植物病原棒形细菌的分类研究进展*

植物病原棒形细菌从棒杆菌属中独立出来之后,对于其中各菌分类地位的确立一直有较多争议。近年来已分别归入棒形杆菌属（Clavibacter）、短小杆菌属（Curobacterium）、节杆菌属（Arthrobacter）、红球菌属（Rhodococcus）和拉氏杆菌属（Rathayibacter）5个属中。但此后又有人提出有些属中仍有异质性。这些分类上的变化主要是由于分类手段逐渐由传统的形态学分类方法向分子生物学方法和多相分类法过度。新的方     

植物病原棒形细菌的RAPD分析

采用RAPD分析技术对萎蔫短小杆菌落葵致病变种（Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. basellae pv. Nov.）和萎蔫短小杆菌糖甜菜致病变种（Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. beticola pv. Nov.）及植物病原棒形细菌4个属的15个菌株进行分类研究：从50条随机引物中筛选出20条,共产生225条带,多态性条带占804%。遗传相似矩阵及UPGMA聚类分析,表明这两个新致病变种与萎蔫短小杆菌属亲缘关系近,最小相似系数为0.6511;与其他属细菌亲缘关系较远;结合前人研究结果对植物病原棒形细菌新近提出的分类地位的改变进行了探讨。     

不同食料植物对东亚飞蝗肠道细菌状况的影响

目的比较在相同的环境条件下不同食料植物对东亚飞蝗肠道细菌状况的影响。方法以墨西哥玉米、野生马唐为食料植物饲喂东亚飞蝗,在其成虫肠道内和粪沙中分离纯化细菌,获得22株菌株,分别对其培养性状、菌体形态、染色反应和生理生化性状进行系统研究。结果上述22个菌株分别属于稀有杆菌属（Rarobact-er）、短状杆菌属（Brachybacterium）、棒杆菌属（Corynebacterium）、棍状菌属（Clavibacter）、葡萄球菌属（Staphylococ-cus）、丙酸杆菌属（Propionibacterium）、埃希菌属（Eschrichia）、气微杆菌属（Aercmicrobium）、沙雷菌属（Serratia）、克雷伯菌属（Klebsiella）、沙门菌属（Salmonella）、志贺菌属（Shigella）、口腔球菌属（Stomatococcus）、短杆菌属（Brevibacteri-um）、地杆菌属（Terrbacter）、微小杆菌属（Exiguobacterium）、皮杆菌属（Dermabacter）、短小杆菌属（Curtobacterium）、纤维单胞菌属（Cellulomonas）、微杆菌属（Microbacterium）、乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）和凝结芽胞杆菌属（Bacilluscoag-ulans）。结论不同食料植物对东亚飞蝗肠道细菌种类和数量有很大的影响。     

药用植物刺山柑不同部位细菌群落结构及其多样性

【目的】研究传统药用植物刺山柑（Capparis spinosa L.）不同部位细菌群落结构、物种组成和多样性特征,为药用植物微生物资源的开发及微生物与宿主互作提供理论依据。【方法】本研究以刺山柑地上部植物组织（果实、茎）和地下部土壤（根际土壤、非根际土壤）为研究材料,采用高通量测序技术分析刺山柑不同部位细菌的16S rRNA基因多样性,比较其细菌群落结构和物种组成特征。【结果】刺山柑4种样本共获得的3 649个操作分类单元（operational taxonomic unit,OTU）,属于34门、88纲、248目、464科和1 051属。土壤样本的细菌多样性大于植物组织,细菌群落多样性以根际土壤、非根际土壤、茎和果实的顺序逐渐降低,果实内生细菌群落多样性始终最低,显著低于根际土壤。不同部位相对丰度较高的细菌门如下：植物组织中以变形菌门为主,根际土壤中为变形菌门和放线菌门,非根际土中为厚壁菌门和放线菌门。无色杆菌属（Achromobacter）、欧文氏菌属（Erwinia）、肠球菌属（Enterococcus）、微小杆菌属（Exiguobacterium）、乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）和克雷伯氏菌属（Klebsiella）主要存在于刺山柑植物组织中。游动球菌属（Planomicrobium）、库克菌属（Kocuria）、类芽孢杆菌属（Paenibacillus）、链霉菌属（Streptomyces）、微枝形杆菌属（Microvirga）和节杆菌属（Arthrobacter）主要分布于土壤中。β多样性分析结果表明,刺山柑植物组织和土壤的细菌群落结构具有显著差异,同类型样本的细菌群落结构相似。【结论】刺山柑土壤样本中细菌群落的多样性和丰富度均高于植物组织,刺山柑不同部位的细菌群落组成不同。本研究对刺山柑不同部位细菌群落结构进行了初步分析,鉴定了各部位细菌群落中的核心菌群,为以后挖掘刺山柑的功能研究和利用提供了准确的微生物信息。     

