically cut the mutant p53 allele, leaving the wild-type unaffected. This proof-of-concept experiment provided a new way to knock down expression of a given allele with special single-base transversion.     

Expression of spider flagelliform silk protein in Bombyx mori cell line by a novel Bac-to-Bac/BmNPV baculovirus expression system

Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) baculovirus expression system (BES) has a lot of advantages such as high expression efficiency, convenience, and low feeding cost. In this report, we used a recently developed BmNPV bacmid, which could infect both B. mori cell lines and silkworm larvae. The results showed it takes only 7 to 10 days to generate recombinant baculovirus and permit the rapid isolation from small-scale cultures and then use it to transfect B. mori cell lines, compared to traditional homologous recombination method, which needs at least 40 days for multiple rounds of purification and amplification of viruses. Using this BES, we expressed a recombinant spider flagelliform protein in BmN cell line, which was around 37 kDa in sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and western blot analysis. The BmNPV bacmid system using silkworm would be very attractive for expression of target proteins.     

Functional analysis of Dicer-2 gene in Bombyx mori resistance to BmNPV virus

Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is a primary pathogen in silkworm, and the molecular mechanism of B. mori defense to BmNPV infection is still unclear. RNA interference (RNAi) is well-known as an intracellular conserved mechanism that is critical in gene regulation and cell defense. The antiviral RNAi pathway processes viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into viral small interfering RNAs that guide the recognition and cleavage of complementary viral target RNAs. In this study, a Dicer-2 (Dcr2) gene was identified in B. mori and its antiviral function was explored. Dcr2 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was the highest in hemocytes and expressed in all stages of silkworm growth. After infection with BmNPV, the expression of Dcr2 mRNA was significantly increased after infection in midgut and hemocytes. The expression of Dcr2 was significantly upregulated by injecting dsRNA (dsBmSPH-1) into silkworm after 48 hr. Knocking down the expression level of Dcr2 using specific dsRNA in silkworm, which modestly enhanced the production of viral genomic DNA. Our results suggested that the Dcr2 gene in B. mori plays an important role in against BmNPV invasion.     

Comparative analysis of the genomes of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bombyx mandarina</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bombyx mori</Emphasis> nucleopolyhedroviruses

The Bombyx mandarina nucleopolyhedrovirus (BomaNPV) S1 strain can infect the silkworm, Bombyx mori, but is significantly less virulent than B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) T3 strain. The complete nucleotide sequence of the S1 strain of BomaNPV was determined and compared with the BmNPV T3 strain. The circular, double stranded DNA genome of the S1 strain was 126,770 nucleotides long (GenBank accession no. FJ882854), with a G+C content of 40.23%. The genome contained 133 potential ORFs. Most of the putative proteins were more than 96% identical to homologs in the BmNPV T3 strain, except for bro-a, lef-12, bro-c, and bro-d. Compared with the BmNPV T3 strain, however, this genome did not encode the bro-b and bro-e genes. In addition, hr1 lacked two repeat units, while hr2L, hr2R, hr3, hr4L, hr4R, and hr5 were similar to the corresponding hrs in the T3 strain. The sequence strongly suggested that BomaNPV and BmNPV are variants with each other, and supported the idea that baculovirus strain heterogeneity may often be caused by variation in the hrs and bro genes.     

Expression of EGFP driven by BmNPV orf4 promoter, a novel immediate early promoter

Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) orf4 has been shown to be expressed at very early stage of Bm-NPV infection cycle. In this study, using transient expression experiment, we demonstrated for the first time that orf4 promoter is an immediate early promoter, indicating that orf4 may play a role in the immediate-early stage of BmNPV infection. Moreover, with the recently developed Bac-to-Bac/BmNPV baculovirus expression system and a modified pFast-Bac1 whose polyhedrin promoter was replaced with orf4 promoter, a recombinant bacmid baculovirus expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the control of orf4 promoter in Bombyx mori (Bm) cells was successfully constructed. The result not only showed that the polyhedrin promoter can be replaced easily with other promoters to direct the expression of foreign genes by using this novel system but also laid the foundation for the rescue experiment of orf4 deletion mutant.     

The piRNA response to BmNPV infection in the silkworm fat body and midgut

Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is a DNA virus that causes huge losses to the silkworm industry but the piRNA responses during BmNPV infection in the silkworm remain uninvestigated. Here, silkworm piRNA profiles of uninfected and BmNPV-infected fat body and midgut were determined by high-through sequencing in the early stages of BmNPV infection. A total of 2675 and 3396 genome-derived piRNAs were identified from fat body and midgut, respectively. These genome-derived piRNAs mainly originated from unannotated instead of transposon regions in the silkworm genome. In total, 572 piRNAs were associated with 280 putative target genes in fat body and 805 piRNAs with 380 target genes in midgut. Compared to uninfected tissues, 322 and 129 piRNAs were significantly upregulated in BmNPV-infected fat body and midgut, respectively. In addition, 276 and 117 piRNAs were significantly downregulated. Moreover, differentially expressed (DE) piRNAs during BmNPV infection differed significantly between fat body and midgut. Putative DE piRNA–targeted genes were associated with “response to stimulus” and “environmental information processing” in fat body after infection with BmNPV, which may indicate an active piRNA response to BmNPV infection in fat body. This study may lay the foundation for future research of the potential roles of the piRNA pathway and specific piRNAs in BmNPV pathogenesis.     

