管状胃代食管术与全胃代食管术治疗食管癌的安全性与有效性对比

目的:对比管状胃代食管术与全胃代食管术治疗食管癌的安全性与有效性。方法:2005年1月到2015年2月选择我院收治的100例食管癌患者,根据随机数字表法分为治疗组与对照组各50例,所有患者都行食管癌切除术,同时对照组给予全胃代食管手术,治疗组给予管状胃代食管术,对两组患者围手术指标、并发症及生活质量状况进行观察比较。结果:所有患者完成手术,治疗组的手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间、术后胃肠减压时间及术后闭式引流时间都明显少于对照组(P0.05)。治疗组术后3个月反流性食管炎、胃排空障碍、胸胃综合征、吻合口狭窄、吻合口瘘等并发症发生情况明显少于对照组(P0.05),日常生活、一般状况、治疗相关症状、社会影响、情感活动评分都明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:相对于全胃代食管术,管状胃代食管术在治疗食管癌患者中的应用具有更好的安全性与有效性,值得进一步临床研究与推广。     

三种术式重建食管治疗食管癌和贲门癌的临床研究

目的:提高食管癌和贲门癌的根治切除率和临床治愈率,预防吻合口瘘。方法:设计了Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ三种术式:上、中段食管癌采用右胸前外侧切口,经第3或4肋间开胸,左腹直肌旁或左肋弓下斜切口开腹和右颈部切口,保留2～3cm颈段食管,食管次全切除,贲门部或部分胃切除,在颈部食管胃端侧分层吻合(Ⅰ式)。中段食管癌采用左胸前外侧切口,经第4或第5肋间开胸,腹部切口同前,左颈部切口,保留3～4cm颈段食管,食管次全切除,部分胃切除,在左颈部食管胃端侧分层吻合(Ⅱ式)。贲门癌采用左胸前外侧切口,经第5或4肋间开胸,腹部切口同前,中段食管和近半胃或纵半胃切除,在主动脉弓下食管胃端侧分层吻合(Ⅲ式)。尽可能清除区域淋巴结,吻合口均用大网膜包盖加固。结果:食管癌和贲门癌总切除率92．1%(174/189),其中根治性切除率为75．1%(142/189),探查率(未切除)为7．9%(15/189),三种术式的总吻合口瘘发生率为4．0%(7/174),无围手术期死亡。结论:三种术式可提高根治性切除率,大网膜包盖加固吻合口可减少瘘的发生率,食管胃分层吻合法可降低吻合口狭窄的发生率,临床治愈率高,围手术期死亡率低。     

腹腔镜胃底折叠术和食管裂孔疝修补术在胃食管反流病患者中的临床应用研究

目的:研究腹腔镜胃底折叠术和食管裂孔疝修补术在胃食管反流病的临床应用效果。方法:选择2009年5月~2016年8月于我院接受腹腔镜胃底折叠术和食管裂孔疝修补术治疗的92例胃食管反流病患者作为研究对象,并根据不同的胃底折叠术分为Nissen组54例和Toupet组38例。其中Nissen组患者采用Nissen360°术式治疗,Toupet组患者采用Toupet270°术式治疗。分别比较两组患者术后恢复情况、术后症状缓解情况、手术满意度以及吞咽困难发生情况。结果:两组患者术后Visick评分等级为Ⅰ~Ⅱ级占比高于术前,而Ⅲ~Ⅳ级占比低于术前,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。Nissen组术后症状缓解率为90.74%(49/54),与Toupet组的81.58%(31/38)相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。Nissen组手术满意度为92.59%(50/54),与Toupet组的84.21%(32/38)相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。Nissen组患者术后1个月吞咽困难发生率为46.30%(25/54),高于Toupet组的23.68%(9/38),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);而两组患者术后6个月吞咽困难发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:腹腔镜胃底折叠术和食管裂孔疝修补术治疗胃食管反流病具有一定的有效性与安全性,可根据患者具体病情选择Nissen360°术式或Toupet270°术式治疗。     

先天性食管闭锁和气管食管瘘麻醉及围手术期管理

目的:探讨先天性食管闭锁和气管食管瘘(EA/TEF)的麻醉及围手术期管理方法.方法:回顾性分析40例手术治疗的新生儿EA/TEF的临床资料.总结麻醉及围手术期管理及转归情况.结果:40例麻醉过程较平稳顺利完成手术,3例术后拔管,37例继续呼吸支持.术后死亡7例,其中4例术后死亡,3例术后监护人放弃治疗出院后死亡.活33例中重症肺炎7例,低体温8例,吻合口瘘5例,切口感染2例,均经治疗后痊愈出院.结论:良好的麻醉及围术期管理是EA/TEF手术治疗的重要组成部分,是手术顺利进行及术后成功的关键.     

