苜蓿与沙打旺苗期生长和水分利用对土壤水分变化的反应

通过室内生长箱内盆栽实验,比较了苜蓿和沙打旺苗期的根冠生长和水分利用对种土壤水分环境变化的响应和差异.结果表明,充分供水下苜蓿和沙打旺苗期生物量和蒸腾效率均最高,苜蓿均显著高于沙打旺.土壤水分减少后苜蓿苗期生物量和蒸腾效率下降幅度均大于沙打旺.从低水到阶段低水处理后土壤水分逐渐降低和降低后再复水到低水处理,苜蓿和沙打旺的生物量分别较持续低水处理显著减少47.8%和27.9%.旱后复水后苜蓿根冠比和单位根量耗水量较显著增加,蒸腾效率显著下降; 沙打旺根冠比显著下降,单位根量耗水量和蒸腾效率变化不显著.     

混播下柳枝稷叶绿素荧光参数及对水氮条件的响应特征

采用盆栽试验,按照白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum)与柳枝稷(Panicum virgatum)株数比设置5个混播比例(0∶8、2∶6、4∶4、6∶2、8∶0),在两种氮肥处理(不施氮和0.1g N·kg-1)下,测定分析柳枝稷叶绿素荧光参数对土壤水分短期自然干旱并复水[土壤含水量从80%FC(田间持水量为20%)逐渐降至20%FC后再复水至80%FC]的响应,以期揭示不同水氮及混播比例下柳枝稷与白羊草竞争关系的生理生态机制。结果显示:(1)随干旱胁迫加剧,柳枝稷最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光化学猝灭(qP)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和表观光合量子传递速率(ETR)逐渐下降,复水后第2天各指标均可恢复到对照水平;(2)两氮肥处理下,单播柳枝稷的ETR显著高于混播,施氮处理下单播的qP显著高于混播,但非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)相反(P0.05),且柳枝稷比例越小各指标降幅越大,表明混播后柳枝稷PSⅡ反应中心活性下降,显示出其对混播竞争的适应;(3)施氮显著提高了柳枝稷的ΦPSⅡ(13.64%~23.53%)和qP(6.12%~11.11%),降低了NPQ值(9.76%~12.82%)(P0.05),表明施氮可提高其光能利用能力,增强其与白羊草的竞争力。研究认为,不同水氮条件下,柳枝稷表现出较强的混播竞争适应性,施氮会提高其对白羊草的生态竞争能力。     

施氮和供水对混播和单播白羊草叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为明确干旱条件下混播和施氮对白羊草〔Bothriochloa ischaemum(Linn.)Keng〕叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响,采用盆栽法并设置不同混播比例〔白羊草与柳枝稷(Panicum virgatum Linn.)混播比例分别为8:0、6:2、4:4和2:6〕、施氮水平(即不施氮和1kg干土施01g纯氮)和供水条件(即正常供水和干旱胁迫6d后复水),对白羊草叶片叶绿素荧光参数的变化进行比较分析;在此基础上,采用一般线性模型分析这3个因素及其交互作用对白羊草叶绿素荧光参数的影响效应.结果显示:正常供水条件下,各处理组白羊草的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)均无明显变化.干旱及复水条件下,不施氮处理组白羊草的Fv/Fm值在干旱胁迫6 d(即土壤相对含水量最低)时降至最低值,并在复水2 d后恢复至与正常供水条件下相近的水平,而施氮处理组的Fv/Fm值则一直保持与正常供水条件下相近的水平;不论施氮与否,各处理组白羊草的ΦPSⅡ、ETR、qP和NPQ值基本上均表现为在干旱胁迫6 d时达到最高值,并在复水2 d后恢复至正常供水条件下各参数值的90%以上.总体上看,混播白羊草的qP和ETR值均高于单播白羊草,而其NPQ值则低于后者.统计分析结果表明:混播比例、施氮水平和供水条件3个因素间的交互作用对白羊草的ΦPSⅡ、qP和ETR值无显著影响,施氮水平对NPQ值的单独作用、施氮水平和混播比例的交互作用对Fv/Fm值以及施氮水平和供水条件的交互作用对ETR值也无显著影响,但这3个因素的单独作用及两两因素间的交互作用对白羊草其余叶绿素荧光参数均有显著或极显著影响.研究结果表明:一定程度的干旱胁迫有利于提高白羊草叶片PSⅡ反应中心的开放程度、光合电子传递速率和热耗散过剩光能的能力;在干旱胁迫条件下,施氮有助于白羊草叶片维持PSⅡ反应中心的活性和光化学效率;并且,与柳枝稷适度混播可改善白羊草叶片的光合性能,提高其种间竞争适应性.     