Construction of a host range-expanded hybrid baculovirus of BmNPV and AcNPV,and knockout of cysteinase gene for more efficient expression

AcNPV (Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus) and BmNPV(Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus) are two principal insectbaculovirus expression systems, each having different characteristics. AcNPV has a wider host range and can infect a series of cell lines thus making it suitable for cell suspension culture expression, but the small size of the host insect,A. californica, makes AcNPV less suitable for large scale protein synthesis. In contrast, BmNPV can only infect the silkworm,Bombyx mori, which is wellknown for its easy rearing and large size. These characteristics make the BmNPV system especially suitable for largescale industrial expression. To utilize the advantages of both AcNPV and BmNPV, we tried to expand their host range through homologous recombination and successfully constructed a hybrid baculovirus of AcNPV and BmNPV, designated as HyNPV The hybrid baculovirus can infect the hosts of both AcNPV and BmNPV. Taking the human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) gene as an application example, we constructed a recombinant, HyNPV-bFGF. This construct is able to express the bFGF protein both in silkworm larvae and in commonuse cell lines, sf21, sf9 and High-five. Moreover, to reduce the loss of recombinant protein due to degradation by proteases that are simultaneously expressed by the baculovirus, we knocked out the cysteinase gene coding for one of the most important baculovirus proteases. This knockout mutation improves the production efficiency of the bFGF recombinant protein.     

Zinc-finger-nucleases mediate specific and efficient excision of HIV-1 proviral DNA from infected and latently infected human T cells

HIV-infected individuals currently cannot be completely cured because existing antiviral therapy regimens do not address HIV provirus DNA, flanked by long terminal repeats (LTRs), already integrated into host genome. Here, we present a possible alternative therapeutic approach to specifically and directly mediate deletion of the integrated full-length HIV provirus from infected and latently infected human T cell genomes by using specially designed zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) to target a sequence within the LTR that is well conserved across all clades. We designed and screened one pair of ZFN to target the highly conserved HIV-1 5′-LTR and 3′-LTR DNA sequences, named ZFN-LTR. We found that ZFN-LTR can specifically target and cleave the full-length HIV-1 proviral DNA in several infected and latently infected cell types and also HIV-1 infected human primary cells in vitro. We observed that the frequency of excision was 45.9% in infected human cell lines after treatment with ZFN-LTR, without significant host-cell genotoxicity. Taken together, our data demonstrate that a single ZFN-LTR pair can specifically and effectively cleave integrated full-length HIV-1 proviral DNA and mediate antiretroviral activity in infected and latently infected cells, suggesting that this strategy could offer a novel approach to eradicate the HIV-1 virus from the infected host in the future.     

A Hypothetical Model of Crossing Bombyx mori Nucleopolyhedrovirus through Its Host Midgut Physical Barrier

Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is a primary pathogen of silkworm (B. mori) that causes severe economic losses each year. However, the molecular mechanisms of silkworm-BmNPV interactions, especially the silkworm proteins that can interact with the virus, are still largely unknown. In this study, the total and membrane proteins of silkworm midguts were displayed using one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis. A virus overlay assay was used to detect B. mori proteins that specifically bind to BmNPV particles. Twelve proteins were located and identified using mass spectrometry, and the different expression of the corresponding genes in BmNPV susceptible and resistant silkworm strains also indicated their involvement in BmNPV infection. The 12 proteins are grouped based on their potential roles in viral infection, for example, endocytosis, intracellular transportation, and host responses. Based on these results, we hypothesize the following: I) vacuolar ATP synthase catalytic subunit A and subunit B may be implicated in the process of the membrane fusion of virus and the release of the nucleocapsid into cytoplasm; II) actin, enolase and phosphoglycerate kinase are cytoskeleton associated proteins and may play an important role in BmNPV intracellular transportation; III) mitochondrial prohibitin complex protein 2, ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated protein, calreticulin, regucalcin-like isoform X1 and 60 kDa heat shock protein are involved in cell apoptosis regulation during BmNPV infection in larvae midguts; IV) ribosomal P0 may be associated with BmNPV infection by regulating gene expression of BmNPV; V) arginine kinase has a role in the antiviral activities against BmNPV. Our work should prove informative by providing multiple protein targets and a novel direction to investigate the molecular mechanisms of the interactions between silkworms and BmNPV.