《乳酸细菌分类鉴定及实验方法》

该书是乳酸细菌分类鉴定及实验方法的一本专著。该书以全新的概念划定了乳酸细菌类群的范围,汇集了乳酸细菌分类研究的最新动态和资料,并包括这类细菌现有的对个主要属和２２０多个种的分类鉴定特征及其生境、与人类的关系等性状。现有的２３个主要属为：乳杆菌属、肉食杆菌属、链球菌属、肠球菌属、乳球菌属、漫游球菌属（Ｖａｇｏｃｏｃｃｕｓ）、明串珠菌属、片球菌属、气球菌属、双歧杆菌属、奇异菌属、利斯特氏菌属、环丝菌属（Ｂｒｏｃｈｏｔｈｒｉｘ）、丹毒丝菌属、孪生菌属、糖球菌属（Ｓａｃｈａｒｏｃｏｃｃｕｓ）、四联球菌属…     

昆虫病原线虫共生细菌共生性的分子生物学研究进展

嗜线虫致病杆菌属Xenorhabdus和发光杆菌属Photorhabdus细菌隶属肠杆菌科Enterobacteriaceae,对多种害虫致病能力强,分别与斯氏属Steinernema和异小杆属Heterorhabditis昆虫病原线虫互惠共生。该两属共生细菌既存在对昆虫寄主的病原性,又存在与线虫寄主的共生性。共生细菌与其线虫寄主的共生性主要表现以下4方面：（1）细菌产生食物信号诱导滞育不取食的感染期线虫恢复;（2）细菌为线虫生长与繁殖提供营养;（3）细菌能于感染期线虫的肠道定殖与生长;（4）细菌产生杀线虫毒素杀死非共生线虫。本文综述了共生菌以上4方面的共生性及其相关的分子机制。     

高脂血症患者肠道优势菌群与血清脂质水平相关性研究

目的探讨高脂血症患者肠道优势菌群变化及其与血清脂质水平的相关性。方法高脂血症患者及健康受试者各50例,采集其空腹血清样本和粪便样本,血清样本用于检测血清中总胆固醇（TC）、甘油-二酯（TG）和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）的含量。应用实时定量PCR技术检测肠道内优势菌群的含量,并将其与血清脂质水平进行相关性分析。结果高脂血症患者肠道内总细菌量及拟杆菌属细菌较健康受试者组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,而双歧杆菌属细菌、乳杆菌属细菌及粪杆菌属细菌较健康受试者明显降低（P〈0．05）,肠杆菌科细菌和肠球菌属细菌较健康受试者明显升高（P〈0．05）。高脂血症患者血清Tc与双歧杆菌属细菌、乳杆菌属细菌和粪杆菌属细菌呈现显著负相关,而与肠杆菌科细菌和肠球菌属细菌呈现显著正相关;血清LDL—C与双歧杆菌属细菌和粪杆菌属细菌呈现显著负相关,而与肠球菌属细菌呈现显著正相关;血清TG与双歧杆菌属细菌和乳杆菌属细菌呈现显著负相关,而与肠杆菌科细菌和肠球菌属细菌呈现显著正相关。结论高脂血症患者肠道优势菌群发生了明显的变化,血清脂质水平与肠道优势菌群变化具有显著相关性,提示肠道优势菌群结构的调整可改善患者血清脂质水平。     

氧化塘中细菌种群组成动态

对武汉地区氧化塘中的细菌数量、细菌种类、种群组成、优势种及群落多样性进行了初步研究。从氧化塘中分离的细菌经鉴定属于12个属,主要有假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、棒杆菌属(corynebacterium)、无色杆菌属(Achromobacter)和微杆菌属(Microbacterium),其它菌属是芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、色杆菌属(Chromobacterium)、短杆菌属(Brevibacterium)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、微球菌属(Micrococcus)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)、埃希氏菌属(Escherichia)和链球菌属(Streptococcus)。在5个小塘中,细菌数量、种群组成和群落多样性指数都有不同,这与各塘的污染程度有关。由此,多样性指数可用于监测氧化塘的净化效果。     

