一株降氰细菌的筛选及其转化特性初步研究*

从污染土壤中分离一株高效降氰菌株DN25,经表型分析和16SrDNA分析,初步判断为产碱杆菌(Alcaligenessp.)。该菌株耐氰能力强,能在氰浓度达1000mg/L的环境中生长。其生长和转化的最佳温度和pH分别为30℃和8.0,10h对氰浓度为500mg/L的溶液转化率可达到99%。同时菌株也可有效转化亚铁氰化钾,对于氰浓度相当于500mg/L的亚铁氰化钾液,12h的转化率可达到96%。     

影响根癌农杆菌介导甜瓜转化NP-1基因的外部因子研究

以新疆伽师、皇后两个甜瓜品种的子叶切块与农杆菌共培养,将NP-1基因导入甜瓜。以再生植株的PCR检测阳性和卡那霉素抗性作为转化植株的初步判定。研究了甜瓜转化的外部因子：甜瓜子叶外植体经3d预培养,重悬于MS液体培养基使菌液浓度达OD600为0．6后进行侵染8～12min,再经3d共培养对转化最为有利;在侵染前进行0．2mg／L甘露醇高渗处理可提高转化率6．6％,乙酰丁香酮在甜瓜的转化中并未有显著影响。转化中卡那霉素合适筛选压力为100mg／L,转化后抑菌氨苄青霉素浓度为500mg／L有利于获取转化植株,转化率可达到12％。     

静息细胞转化生产3-羟基丙酸的条件优化

本文研究了静息细胞生物转化生产3-羟基丙酸的反应体系。考察了以甘油为底物,利用静息细胞转化生产3一羟基丙酸的相关因素,确定了最佳的转化条件：细胞浓度20g／L,甘油浓度20g／L,辅酶VB12浓度10mg／L,NAD＋浓度0．15mmol／L,温度35℃,反应体系为0．05mol／LpH7．0Tris—HCl缓冲液。在上述条件下反应6h后,3-羟基丙酸的产量达到为3．17g／L,底物转化率为28．33％。由上述结果可知,采用静息细胞转化法为3-HP的生物合成提供了一种可能的方法。     

纤维素酶高产菌株Trichoderma atroviride HP35-3原生质体制备及转化

旨在优化深绿木霉(Trichoderma atroviride)菌株HP35-3原生质体制备和转化条件,便于对该菌株进行遗传操作以提高其纤维素酶产量。分别对制备深绿木霉原生质体的菌龄、酶解时间、酶组分及比例和转化条件进行优化。结果显示,利用3mg/m L蜗牛酶、3 mg/m L溶菌酶和3 mg/m L裂解酶酶组分酶解菌龄10 h的菌丝2 h,获得的原生质浓度达到3.5×107个/m L以上,原生质体再生率为61%。利用原生质体进行PEG介导转化,当原生质体浓度为1×108个/m L、外源DNA为5μg时,转化率达到35个转化子/μg DNA。建立的高效原生质体制备及转化体系可用于深绿木霉的遗传转化及菌株改造。     

双极膜电渗析分离发酵液中L-乳酸

采用三室型双极膜电渗析装置将发酵液中的L-乳酸钠转化为L-乳酸。探讨操作电压、流速、进料L-乳酸钠质量浓度等工艺参数对转化过程的影响,考察电渗析过程参数对转化率、物料损失率、电流效率和能耗等技术指标的影响。在最优操作条件下（流速40L／h,电压15V）对2L的100．25g／L乳酸钠发酵液进行分批重复电渗析处理。结果表明：整个过程的转化率为81．22％,损失率为1．5％,能耗为0．81kW·h／kg,电流效率为91．8％,得到的L-乳酸质量浓度可达144．31g／L．电渗析残液补糖后可回到发酵罐中用于发酵生产L-乳酸.     