单向纳入式人工胃底活瓣在食管-胃胸内吻合抗返流中的应用研究

目的:探讨单向纳入式人工胃底活瓣用于食管-胃胸内吻合抗返流患者的临床效果。方法:选择2017年3月-2018年3月入院治疗的食管中下段癌根治术患者70例,所有患者均在腹腔镜下完成全胸腹腔镜下食管-胃胸内吻合手术,术后采用胃肠吻合器完成食管胃右胸内吻合完成消化道重建。根据抗返流方法分为对照组(n=35例)和观察组(n=35例)。对照组术后包埋吻合口,观察组术后采用单向纳入式人工胃底活瓣,两组治疗完毕后对患者效果进行评估。记录并比较两组治疗后痊愈、全身衰竭死亡、吻合口瘘、返酸及吐苦水返流症状、烧心感的发生率;采用WHOQol-BREF生活量表对两组治疗前、治疗后生活质量进行比较。结果:观察组治疗后痊愈率显著高于对照组(71.43%vs. 42.86%,P0.05),全身衰竭死亡、吻合口瘘、返酸及吐苦水返流症状、烧心感发生率均明显低于对照组(P0.05)。两组治疗后生理健康、心理状态、社会关系、周围环境及独立能力评分均显著高于治疗前(P0.05),且观察组治疗后生理健康、心理状态、社会关系、周围环境及独立能力评分均高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:单向纳入式人工胃底活瓣用于食管中下段癌根治术患者能降低返流症状的发生率,能提高患者生活质量。     

覆膜支架封堵治疗食管胃吻合口- 胸腔瘘的临床疗效

目的:探讨采用自膨式覆膜支架封堵治疗食管胃吻合口-胸腔瘘的临床价值及其安全性。方法:6例经碘水造影检查证实的食管胃吻合口-胸腔瘘患者,植入覆膜支架后,持续性胸腔引流,抗感染治疗。结果:6例患者共植入7枚支架,支架展开良好,1枚移位。有效率6/7(86%)。置入覆膜支架后,既封堵了瘘口又解决了进食问题,控制了感染。结论:采用自膨式覆膜支架封堵治疗食管胃吻合口-胸腔瘘具有较高的临床价值及安全性。     

覆膜支架封堵治疗食管胃吻合口-胸腔瘘的临床疗效

目的：探讨采用自膨式覆膜支架封堵治疗食管胃吻合口-胸腔瘘的,临床价值及其安全性。方法：6例经碘水造影检查证实的食管胃吻合口-胸腔瘘患者,植入覆膜支架后,持续性胸腔引流,抗感染治疗。结果：6例患者共植入7枚支架,支架展开良好,1枚移位。有效率6／7（86％）。置入覆膜支架后,既封堵了瘘口又解决了进食问题,控制了感染。结论：采用自膨式覆膜支架封堵治疗食管胃吻合口-胸腔瘘具有较高的临床价值及安全性。     

单体位左胸左颈两切口管型吻合器治疗食管上段癌的疗效

目的:探讨单体位左胸左颈两切口的手术方式在外科治疗食管上段癌中的应用效果。方法:选择2008年1月至2012年4月间我院收治的食管上段癌患者49例,根据手术方法分为研究组(n=19)和对照组(n=30),研究组行单体位左胸左颈两切口管型吻合器治疗,对照组行传统颈、胸、腹三切口方法治疗。观察两组手术时间、术中出血量、清扫淋巴结数、术后引流量和术后并发症等。结果:研究组手术时间显著短于对照组,术中出血量和术后引流量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。两组清扫淋巴结数比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。两组患者均全部治愈出院,研究组肺不张、反流性食管炎、吻合口瘘、吻合口狭窄等发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:单体位左胸左颈两切口管型吻合器治疗食管上段癌安全,可靠,省时易行,是一种较好的手术方式,值得推广。     