植物青枯病菌细菌素的产生,性质及其利用

细菌素（Ｂａｃｔｅｒｉｏｃｉｎ）是细菌代谢过程中合成的、对同种或近缘种有特异性抑制作用的杀菌蛋白或多肽物质［１］。大多数植物病原细菌如放射农杆菌（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ ｒａｄｉｏｂａｃｔｅｒ）、密执安棒形杆菌（Ｃｌａｖｉｂａｃｔｅｒ ｍｉｃｈｉｇａｎｅｓｔｓ）、软腐欧文氏菌（Ｅｒｗｉｎｉａｃａｒｏｔｏｖｏｒａ、 Ｅ． ｃｈｒｙｓａｎｔｈｅｍｉ）、丁香假单胞菌（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｓｙｒｉｎｇａｅ）、甘蓝黑腐黄单胞菌（Ｘａｎｔｈｏｍｏｎａｓ ｃａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓ）等都具有产生细菌素的能力［２］…     

致病杆菌属和光杆状菌属细菌杀虫毒素蛋白

致病杆菌属和光杆状菌属细菌是一类分别与斯氏线虫属和异小杆属线虫共生的昆虫病原细菌 ,属肠杆菌科 ,此类细菌产生的杀虫毒素蛋白是近年来发现的一类高效、杀虫谱广的新型杀虫蛋白。此类毒素蛋白对多种昆虫具有注射和口服毒性 ,在同一菌株中有多个杀虫基因 ,各杀虫蛋白基因之间具有协同毒力效应 ,杀虫蛋白基因在大肠杆菌和植物中表达的毒素蛋白对多种害虫具有口服毒性。     

根据16S rRNA序列对假单胞菌属分类学的研究进展

假单胞菌属是植物病原细菌中一个重要的属,而16S rRNA序列分析是当前细菌分类中最精确的一种技术,应用这一技术对假单胞菌属进行分类有助于解决目前假单胞菌属分类的混乱,弄清假单胞菌属的系统进化关系.     

Isoprenoid quinones in the classification of coryneform and related bacteria.

Menaquinones were the only isoprenoid quinones found in 85 of the 95 coryneform bacteria examined. Dihydromenaquinones having nine isoprene units were the main components isolated from Corynebacterium bovis, from other glutamic acid-producing strains, and from Arthrobacter globiformis and related species. Dihydromenaquinones with eight isoprene units were found in Brevibacterium linens, the remaining Corynebacterium species and strains probably belonging to the genus Rhodococcus. Tetrahydromenaquinones with eight isoprene units were found in Arthrobacter simplex and Arthrobacter tumescens, and with nine isoprene units in Cellulomonas and Oerskovia. Kurthia and Curtobacterium were characterized by menaquinones with seven and nine isoprene units, respectively, and Microbacterium lacticum and Corynebacterium aquaticum had comparable amounts of menaquinones with 10 and 11 isoprene units. Strains received as Brevibacterium leucinophagum, Corynebacterium autotrophicum, Corynebacterium nephridii, Mycobacterium flavum, Mycoplana rubra and Protaminobacter ruber contained uniquinones as their sole isoprenoid quinones. The isoprenoid quinone data correlate well with major trends in coryneform taxonomy and are of value in the classification of coryneform and related bacteria.     

Phenotypic and phylogenetic characterization of some unknown coryneform bacteria isolated from bovine blood and milk: description of Sanguibacter gen.nov.

16S rRNA gene sequencing studies were performed on some Gram-positive coryneform bacteria of unknown taxonomic position isolated from blood and milk of healthy cows. Comparative sequence analysis demonstrated that the milk isolates corresponded to Oerskovia xanthineolytica whereas those from blood consisted of two distinct, albeit highly related species, within the family Cellulomonadaceae. Based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic distinctiveness of the blood isolates, it is proposed that they be classified in a new genus Sanguibacter.     

Protoplast transformation in coryneform bacteria and introduction of an alpha-amylase gene from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens into Brevibacterium lactofermentum

The goal of this study was to investigate the likelihood of developing useful transformation systems for coryneform bacteria. Two species of coryneform bacteria, Brevibacterium lactofermentum and Corynebacterium lilium, were transformed with chimeras constructed from pUB110 and a cryptic coryneform plasmid (pGX1901). C. lilium protoplasts were also efficiently transfected with phage CS1 DNA. High transformation and transfection frequencies were obtained after only 2 min of lysozyme treatment of lysozyme-sensitive mutants. A series of experiments was also conducted to determine whether DNA from other species of important industrial microbes from the genus Bacillus could be expressed in coryneform bacteria. Evidence of restriction of Bacillus subtilis DNA by B. lactofermentum was observed but could be overcome. A Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alpha-amylase gene (amyEBamP) was subcloned onto a plasmid able to replicate in B. lactofermentum. B. lactofermentum transformants for this plasmid expressed amylase activity and produced material cross-reactive to amylase antibody.     

