葡萄品种莎巴珍珠及其衍生品种的演化和遗传多样性分析

莎巴珍珠是极早熟葡萄品种之一,以莎巴珍珠为亲本材料,经过简单杂交或多亲多代杂交,培育了一系列早熟和无核葡萄品种;莎巴珍珠衍生品种选育的最主要途径为杂交育种,其次为芽变选种。并对莎巴珍珠衍生品种在种类、染色体倍型、果实香味、果实颜色、果实成熟期等方面的遗传多样性进行了简要分析。     

葡萄早熟芽变品种“早生高墨”的RAPD分析

以中国野生葡萄的部分株系、河岸葡萄、砧木品种S04和欧洲葡萄部分品种的幼叶为试材,采用改良CTAB法,提取葡萄基因组DNA的完整性好、纯度高。以所提葡萄基因组DNA为模板,共筛选随机寡核苷酸引物180个,对葡萄品种高墨及其早熟芽变品种早生高墨(紫玉)进行RAPD分析,结果发现引物OPW02和OPG06在两者之间扩增出了与葡萄早熟性状相关的多态性DNA片段OPW02—590、OPG06—1300和OPG06—400。这为进一步克隆、测序并分析它们的序列构成,了解葡萄早熟芽变的分子机理乃至其它果树植物芽变的分子机理提供了分子依据。     

六个早熟鲜食欧亚葡萄品种引种初报

本文以早玉、京秀、京玉、黄提、奥古斯特、维多利亚六个早熟鲜食欧亚葡萄品种为试材,在避雨设施条件下,对其主要物候期、果实经济性状、品种抗病性、二次果发育及产量情况进行观察。结果表明,六个品种间在产量、品质、抗病性等方面有明显差异。按综合性状比较,表现最好的是京秀,其次是奥古斯特,这两个品种在宁德市有避雨设施的葡萄栽种区具有一定推广价值。     

葡萄园果蝇的发生及综合防治研究进展

果蝇因种类多、分布广、寄主广、繁殖力强,世代历期短,近年已成为葡萄的重要害虫之一。葡萄果蝇幼虫不仅蛀食果实,导致果实逐渐软化以致变褐色,还能导致微生物的二次侵染,诱发酸腐病,严重影响葡萄的品质和产量。现已发现危害葡萄的果蝇有7种,其中以黑腹果蝇为优势种,其次为斑翅果蝇和叔白颜果蝇。在山东地区,7月初是斑翅果蝇和叔白颜果蝇的发生高峰期,而黑腹果蝇发生高峰期为8-9月上旬。就不同葡萄品种来说,黑腹果蝇成虫对4个葡萄品种巨峰、马奶、无核白和红提的嗜好程度无显著差异,幼虫对红提的嗜好程度显著高于巨峰、马奶和无核白;斑翅果蝇和叔白颜果蝇对于金手指等早熟品种以及果皮较薄的葡萄品种具有更强的趋性。本文依据葡萄园主要果蝇的种类、生物特征、生活习性、发生规律和危害习性,并从农业防治、物理防治、化学防治和生物防治等方面总结分析了其综合防治措施,以期为葡萄园果蝇的可持续控制提供理论和技术支持。     

北京植物园培育的早熟优质葡萄新品种

我国当前的葡萄生产中,早熟大粒优质的鲜食品种很少,而在为数甚少的早熟品种中,由于果粒较小,产量偏低,或抗性差,易裂果,或鲜食品质欠佳,均难以大面积栽培,以致形成巨峰,龙眼等中、晚熟品种一统天下,市场早熟葡萄奇缺的局面。     

无核葡萄品种的无核性来源分析

系谱分析表明,无核白是世界范围内无核葡萄育种的主要无核性来源,以其为最早的亲本材料,经过简单杂交或多亲多代杂交,培育了一系列的无核葡萄品种;无核紫和俄罗斯无核是部分无核品种的原始亲本材料之一;有核葡萄的无核芽变也是无核品种选育的重要途径。     