不同盐胁迫对柳枝稷生物量、品质和光合生理的影响

为明确不同盐胁迫对柳枝稷生物量、品质及光合生理的影响,以无盐胁迫作为对照(CK),选取0.40%Na Cl、0.80%Na2SO4和0.80%Na HCO3进行了土柱试验。结果表明:(1)与CK相比,Na Cl、Na2SO4、Na HCO3胁迫下柳枝稷地上生物量、地下生物量、总生物量、籽粒产量及根冠比均显著降低(P0.05),总生物量分别降低49.39%、60.52%、76.45%,Na HCO3对柳枝稷的生长抑制作用最强,Na Cl最弱;(2)Na Cl胁迫下柳枝稷地上生物质灰分含量显著增高14.89%,Na2SO4胁迫下硫(S)含量显著增高262.32%,纤维素含量显著降低13.71%,Na HCO3胁迫下钾(K)含量显著增高54.95%,半纤维素含量显著增高10.87%,灰分和S含量的增高不利于柳枝稷地上生物质的燃烧利用,纤维素含量的降低和半纤维素含量的增高不利于其转化利用;(3)Na Cl、Na2SO4、Na HCO3胁迫下柳枝稷叶片净光合速率(Pn)分别显著降低21.89%、29.54%和24.59%,气孔限制因素可能是其光合作用受到抑制、生物量下降的关键因素。     

采用稳定碳同位素法分析白羊草在不同干旱胁迫下的水分利用效率

本研究以黄土高原乡土草种白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum(L.)Keng.)为研究对象,采用盆栽控制实验,比较白羊草在3个水分处理(CK80%FC、MS60%FC和SS 40%FC)下的生物量积累和分配模式、瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)、不同部位(新叶、老叶、茎、细根、粗根)的稳定碳同位素组成(δ~(13)C)和碳同位素分辨率(Δ~(13)C)及其相互关系,以及干旱胁迫下影响水分利用效率的主导环境因子。结果表明:1)重度干旱胁迫显著降低植物整体生物量,显著增加根冠比和细根生物量比例;2)随着干旱胁迫加剧,白羊草各器官的δ~(13)C均呈上升趋势,Δ~(13)C呈减小趋势,SS处理不同器官δ~(13)C和Δ~(13)C没有显著差异,CK和MS处理的各器官δ~(13)C均值表现分别为细根粗根老叶新叶茎、细根新叶老叶粗根茎,CK和MS处理Δ~(13)C的值总体呈根叶茎。3)新叶的δ~(13)CNL和Δ~(13)CNL与WUE的相关系数均最大,说明利用稳定碳同位素方法测定白羊草水分利用效率具有可行性。4)不同水分处理的WUE的主导影响因子不同,CK、MS、SS水分处理WUE分别受到叶面温度、大气水汽压亏缺和空气温度的影响最大。为采用稳定碳同位素方法指示白羊草水分利用效率可行性及阐明植物的胁迫响应机制提供理论依据。     

混播白羊草和达乌里胡枝子叶片光合生理特性对水分胁迫的响应

以黄土丘陵半干旱区白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum)和达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)为研究对象,通过盆栽控制试验,设置3种土壤水分处理水平(HW、MW和LW,分别为田间持水量的80%±5%,60%±5%和40%±5%)和7个株数比例组合(株数比为0∶12、2∶10、4∶8、6∶6、8∶4、10∶2和12∶0),分析比较白羊草和达乌里胡枝子拔节期、开花期和结实期的叶片光合生理参数,探讨不同土壤水分和草种组合比例下二者叶片光合气孔交换参数随生育期动态变化规律,揭示水分胁迫下2种乡土草混播共存的生理生态机制。结果显示:(1)水分胁迫显著降低了2种草叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs),且以白羊草的光合生理响应更为敏感;除LW土壤水分下达乌里胡枝子结实期的Pn降低原因为非气孔限制因素外,其余处理下均为气孔因素。(2)HW土壤水分下,白羊草混播下的Pn均值显著高于单播,但达乌里胡枝子呈相反趋势;MW和LW土壤水分下,白羊草混播下拔节期与开花期以及达乌里胡枝子结实期的Pn均显著高于各自单播,白羊草各生育期的水分利用率(WUE)均显著高于达乌里胡枝子。(3)在10∶2混播条件下,LW土壤水分处理的白羊草各生育期的Pn和WUE、以及MW和LW土壤水分处理的达乌里胡枝子结实期的Pn和WUE均显著高于各自单播。研究表明,白羊草与达乌里胡枝子株数比为10∶2时,有利于提高水分胁迫条件下二者叶片光合速率和水分利用效率。     