Protoplast transformation in coryneform bacteria and introduction of an alpha-amylase gene from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens into Brevibacterium lactofermentum.

The goal of this study was to investigate the likelihood of developing useful transformation systems for coryneform bacteria. Two species of coryneform bacteria, Brevibacterium lactofermentum and Corynebacterium lilium, were transformed with chimeras constructed from pUB110 and a cryptic coryneform plasmid (pGX1901). C. lilium protoplasts were also efficiently transfected with phage CS1 DNA. High transformation and transfection frequencies were obtained after only 2 min of lysozyme treatment of lysozyme-sensitive mutants. A series of experiments was also conducted to determine whether DNA from other species of important industrial microbes from the genus Bacillus could be expressed in coryneform bacteria. Evidence of restriction of Bacillus subtilis DNA by B. lactofermentum was observed but could be overcome. A Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alpha-amylase gene (amyEBamP) was subcloned onto a plasmid able to replicate in B. lactofermentum. B. lactofermentum transformants for this plasmid expressed amylase activity and produced material cross-reactive to amylase antibody.     

Characterization of a coryneform isolate from fasciated mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris)

The morphological and physiological features of coryneform isolated from fasciated mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) display many morphological similarities with the plant pathogenic corynebacteria, but differ from Corynebacterium fascians in exhibiting motility albeit in only a small proportion of each cell population, and by its ability to hydrolyze asculin, its failure to produce urease and differences in pigmentation. The isolate appears to be related to Corynebacterium fascians in its ability to cause fasciation but physiologically and biochemically it resembles Cornyebacterium poinsettiae and C. flaccumfaciens, both of which were transferred to the genus Curtobacterium.     

Numerical taxonomy of certain coryneform bacteria

da Silva, G. A. Nigel (Iowa State University, Ames), and John G. Holt. Numerical taxonomy of certain coryneform bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 90:921-927. 1965-An electronic computer was used to sort 32 strains of coryneforms into groups with the tree-sort program. The similarity values obtained in this procedure were then used to construct a dendrogram depicting the phenetic resemblance among the taxa. The results indicated that all the phytopathogens studied were sufficiently distinct from the type species, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, to be excluded from the genus Corynebacterium. The grouping of some of the phytopathogens with Microbacterium lacticum is discussed. C. fascians appeared so distinct from the other strains studied that it should probably be excluded from the Corynebacteriaceae. The phenetic resemblance of Brevibacterium linens and Arthrobacter globiformis was emphasized, and the new combination, Arthrobacter linens, was proposed. In addition, because of distinct dissimilarity from the type species, it would seem desirable to exclude Arthrobacter tumescens from the genus Arthrobacter. The justification for classifying Kurthia zopfii in a family separate from the Corynebacteriaceae would appear to be open to serious question. It was concluded that the present taxonomic positions of Listeria monocytogenes, Cellulomonas biazotea, and Cellulomonas fimi are satisfactory.     

Phylogenetic analysis of some ll-diaminopimelic acid-containing coryneform bacteria from human skin: description of Propionibacterium innocuum sp. nov.

A new species, Propionibacterium innocuum, is proposed to accommodate strains of coryneform bacteria from human skin with phenotypic characters similar to those of the classical propionibacteria but differing in exhibiting primarily aerobic respiration and possessing a unique cell wall composition in which LL-diaminopimelic acid and arabinose occur together. The partial 16S rRNA sequence confirms an affinity with the genus Pro-pionibacterium and indicates that the species represents a distinct line within the genus. The type strain of Propionibacterium innocuum is NCTC 11082.     

Classification of coryneform bacteria associated with human urinary tract infection (group D2) as Corynebacterium urealyticum sp. nov.

Urealytic strains of coryneform bacteria that are designated Corynebacterium group D2 and are isolated from human urine are a cause of urinary tract infections. Cell wall and lipid analyses confirmed that these organisms are members of the genus Corynebacterium but can be separated from other species in the genus on the basis of DNA base composition and DNA-DNA hybridization values. Biochemically, strains in this taxon can be distinguished from other Corynebacterium spp. by their failure to produce acid from carbohydrates, by their failure to reduce nitrates, and by their ability to hydrolyze urea. We regard these bacteria as a new species of the genus Corynebacterium and propose the name Corynebacterium urealyticum. The type strain is strain NCTC 12011 (= ATCC 43042).