奥美拉唑联合多潘立酮治疗小儿胃食管反流病的疗效观察

目的:探究奥美拉唑联合多潘立酮治疗小儿胃食管反流病的临床疗效。方法:选择2012年10月~2015年12月期间内因胃食管反流病入院接受治疗的患儿80例,所有患儿均采用奥美拉唑和多潘立酮联合治疗。在治疗前和治疗后8周内,观察患者的临床治疗效果、24 h食管下段p H值监测、电子胃镜检查和内镜下黏膜活检。结果:研究对象用药前后呕吐、恶心、反酸、上腹痛、烧心、胸骨后痛、咳嗽、气喘等八项临床症状得到了明显的改善,甚至消失,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);患儿治疗后的反流次数、反流时间≥5 min的次数、最长反流时间、总PH4时间占总时间的百分比以及综合评分均较治疗前明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(t=33.385、40.862、47.710、21.806、53.508,P0.05);与治疗前对比,研究对象治疗后有1例存在重度反流性食管炎未能恢复,28例存在不同程度改善,43例完全恢复,差异有统计学意义(Z=37.775,P0.05);不良反应出现5例(3例轻微腹泻、2例轻微腹痛),发生率为6.25%。结论:奥美拉唑联合多潘立酮治疗小儿胃食管反流病的临床效果较为显著,能够明显改善小儿胃食管反流症状,安全性较高,值得在临床上进一步推广使用。     

三角吻合术在食管胃颈部消化道重建中的疗效分析

为了探讨三角吻合术在食管胃颈部消化道重建中的安全性和可行性临床疗效。选择我院2010年1月至2014年11月需要行微创食管切除、食管胃颈部吻合术手术的患者100例,按照随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各50例,考察两组患者围手术期情况、术后并发症、术后随访情况和SF-36量表生活质量情况。结果显示,围手术期中观察组出血量显著少于对照组,手术时间显著长于对照组,其他项目所用时长观察组均显著短于对照组;观察组出现吻合口瘘、吻合口狭窄、腹腔感染、肠梗阻、术后并发症的患者数量均低于对照组;观察组出现身体不适的患者数量少于对照组;观察组各维度除情绪角色和心理健康两维度以外,其他维度得分均显著高于对照组。研究表明,三角吻合术在微创食管切除、食管胃颈部吻合术围手术期情况优于传统吻合术,且术后并发症减少,术后患者随访情况和生活质量均好于传统吻合术。     

法洛四联症合并肺动脉闭锁的手术治疗分析

目的：探讨法洛四联症合并肺动脉闭锁的手术治疗,对其各型手术时机、手术方法进行概述。方法：在我院就诊的21例法洛四联症合并肺动脉闭锁患者,15例患者在全身廓醉中度低温体外循环下实行一期根治术,6例患者实行分期手术。结果：3例发生术后早期死亡,Ⅲ患者2例,Ⅳ型患者1例,死亡原因：低心排血量综合征1例,灌注肺1例,严重感染1例。16例保持长期随访,随访0．6．4年,NYHA心功能都达到Ⅰ或Ⅱ级标准。结论：法洛四联症合并肺动脉闭锁确诊后,根据肺动脉发育情况选择合适的手术方式尽快手术,能提高患者的治愈率,降低病死率。     

近端胃切除与全胃切除在治疗近端胃癌中的疗效比较

目的:观察近端胃切除和全胃切除对近端胃癌的疗效。方法:比较28例患有早期近端胃癌接受近端胃切除28例患者与100例患有早期近端胃癌接受全胃切除的患者,观察近端胃切除是否优于全胃切除。结果:两种治疗方法手术时间、术后并发症(包括吻合口瘘)没有差异。两组患者胃切除后的代谢变化结果相似,体重,血清血红蛋白以及血清总蛋白浓度变化相近。近端胃切除后腹泻(32%)和胃食管返流(28%)最为常见,而全胃切除后餐后腹胀(21%)最为常见。二者的术后5年生存率没有明显差别。结论:近端胃切除不会由于残余胃的生理优势而优于全胃切除术。     

Peripheral versus central modulation of gastric vagal pathways by metabotropic glutamate receptor 5