Mycobacterium sp．高效转化植物甾醇为雄甾-1，4-二烯-3，17-二酮的诱变选育

采用紫外线、亚硝基胍复合诱变雄甾-4-烯-3,17-二酮（AD）和雄甾-1,4-二烯-3,17-二酮（ADD）的转化产生菌Mycobacterium sp．,结合平板筛选,获得一株遗传性状稳定单产ADD的突变菌株Mycobacterium sp．-11,其ADD质量浓度达到1246ms／L,比原始菌株（484mg／L）提高了150％,经初步优化后发酵液中ADD最高达到1430mg／L,发酵液中ADD质量占ADD、AD两产物质量总和的比例由70％提高到99．1％。     

一菌双酶法制备L-4-氟苯丙氨酸

利用重组E．coli产天冬氨酸酶和天冬氨酸转氨酶催化生产L-4-氧苯丙氨酸的工艺。实验结果表明最佳转化条件为-37℃,pH值4．5—8．5,菌体与酮酸的质量浓度比为1.5,CTAB的质量分数为0．04％,酮酸的质量浓度11．28g／L,富马酸铵与酮酸的摩尔比为3．0：1．0,添加1mmol／L的Fe^2＋,L-天冬氨酸与酮酸的摩尔比为0．4：1。在最适条件下,经过14h酶转化反应达到平衡,酮酸转化率可达到95％以上,L-4-氟苯丙氨酸得率也可达到80％以上。此法原料简单易得,为L-4-氟苯丙氨酸的制备提供了一种新方法：     

诱导子对藏红花悬浮培养细胞生产藏红花色素的影响

考察壳聚糖（chitosan）、壳寡糖（chitosanoligosaccharides,COS）、茉莉酸甲酯（methyljasmonate,MJ）、水杨酸（salicylicacid,SA）和Cu2＋等诱导子对藏红花悬浮培养细胞生长和藏红花色素合成的影响。结果表明：在实验考察浓度范围内,壳寡糖（1～500mg／L）和较低浓度壳聚糖（≤10mrdL）、MJ（≤10μmol／L）、SA（≤10μμmol／L）和Cu2＋（≤1μmoL／L）对细胞生长无显著影响;较高浓度壳聚糖（≥100mg／L）、MJ（≥100μmol／L）、SA（≥100μmoL／L）和cu“（≥10μmoL／L）显著抑制细胞生长。5种诱导子对藏红花色素合成的诱导效果不同,并且与诱导子作用浓度和添加时间有关。MJ诱导效果最好,在细胞培养第0天添加终浓度100仙moL／LMJ,藏红花色素含量（以1克干细胞计）达到28．57mg,比对照提高177．9％。其次是cu“,在细胞培养第4天添加终浓度500μmoL／LCu2＋,色素含量达到19．82mg,比对照提高108．2％。再次是壳聚糖和壳寡糖,在细胞培养第14天分别添加终质量浓度100mg／L壳聚糖和壳寡糖,色素含量分别达到18．33和17．39mg,比对照提高69．1％和69．0％。最后是SA,在细胞培养第14天添加终浓度10μmoL／LSA,色素含量达到14．65mg,比对照提高45．4％。     

牛瘤胃分离菌株静息细胞培养体系生物转化黄豆苷原

从牛瘤胃胃液中分离了一株在厌氧条件下能利用其生长细胞将大豆异黄酮黄豆苷原高效还原为二氢黄豆苷原的革兰氏阳性细菌菌株Niu-O16。研究了菌株Niu-O16静息细胞体系转化黄豆苷原的最佳转化条件,通过单因素试验确定菌株Niu-O16静息细胞转化黄豆苷原的最佳条件是:初始pH6.0～8.0,静息细胞浓度32～64mg/mL(湿重),加入底物浓度0.8～1.2mmol/L。通过正交试验确定了静息细胞浓度、加入底物浓度及转化时间的最佳组合为:静息细胞浓度32mg/mL、加入底物浓度0.8mmol/L、转化时间24h;最佳转化条件下底物转化率最高为63.9%。该结果为厌氧菌的静息细胞转化及工业应用提供了参考。     

苯酚高效降解菌的筛选和降解特性研究

从东华理工学院北区原化学系排污口土壤中筛选到一株高效的苯酚降解细菌PS1。该菌为球菌,革兰氏染色阴性,能以苯酚为唯一碳源和能源生长。经16S rRNA基因部分序列分析PS1为Raoultella属菌株(Raoultella sp.strain PS1),其最高苯酚耐受和降解浓度在3500mg/L以上,当苯酚浓度为500mg/L和1000mg/L时,22h和32h可完全降解,在1500mg/L~3000mg/L时,32h~50h可完全降解,2500mg/L时降解速率最快,达78.1mg/h。通过正交试验得出该菌最适生长条件为25℃、pH6.5、葡萄糖500mg/L;最佳苯酚降解条件为20℃、pH7.0、葡萄糖500mg/L。     