葡萄早熟芽变与其亲本果实发育特征比较分析

‘峰早’和‘洛浦早生’葡萄分别是‘巨峰’和‘京亚’的早熟芽变,本研究对比分析了早熟芽变与其亲本间在果实发育过程中与成熟有关的生理指标动态变化的差异。结果表明,与亲本相比,两个早熟芽变品种在果实横径、纵径、单粒重的增长速率,叶绿素、类黄酮和总酚含量变化趋势,以及β-半乳糖苷酶活性等方面的变化趋势差别不大。可溶性固形物和可溶性糖的变化趋势、类胡萝卜素的含量及脂氧合酶（LOX）活性的变化趋势在两对芽变与亲本间无明显一致的趋势,表现出的情形比较复杂。但两芽变品种花色素苷的增长速率在花后50 d均显著快于亲本,且在成熟时的绝对含量均大于对应时期亲本,这可能是早熟芽变品种果实先着色的原因之一。两芽变与亲本间果胶甲酯酶（PE）活性和多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）活性变化模式相一致,且两芽变的PG酶活性增长速率均明显大于其亲本,这种变化幅度也与早熟芽变性状变化的幅度相关,所以PG酶活性增加加快了芽变品种的成熟软化,这可能是芽变比亲本早熟的原因之一。     

通过对胚珠的培养来培育无籽葡萄

葡萄(如Thompson Seedless(TS)葡萄品种)的无籽特征是由于少精子型种子发育引起的——在发育早期抑制胚胎生长造成败育。这种葡萄品种很难进行杂交,因为它们仅可用作雄性亲本,必须与有种子的品种杂交。这样杂交产生的无籽葡萄的比率很低。 1983年,D.W.Cain曾报道了一种可营救无籽葡萄的胚胎而使杂交直接进行的胚珠培养方法。然而,用这种方法得到的胚胎存活率和植株发育频率也很低。     

美国酿酒葡萄品种在北京地区的生长和适应性表现

调查研究了首次引进的13个美国酿酒葡萄品种在北京地区栽培后的植物学性状、果实品质和抗寒及抗霜霉病能力,并与传统的欧亚种酿酒葡萄及砧木品种进行了比较与分析,总结了它们之间的植物学性状与抗逆性的差异。本试验选出了在抗寒及抗霜霉病方面表现优良的美国酿酒葡萄品种,为这些品种在我国的实际栽培推广提供科学依据。     

不同甜樱桃品种果实主要内含物测试与分析

以 拉宾斯 、 斯坦勒 等7个生产上主栽的欧洲甜樱桃品种为试验材料,研究了不同品种采收后果实可溶性蛋白质、维生素C Vc 、可溶性总糖和总酸等主要内含物含量的差异.进一步分析了各主要内含物含量与果实发育期、果实大小以及相互之间的相关性.结果表明:甜樱桃品种果实可溶性蛋白质和总糖含量与果实发育期均呈显著正相关,说明发育期短的早熟品种果实可溶性蛋白质和糖含量显著低于果实发育期长的中、晚熟品种 P<0.05 ;甜樱桃品质标准在 中上 级以上,果实的可溶性蛋白质含量范围在1052.0～1119.3mg·100g-1FW;品质在 中上 标准以上的果实维生素C的含量范围在9.89～18.01mg·100g-1FW;7个甜樱桃品种之间果实总酸度差异显著 P<0.05 ;甜樱桃果实的糖酸比值与果实发育期和可溶性糖含量均呈显著正相关,甜樱桃果实的糖酸比值能确切地反映果实风味及品质的优劣,可以作为一项指标,甜樱桃品质在 中上 标准以上的果实糖酸比范围在31.37～40.54;早、中、晚熟品种之间相比较,甜樱桃早熟品种的果实大小显著低于中、晚熟品种 P<0.05 .     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。