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) are classified into group I, II, and III mGluR. Group I (mGluR1, mGluR5) are excitatory, whereas group II and III are inhibitory. mGluR5 antagonism potently reduces triggering of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations and gastroesophageal reflux. Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations are mediated via a vagal pathway and initiated by distension of the proximal stomach. Here, we determined the site of action of mGluR5 in gastric vagal pathways by investigating peripheral responses of ferret gastroesophageal vagal afferents to graded mechanical stimuli in vitro and central responses of nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) neurons with gastric input in vivo in the presence or absence of the mGluR5 antagonist 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP). mGluR5 were also identified immunohistochemically in the nodose ganglia and NTS after extrinsic vagal inputs had been traced from the proximal stomach. Gastroesophageal vagal afferents were classified as mucosal, tension, or tension-mucosal (TM) receptors. MPEP (1-10 microM) inhibited responses to circumferential tension of tension and TM receptors. Responses to mucosal stroking of mucosal and TM receptors were unaffected. MPEP (0.001-10 nmol icv) had no major effect on the majority of NTS neurons excited by gastric distension or on NTS neurons inhibited by distension. mGluR5 labeling was abundant in gastric vagal afferent neurons and sparse in fibers within NTS vagal subnuclei. We conclude that mGluR5 play a prominent role at gastroesophageal vagal afferent endings but a minor role in central gastric vagal pathways. Peripheral mGluR5 may prove a suitable target for reducing mechanosensory input from the periphery, for therapeutic benefit.     

中西医结合治疗胆汁返流性胃炎的观察

目的：探讨中西医结合在胆汁反流性胃炎治疗中的应用及疗效。方法：将64例胆汁反流性胃炎患者随机平均分为对照组和观察组,对照组采用多潘立酮和铝碳酸镁进行治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上加用中药大柴胡汤,疗程为6周。观察治疗后患者主要症状改善情况和胃镜下表现情况,并行疗效比较。结果：观察组患者上腹痛、恶心、胃内胆汁、胃黏膜充血、胃黏膜糜烂等症状的改善率高于对照组（P〈0．05）;观察组治愈14例、显效9例、有效6例、无效3例,疗效优于对照组,差异有显著性（Z=2．864,P〈0．01）。结论：中西医结合是治疗胆汁反流性胃炎的有效治疗方案,建议临床推广应用。     

胃食管反流病患者餐后近端胃内酸分布及与食管酸暴露的关系

目的:探讨餐后胃食管反流病(GERD)病人近端胃内酸度的分布状态及其和食管酸暴露的相关性。方法:抽选我院12例GERD患者,应用3级锑电极对定位于LES上缘近侧5 cm(食管)和LES上缘远侧5 cm的贲门下(近端胃内)、LES上缘远侧10cm的近端胃远侧(近端胃内)进行pH监测,监测时间为空腹1 h和餐后4 h,同期抽选健康志愿者12例为对照组,计算两组患者食管酸暴露以及胃内整合酸度(IA)。结果:两组空腹时近端胃内IA和食管酸暴露比较无显著性差异(P0.05);对照组中,试检者餐后1、2、3、4 h贲门下IA均显著低于近端胃远侧部位(P0.05),但GERD组中IA部位差异不明显(P0.05);餐后2 h,两组近端胃内IA均有所回升,但是对照组未超过基线(P0.05),而GERD组明显高于基线水平(P0.05);两组食管酸暴露均主要在餐后2h发生,并且两组比较差异显著(P0.05);在餐后各时段,两组中食管酸暴露与IA均无显著相关性。结论:GERD餐后晚期近端胃酸分泌增高,扩大了酸性近端胃池,可部分解释GERD进食后食管过度酸暴露。     

Tissue engineering interventions for esophageal disorders — Promises and challenges

The diseases of the esophagus include congenital defects like atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula as well as others such as gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's esophagus, carcinoma and strictures. All esophageal disorders require surgical intervention and reconstruction with appropriate substitutes. Primary anastomosis is used to treat most cases but treatment of long gap atresia still remains a clinical challenge. Autologous graft therapies using tissues from colon, and small and large intestine or gastric transplantations have been attempted but have constraints like leakage, infection and stenosis at the implanted site, which leads to severe morbidity and mortality. An alternative for autologous grafts are allogenic and xenogenic grafts, which have better availability but disease transmission and immunogenicity limit their applications. Use of biodegradable and biocompatible scaffolds to engineer the esophagus promises to be an effective regenerative strategy for treatment of esophageal disorders. Nanotopography of the fibrous scaffolds mimics the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) of the tissue and incorporation of chemical cues and tailoring mechanical properties provide the right microenvironment for co-culture of different cell types. Scaffolds cultured with esophageal cells (epithelial cells, fibroblast and smooth muscle cells) might show enhancement of the biofunctionality in vivo. This review attempts to address the various strategies and challenges involved in successful tissue engineering of the esophagus.     