甲基对硫磷彻底降解菌X4的分离、降解性及系统发育研究

从生产甲基对硫磷的山东华阳农药厂污水曝气池中,分离到一株能以甲基对硫磷及其降解中间产物对硝基苯酚为唯一碳源生长,且能够将其彻底降解为CO2和H2O的细菌X4,经鉴定,为节杆菌属(Arthrobactersp.)。用气相色谱法和分光光度法对X4的降解性能分析表明,X4在7h内对50mg/L甲基对硫磷、50mg/L对硝基苯酚的降解率为99%以上,对其它有机磷农药也有良好的降解效果,测定条件为:pH值7,温度30℃,接种量30%。并构建了系统发育树以了解其它菌株与X4之间的亲缘关系。     

调控pH提高分批发酵赤霉素GA3产量

为高效率发酵生产GA₃,对藤仓赤霉菌发酵过程pH进行优化调控研究。采用5L全自动发酵罐,在pH 3.0-5.0条件下,对藤仓赤霉菌菌丝生长及GA₃产量的影响进行了考察,实验数据表明：在pH 4.0条件下,菌比生长速率可获最大值,为0.395/h;而pH 3.0条件下,GA₃比生成速率最大,达到4.43mg/(g?h)。基于不同pH条件下,对菌比生长速率、得率、GA₃比生成速率的影响,提出GA₃分批发酵过程中的pH调控策略,即：0-20h,pH自然;20-50h,pH 4.0;50-80h,pH 3.0-3.5;80h后控制pH为3.5-4.0。在此控制模式下,经过196h发酵GA₃的终产量达到2 224mg/L,GA₃产率44.5mg/g,GA₃生产强度0.242mg/(L?h),分别比不控制pH条件下发酵的数值增长了7.75%、7.74%、8.04%,表明该pH控制策略能增进GA₃发酵生产效率。     

反硝化除磷菌筛选及其特性研究

【目的】研究反硝化除磷菌特性。【方法】通过微生物筛选和生物学特性研究方法,从对虾养殖池塘中筛选出多株可在有氧条件下同时具有反硝化除磷功能的菌种。【结果】菌株LY-1可在18 h内将初始量为10 mg/L的亚硝酸盐氮降低至0.04 mg/L,PO43?-P降低至0.05 mg/L。在DO浓度为5.0?5.9 mg/L时,该菌反硝化除磷率近100%。试验选取具有反硝化除磷功能的枯草芽孢杆菌为阳性对照菌,大肠杆菌为阴性对照菌,比较研究了菌株LY-1在不同pH、温度、盐度、PO43?-P浓度、亚硝酸盐浓度时反硝化除磷的强弱,在pH为5?9范围时,该菌亚硝酸盐氮去除率近99%,PO43?-P去除率86%;温度为30°C时,该菌反硝化除磷率近100%;盐度为5‰?15‰、PO43?-P浓度为10 mg/L、亚硝酸盐氮浓度为20 mg/L时,该菌亚硝酸盐氮和PO43?-P去除率均可达99%。【结论】菌株LY-1反硝化除磷性能显著高于对照菌(P<0.05)。通过菌株LY-1形态学观察、生理生化及16S rRNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定为蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)。     

脱色希瓦氏菌(Shewanella decolorationis)S12T的脱色特性

从印染废水活性污泥中分离到一株高效染料脱色菌,经鉴定该菌株为希瓦氏菌属的一个新种,命名为脱色希瓦氏菌(Shewanelladecolorationis)S12T。该菌株在偶氮染料浓度为50mg/L的培养基中培养4h后,染料去除率达到96%,对偶氮染料的最高脱色浓度达到2000mg/L。在浓度为500mg/L的偶氮染料平板上生长4d后,可观察到明显的脱色圈。全波长光谱扫描的结果表明希瓦氏菌S12T以生物降解的方式对偶氮染料进行脱色。希瓦氏菌S12T的脱色酶为组成型的胞内酶。     

Transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) by immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium under fed-batch and continuous TNT feeding conditions