黄土丘陵半干旱区引种禾草柳枝稷的生物量与水分利用效率

加强优良引种禾草植物的生态适应性研究对促进我国黄土高原半干旱区草地建设和草业科学发展具有十分重要的意义。比较研究了引种禾草柳枝稷(Panicumvirgatum)在黄土丘陵半干旱区不同立地条件下地上生物量的大小和季节累积差异及其水分利用特征。2001~2002年川地柳枝稷草地地上生物量达13000~16000kg/hm2,山地梯田和坡地为2300~2650kg/hm2。不同立地条件柳枝稷返青后的生物量累积过程呈二次或三次多项式。柳枝稷的绝对生长速率(AGR)在整个生长季内呈双峰曲线变化,川地柳枝稷草地的现存量和总量AGR最大值分别为158.93和169.83kg/(hm2·d),梯田分别为27.31和38.25kg/(hm2·d),坡地为37.0和36.69kg/(hm2·d)。坡地柳枝稷生物量较大值和AGR最大值出现时间最早。不同立地柳枝稷生物量相对生长速率(RGR)在整个生长季内呈双峰曲线变化,均以返青后的20d内最大,平均AGR以川地最大,坡地和梯田相近,但坡地两峰值高于梯田。不同立地柳枝稷草地土壤水分主要利用层次为0~2m,月平均含水量顺序为梯田>坡地>川地。川地柳枝稷叶片和整体生物量水分利用效率均最高,梯田整体生物量水分利用效率大于坡地,但二者叶片水分利用效率相近。川地和山地地表下5cm生育期平均地温均为17.60℃,但4~5月份川地地温高出山地1.2~2.8℃,川地4~10月份平均气温较山地高1.5℃,这些差异影响不同立地条件柳枝稷草地水分利用和生长进程。     

干旱胁迫和CO2浓度升高条件下白羊草的光合特征

采用盆栽控制试验,研究了黄土丘陵区乡土种白羊草在不同水分水平(80％ FC和40％ FC)和CO2浓度(375和750 μmol·m-2·s-1)处理下的光合生理变化特征.结果表明:干旱胁迫使白羊草的最大净光合速率(Pnmax)、表观量子效率(AQE)、气孔导度(gs)、蒸腾速率(Tt)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、潜在光化学效率(Fv/Fo)和光合色素含量降低,丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量升高.水分充足条件下,与正常大气CO2浓度相比,大气CO2浓度倍增下白羊草的PnmaxMDA和Pro含量无显著差异.干旱胁迫下,CO2浓度升高提高了白羊草的最大荧光(Fm)、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、叶绿素含量和AQE,Pnmax比正常CO2浓度下高23.3％,差异达到显著水平,而MDA和Pro含量均显著降低.CO2浓度升高对干旱胁迫引起的白羊草光合能力下降有一定的补偿作用,减轻了干旱胁迫对白羊草的伤害.     

干旱胁迫和CO2浓度升高条件下白羊草的光合特征

采用盆栽控制试验,研究了黄土丘陵区乡土种白羊草在不同水分水平(80%FC和40%FC)和CO₂浓度(375和750 μmol·m^-2·s^-1) 处理下的光合生理变化特征.结果表明： 干旱胁迫使白羊草的最大净光合速率(P_nmax)、表观量子效率(AQE)、气孔导度(g_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、潜在光化学效率(F_v/F_o)和光合色素含量降低,丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量升高.水分充足条件下,与正常大气CO₂浓度相比,大气CO₂浓度倍增下白羊草的P_{n max}、MDA和Pro含量无显著差异.干旱胁迫下,CO₂浓度升高提高了白羊草的最大荧光(F_m)、F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o、叶绿素含量和AQE, P_nmax比正常CO₂浓度下高23.3%,差异达到显著水平,而MDA和Pro含量均显著降低.CO₂浓度升高对干旱胁迫引起的白羊草光合能力下降有一定的补偿作用,减轻了干旱胁迫对白羊草的伤害.     