Clinical studies on the effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) bark extract on gastric secretion and gastroduodenal ulcer

We have shown earlier that Neem (Azadirachta indica) bark aqueous extract has potent antisecretory and antiulcer effects in animal models and has no significant adverse effect (Bandyopadhyay et al., Life Sciences, 71, 2845-2865, 2002). The objective of the present study was to investigate whether Neem bark extract had similar antisecretory and antiulcer effects in human subjects. For this purpose, a group of patients suffering from acid-related problems and gastroduodenal ulcers were orally treated with the aqueous extract of Neem bark. The lyophilised powder of the extract when administered for 10 days at the dose of 30 mg twice daily caused a significant (p < 0.002) decrease (77%) in gastric acid secretion. The volume of gastric secretion and its pepsin activity were also inhibited by 63% and 50%, respectively. Some important blood parameters for organ toxicity such as sugar, urea, creatinine, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, albumin, globulin, hemoglobin levels and erythrocyte sedimentation rate remained close to the control values. The bark extract when taken at the dose of 30-60 mg twice daily for 10 weeks almost completely healed the duodenal ulcers monitored by barium meal X-ray or by endoscopy. One case of esophageal ulcer (gastroesophageal reflux disease) and one case of gastric ulcer also healed completely when treated at the dose of 30 mg twice daily for 6 weeks. The levels of various blood parameters for organ toxicity after Neem treatment at the doses mentioned above remained more or less close to the normal values suggesting no significant adverse effects. Neem bark extract thus has therapeutic potential for controlling gastric hypersecretion and gastroesophageal and gastroduodenal ulcers.     

Effects of feeding on luminal pH and morphology of the gastroesophageal junction of snakes

At the gastroesophageal junction, most vertebrates possess a functional lower esophageal sphincter (LES) which may serve to regulate the passage of liquids and food into the stomach and prevent the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus. Snakes seemingly lack an LES and consume meals large enough to extend anteriorly from the stomach into the esophagus thereby providing the opportunity for the reflux of gastric juices. To explore whether snakes experience or can prevent gastric reflux, we examined post-feeding changes of luminal pH of the distal esophagus and stomach, the fine scale luminal pH profile at the gastroesophageal junction, and the morphology of the gastroesophageal junction for the Burmese python (Python molurus), the African brown house snake (Lamprophis fuliginosus), and the diamondback water snake (Nerodia rhombifer). For each species fasted, there was no distension of the gastroesophageal junction and only modest changes in luminal pH from the distal esophagus into the stomach. Feeding resulted in marked distension and changes in tissue morphology of the gastroesophageal junction. Simultaneously, there was a significant decrease in luminal pH of the distal esophagus for pythons and house snakes, and for all three species a steep gradient in luminal pH decreasing across a 3-cm span from the distal edge of the esophagus into the proximal edge of the stomach. The moderate acidification of the distalmost portion of the esophagus for pythons and house snakes suggests that there is some anterior movement of gastric juices across the gastroesophageal junction. Given that this modest reflux of gastric fluid is localized to the most distal region of the esophagus, snakes are apparently able to prevent and protect against acid reflux in the absence of a functional LES.     

Does Helicobacter pylori infection contribute to gastroesophageal reflux disease?

Helicobacter pylori organisms that infect the stomach conceivably could contribute to esophageal inflammation in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) through any of at least three potential mechanisms: 1) by causing an increase in gastric acid secretion; 2) by spreading to infect the gastric-type columnar epithelium that occasionally can line the distal esophagus; and/or 3) by secreting noxious bacterial products into the gastric juice. Studies regarding these potential mechanisms are discussed in this report. Most investigations have found no apparent association between H. pylori infection and reflux esophagitis. Presently, infection with H. pylori does not appear to play an important role in the pathogenesis of GERD.