The cometabolic transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) by an immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium culture was investigated under different TNT and/or glycerol feeding conditions in a 5-L reactor. In the fed-batch feeding mode, as a result of four spiking events at an average feeding rate of 20 mg TNT L(-1) d(-1) and 250 mg glycerol L(-1) d(-1), the initial TNT transformation rate and the glycerol uptake rate of the 7-day-old immobilized cell culture were 2.41 mg L(-1) h(-1) and 16.6 mg L(-1) h(-1), respectively. Thereafter, the TNT fed into the reactor depicted a negative effect on the cell physiology of P. chrysosporium, i.e., both rates decreased constantly. At 32 mg TNT L(-1) d(-1) feeding rate, also in the presence of glycerol (200 mg L(-1) d(-1)), this effect on the fungal cell metabolism was even more significant. When TNT was fed alone at 3.7 mg L(-1) d(-1), it showed an initial 0.75 mg L(-1) h(-1) rate of TNT transformation, i.e., one-third the initial level observed in the presence of glycerol. In contrast, in the continuous feeding mode (dilution rate, D = 0.11 d(-1)), at 5.5 mg TNT L(-1) d(-1) and 220 mg glycerol L(-1) d(-1), the immobilized cell culture exhibited a constant TNT transformation rate for cultivation periods of 50 and 61 days, under uncontrolled and controlled pH conditions, respectively. Thereafter, during the latter experiment, 100% TNT biotransformation was achieved at 1,100 mg L(-1) d(-1) glycerol feeding rate. Immobilized cells (115-day-old), sampled from a continuous TNT feeding experiment, mineralized [(14)C]-TNT to a level of 15.3% following a 41-day incubation period in a microcosm.     

An efficient system to produce transgenic plants via cyclic leave-originated secondary somatic embryogenesis in Rosa rugosa

An efficient and reproducible Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system via repetitive secondary somatic embryogenesis was developed for Rosa rugosa ‘Bao white’. Somatic embryogenesis was induced from in vitro-derived unexpanded leaflet explants on MS medium supplemented with 4.0 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 0.05 mg/L Kinetin and 30 g/L glucose. Secondary somatic embryos were successfully proliferated via cyclic secondary somatic embryogenesis on MS medium containing 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D, 0.01 mg/L 6-benzyladenine and 45 g/L glucose under light intensity of 500–1,000 lux. The highest germination rate (86.33 %) of somatic embryos was observed on 1/2-strength MS medium containing 1.0 mg/L BA. Relying on the repetitive secondary somatic embryogenesis and A. tumefaciens strain EHA105 harboring the binary vector pBI121, a stable and effective Agrobacterium-mediated transformation pattern was developed. The presented transformation protocol, in which somatic embryo clumps at globular stage (0.02–0.04 g) were infected by Agrobacterium for 60 min and co-cultivated for 2 days, and then selected under a procedure of 3 steps, were confirmed to be optional by GUS histochemical assay and Southern blot analysis. The procedure described here will be very useful for the introgression of desired genes into R. rugosa ‘Bao white’ and the molecular analysis of gene function.     

Establishment of a highly efficient transformation system for pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Application of modern genetic manipulation has been limited in pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) due to the lack of an efficient transformation system. Following the development of an efficient protocol for in vitro regeneration of pepper cotyledons, we investigated the key factors affecting transformation and established a highly efficient genetic transformation system using the pepper cotyledon as starting material. In this system, cotyledon explants are preconditioned for 2 days on kanamycin (km)-free DM1 medium [Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts/Gamborg B5 vitamins basal medium supplemented with 20 g/l sucrose, 5,000 mg/l DJ nutrients and a hormone combination of 1.0 mg/l indoleacetic acid (IAA) and 5.0 mg/l 6-benzyladenine (BA) solidified with 0.7% agar, pH 5.8], followed by co-cultivation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens on DM1 for 2 days and delay selection on DM1 with 500 mg/l carbenicillin (carb) for 2 days. The explants are then placed on DM1 containing 10 mg/l AgNO(3), 50 mg/l km-sulfate and 500 mg/l carb. After 4-5 weeks, the explants with buds are transferred to EM1 medium (MS salts/Gamborg B5 vitamins basal medium supplemented with 20 g/l sucrose, 5,000 mg/l DJ nutrients, 10 mg/l AgNO(3) and a hormone combination of 1.0 mg/l IAA, 3.0 mg/l BA and 2.0 mg/l gibberellic acid, solidified with 0.7% agar, pH 5.8) with 50 mg/l kanamycin and 500 mg/l carbenicillin for the elongation of buds. After 3-6 weeks, 1- to 2-cm-long elongated shoots are excised and planted on RM1 medium (MS basal medium supplemented with a hormone combination of 0.2 mg/l NAA and 0.1 mg/l IAA, solidified with 0.8% agar, pH 5.8) with 25 mg/l km and 200 mg/l carb for rooting. We tested four genotypes of pepper, and all presented a high differentiation efficiency (81.3% on average), elongation rate (61.5%) and rooting efficiency (89.5%). Polymerase chain reaction analysis results showed that 40.8% of the regenerated plantlets were transgenic plants.     