黄土丘陵区不同种植行距下柳枝稷光合生理日变化研究

以引进禾草柳枝稷为材料,在半干旱黄土丘陵区人工梯田设置20cm(L20)、40cm(L40)和60cm(L60)3种种植行距,比较研究了其光合生理参数日变化、地上部分生物量及土壤水分剖面分布特征,探讨其光合生理和水分利用特征与种植行距的关系。结果表明:(1)不同行距下,柳枝稷叶片净光合速率(Pn)日变化均呈双峰曲线,第一峰值均出现在10:00,第二峰值L40出现在14:00,L20和L60出现在16:00,具有明显的光合"午休"现象,且均由非气孔因素限制引起;柳枝稷叶片Pn日均值大小依次为:L60>L40>L20,且两两间差异显著。(2)柳枝稷叶片水分利用效率(WUE)日变化与Pn相似,分别在10:00和14:00达到峰值,日均值大小依次为:L60>L40>L20。(3)不同行距下,土壤体积含水量均随土层深度增加呈先增加后减少再增加的趋势,除0～50cm土层外,其它各土层土壤储水量均存在较大差异,0～380cm土层总土壤储水量表现为:L20>L40>L60。(4)柳枝稷地上生物量大小依次为:L20>L60>L40。研究发现,20cm行距的柳枝稷个体虽光合速率较低,但群体生物量和土壤储水量较高,所以柳枝稷在黄土丘陵区梯田的较优行距为20cm。     

Water,Water, Everywhere

Abstract

Math and Science Across Culture: Activities and Investigations from the Exploratorium. Maurice Bazin, Modesto, and the Exploratorium Teacher Institute. New York: The New Press, 2002. 176 pp. $19.95 (paperback). ISBN 1-56584-541-2

History Beneath the Sea—Nautical Archaeology in the Classroom. K. C. Smith and Amy Douglass (Editors). Washington, D.C.: Society for American Archaeology, 2001. 28 pp. $5.95 (paperback). ISBN 0-932839-17-7.     

节水应优先于调水

就规划中的南水北调西线工程受水区情况,本刊记者访问了刘昌明院士和陶传进博士。尽管他们对南水北调西线工程的必要性看法不同,却表达了一个共同的声音：受水区应把挖掘自身的节水潜力摆在优先。     

Water

Water remains a scarce and valuable resource. Improving technologies for water purification, use and recycling should be a high priority for all branches of science.One of our most crucial and finite resources is freshwater. How often do biologists spare a thought for this substance, other than to think about its purity for the sake of an experiment? How often do we consider that 30 litres of cooling water are used to make one litre of double-distilled water? Americans use approximately 100 gallons per person per day, whereas millions of the world''s poor subsist on less than 5 gallons per day. Within the next 15 years, it is estimated that more than 1.8 billion people will be living in regions with severe water scarcity, partly as a result of climate change. By 2030 it is estimated that the annual global demand for water will increase from 4,500 billion m³ to 6,900 billion m³—approximately 40% more than the amount of freshwater available (Water Resources Group, 2009). We are not only facing an increasing scarcity of water, but we also misuse the available water. Approximately 2.5 billion people use rivers to dispose of waste—not to mention what industry dumps into them—while freshwater dams generate problems of their own including population displacement, the spread of new and more diseases to people living in the vicinity of the river, as well as effects on ecology and farming downstream.Many factors influence the supply of and demand for water, and a one-fits-all solution for all regions is therefore not possible. There are essentially two strategies to ensure a sound supply of freshwater: we either use less water, or we make more of the water that we do use. The first is a typical accounting approach and is limited in scope, whereas the second calls for better science and engineering approaches.Although the surface of the Earth is mostly covered with water, more than 95% of it is salty or inaccessible. One clear solution to increase fresh water supply is desalination, which can be done by distillation or osmosis, through the use of carbon nanotubes, or by using another promising new technology: biomimetics. Water can be filtered through aquaporins—proteins that transport water molecules in and out of cells. Such biotechnologies could reach the market as early as 2013, although other exciting technologies are already available. Simple chemistry can be used, for example, in the ‘PUR'' water purifier that uses gravity to precipitate water-born contaminants and pathogens or the water purifier akin to a trash bag, which cleanses water through a nanofibre filter containing microbicides and carbon to remove pollutants and pathogens. Such simple and cheap technology is ideal for billions of the world''s poor who do not have access to clean drinking water.Of the available freshwater, agriculture uses the largest share—up to 70% in many regions—and technological and biotechnological solutions can also contribute to preserving water in this context. New farming processes that can retain water in the soil, recycle it or reduce its use include no-till farming, crop intensification, improved fertilizer usage, crop development, waste water re-use and pre- and post-harvest food processing, among many others. The different degrees of water quality can also be exploited for agriculture; ‘grey water''—which is unsafe for human consumption—could still be used in agriculture.In addition to improving management practices, there is no question that we need considerably more innovation in water technology to close the supply–demand gap. These developments should include better processes for purification and desalination, more efficient industrial use and re-use and improved agricultural usage. The problem is that the water sector is poorly funded in all respects, including research. New technologies could help to re-use water and reclaim resources from wastewater while generating biogas from the waste. There is also enormous potential for the use of water beyond its consumption in households, agriculture and industry. ‘Blue energy'', for instance, generates power from reverse electrodialysis by mixing saltwater and freshwater across an ion exchange membrane stack. This could potentially generate energy wherever rivers flow into the sea.With so many innovations already under way with so little funding, what other technologies can we come up with to reduce water usage and deal with medical, industrial and individual waste? The issue of waste is a serious and pressing problem: we find pharmaceutical chemicals in fish, which are in turn consumed by humans and other species in the food chain. We need to find ways to effectively transform waste into biodegradable products that can be used as fertilizers, as well as to recover valuable molecules such as rare metals. The downstream consequences of such technologies will be the regeneration of coastal estuaries, lower levels of contaminants in marine life and cleaner rivers. Ultimately, we need much more research into reducing water use, purification, bioremediation and recycling. I submit that this should be a priority research area for all the natural sciences and engineering.Companies are held accountable these days for socially responsible projects, sustainability and their carbon footprint—this includes water usage. Why should research institutions not be held responsible too? After all, we claim to be at the cutting edge of science and should set the trend. Research grants should have a ‘green component'' and a score should be given to applications according to water usage and ‘green work''.     

Water Biophysics: How Water Interacts with Biomolecules

The papers of this special issue are based on a Conference on Water Biophysics and develop a fundamental understanding on how water interacts with biomolecules. The Conference highlighted the great empathy of a multidisciplinary and integrated approach to rationalize the role of water in foods, pharmaceutical, and biochemical systems, taking vantage of the advances in simulation and experimental methods.     

Matric Bound Water of Water Tissue from Succulents

Matric bound water was measured as water retained by frozen and thawed tissue after desorption on a pressure membrane filter under 20 bars nitrogen gas pressure. Central water-storage tissue and peripheral chlorenchyma from leaves or stems of 15 taxonomically diverse non-halophytic succulent species were investigated. Matric bound water as a per cent of the dry weight averaged higher in water storage than in chlorenchyma tissue but lower than values reported for many mesophytic leaves. Matric bound water as a proportion of the total water held, however, was lower in water tissues. Osmotic potentials were generally high (solute contents low). It is concluded that matric or osmotic forces cannot account, in any unique way, for the high water content of water tissues. This appears to depend, instead, on the enormous ability of the thin-walled cells to take up available water and expand.     

Grafham Water

SUMMARY. The phytoplankton and zooplankton of Grafham Water reservoir, Cambridgeshire, are described and discussed for the 5 years 1974–78 together with the main physical variables and macro-nutrients believed to affect them. This follows on from the Water Pollution Research Laboratory study of 1969–74. The rationale for the work was to provide short-term warning of treatment and management problems caused by algae and to gain insight into the factors controlling them.
During the period reviewed the 1976 drought occurred with a massive draw-down. Afterwards replenishment of the lake from the River Great Ouse resulted in its enrichment with high concentrations of nitrate, orthophosphate and silica. The algal cycles changed to some extent over this period with a few species becoming even more dominant and others diminishing in importance. The effect of the drought and post-drought pumping is discussed; a return to former nutrient levels seems likely. The effects of weather, particularly radiation and wind, on algae may be of equal importance to nutrient levels in Grafham and will be further investigated.