一株溴氰菊酯降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解条件优化

【背景】拟除虫菊酯类农药的降解已成为食品安全和环境卫生领域的研究热点,而生物降解被认为是一种绿色高效的解决方法。【目的】从长期受拟除虫菊酯类农药污染的草莓根系土壤分离一株溴氰菊酯(deltamethrin,DM)降解菌,并优化其培养基及降解条件,从而提高DM降解菌的降解效率。【方法】采用富集驯化、分离纯化法筛选DM降解菌,通过形态学和生理生化特征,以及16S rRNA基因序列分析进行鉴定。通过Plackett-Burman因素筛选试验、最陡爬坡试验和Box-Behnken试验优化菌株降解条件。【结果】筛选获得一株DM降解菌LH-1-1,96h对DM(100mg/L)的降解率为53.43%,经鉴定为琼氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter junii);通过优化后,在DM浓度75mg/L、胰蛋白胨3 g/L、pH值6.8、硫酸铵1.5 g/L、氯化铁0.01 g/L、接种量为5%(体积比)、菌龄12 h、培养温度30℃条件下,菌株LH-1-1对DM降解率达82.36%,较未优化前提高了28.93%。【结论】A. junii LH-1-1具有较高的DM降解能力,该菌可为生物修复受DM或拟除虫菊酯类农药污染的环境提供优良的微生物资源。     

一株红球菌属细菌LV4在高盐条件下的吡啶降解特性

由微生物介导的吡啶降解技术是解决高盐吡啶环境污染的经济有效方法之一,开发具有吡啶降解性能且能够耐受高盐分的微生物是该类研究的重要前提。本研究从山西太原钢铁公司焦化废水处理厂活性污泥中分离培养了一株耐盐吡啶降解菌,通过菌落形态和16S rDNA基因系统发育分析,鉴定其为红球菌属(Rhodococcus sp.)的细菌。耐盐性实验结果表明,菌株LV4能够在0%–6%盐度范围内生长,并完全降解初始浓度为500 mg/L的吡啶;但当盐度高于4%时,菌株LV4因其生长变缓而导致吡啶完全降解时间明显延长。扫描电镜结果显示,高盐环境会使菌株LV4的菌体细胞分裂变慢,诱导细胞表面分泌更多的颗粒状胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substance, EPS)。当盐度不高于4%时菌株LV4主要依靠EPS中蛋白含量的增加来响应高盐环境的冲击。单因素实验优化发现,菌株LV4在盐度为4%的高盐环境中降解吡啶的最佳条件为温度30℃、pH 7.0、转速为120 r/min (DO 10.30 mg/L)。最优条件下菌株LV4对于初始浓度为500 mg/L的吡啶,在经过12 h的适应期后,...     

Potential of the strain <Emphasis Type="Italic">Raoultella</Emphasis> sp. KDF8 for removal of analgesics

The bacterial strain KDF8 capable of growth in the presence of diclofenac and codeine analgesics was obtained after chemical mutagenesis of nature isolates from polluted soils. The strain KDF8 was identified as Raoultella sp. based on its morphology, biochemical properties, and 16S rRNA gene sequence. It was deposited in the Czech Collection of Microorganisms under the number CCM 8678. A growing culture efficiently removed diclofenac (92% removal) and partially also codeine (about 30% degradation) from culture supernatants within 72 h at 28 °C. The degradation of six analgesics by the whole cell catalyst was investigated in detail. The maximum degradation of diclofenac (91%) by the catalyst was achieved at pH^INI of 7 (1 g/L diclofenac). The specific removal rate at high concentrations of diclofenac and codeine increased up to 16.5 mg/g_CDW per h and 5.1 mg/g_CDW per h, respectively. HPLC analysis identified 4′-hydroxydiclofenac as a major metabolite of diclofenac transformation and 14-hydroxycodeinone as codeine transformation product. The analgesics ibuprofen and ketoprofen were also removed, albeit to a lower extent of 3.2 and 2.0 mg/g_CDW per h, respectively. Naproxen and mefenamic acid were not degraded.