崖柏群落维管束植物生活型组成、叶子性状及层次层片结构

采用样方法调查了崖柏群落的植物组成,分析了维管束植物的生活型组成、叶子性状及层次层片结构.结果表明：崖柏群落的植物生活型组成以高位芽植物为优势,占73.2%,地面芽植物占18%,地下芽植物占6%,地上芽和一年生植物各占2%和0.8%.叶质以纸质和革质为主,分别占48.8％和36.4％;叶级以小叶为主,占60.8％;叶缘以非全缘叶为主,占56.8％;叶型以单叶为主,占86％.崖柏群落可分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层,层间植物较少,各层次分别由常绿针叶、阔叶及落叶阔叶高位芽植物层片、常绿和落叶矮高位芽植物层片、地面芽和地下芽以及一年生植物层片构成.     

植物生长调节剂的研究及应用进展

植物生长调节剂是合成植物激素, 其可以调节植物的代谢和生理功能, 并且已广泛用于农业、林业和其他领域。而植物生长调节剂本身存在的毒副作用所引起的安全问题也不容忽视, 在使用调节剂时应保证其安全性和有效性。文章概述了植物生长调节剂的种类、作用功效、国内外植物生长剂的研究和应用情况及在使用中存在的问题, 分析了调节剂药效的影响因素, 就植物生长调节剂的进一步应用提出了建议, 进行了展望, 并对其应用于生态修复领域的可行性进行了分析。植物生长调节剂在使用时应注意: (1)适时适量; (2)多种药型谨慎搭配, 科学调控植物生长剂的使用; (3)植物生长调节剂不能随意与农药搭配以避免不良反应的发生。     

植物生长调节剂对木本植物生长抑制的研究进展

植物生长调节剂的研制成功为实现人为控制植物生长带来了便利。人们可以通过化学手段调节植物生长、发育的各个阶段,以满足生产需求。本文对不同种类生长抑制类植物生长调节剂对木本植物生长抑制的应用现状、应用效果以及存在的问题进行了阐述,并对植物生长调节剂在木本植物生长抑制中的应用前景进行了深入探讨。     

广州市从化地区风水林药用植物资源

通过实地考察及文献查证,广州市从化地区风水林药用植物共353种,隶属于109科233属,包括蕨类植物26种,裸子植物4种,单子叶植物24种,双子叶植物299种。对药用植物物种组成、生活类型、优势科、药用功效、药用部位进行分析,结果表明,药用植物药用功效以清热解毒、疏风解表为主,种类占29.10%;药用部位以根入药的居多,占30.45%。此外,文中列出风水林药用植物资源中珍稀濒危植物生境及其功效。     

高寒小嵩草草原化草甸植物群落结构特征及其生物量

 小嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)草原化草甸的主要植物有35种,隶属11科,30属。小嵩草为优势种,次优势种有异针茅(Stipa alliena)、美丽风毛菊(Saussurea superba)、紫羊茅(Festuca rubra)等;生活型以地面芽植物为主(65.71%),其次为地下芽植物(34.29%);地上、地下部分生物量垂直分布呈典型的金字塔模式。地上、地下生物量主要分布在0—10cm冠层和土层中,分别占地上、地下总生物量的91.79%和90.43%。每个植物类群生物量季节变化可由Logostic模型表示：Wi=ki/[1+exp(Ai-Bit)] 枯枝落叶生物量变化呈“V”型曲线。 在生长季各类群生物量绝对增长速率具明显的差异,平均每天每平方米可生产干物质2.79g,年地上净生产量为368.4g／m2。所固定太阳能值为6655.16kJ／m2,其中莎草类占35.10%,禾草类占23.33%,杂类草占34.15%,枯枝落叶占7.42%。光能利用率为0.1097%。     

齐云山自然保护区兰科植物资源分布及其区系特点

根据调查,齐云山自然保护区有兰科(Orchidaceae)植物33属62种,以地生兰占优势,有22属45种;附生兰11属16种;腐生兰1属1种。从海拔分布来看,1000 m以上的高海拔区域主要分布的是中国特有种和温带分布种;400 m以下的低海拔区域则以热带分布种为主。单种属有21属,占保护区兰科植物总属数的63.6 %。保护区兰科植物属的地理成分可划分为11个分布型和2个变型,种以东亚分布占主体。保护区特有种丰富,中国特有种15种。与邻近地区相比,保护区兰科植物与井冈山自然保护区的相似性系数最高(44.0%),与庐山自然保护区的最低(38.2%)。     

微生物肥料作用机理的研究新进展

综述了近几年国内外有关微生物肥料研究与应用的文献,系统阐述了微生物肥料的作用及其研究进展.涉及微生物肥料的作用主要有产生和协助植物对营养元素的吸收、产生多种生理活性物质刺激调节植物生长、产生抑病作用间接促进植物生长、提高植物抗逆能力、改善农作物产品的品质等以综合作用来降低化肥用量的效应等.指出微生物肥料的功效和发展趋势,为进一步开发和应用微生物肥料提供依据.     

千层金嫩枝扦插繁殖技术

本研究用L_(16)(4~5)正交试验方法,研究了基质、穗条长度、植物生长调节剂及其浓度对千层金嫩枝扦插生根率的影响.结果表明,基质和生长调节物质对生根率有极显著的影响,而植物生长调节剂浓度与穗条长度对生根率有显著的影响,4个因素对干层金嫩枝大田扦插生根率影响从大到小分别是基质、生长调节物质、植物生长调节剂浓度和穗条长度.用浓度100 mg/L的NAA浸泡9 cm插穗2 h,在混和基质上扦插,平均生根率可达92%,且生根及新梢抽出时间早,侧根数量多,扦插效果最好.     

建议加强植物生长调节剂在作物中残留物降解的研究

随着科学技术的发展和农业生产的需要,人们合成了不少新的植物生长调节剂,由于这些调节剂是化学物质,往往具有毒性。同时,生产上施用植物调节剂多在作物生长后期,有的直接喷施在食用的部位(如水果、蔬菜等),所以植物生长调节剂及其降解物在作物中的残留量就关系到人、畜安全和环境污染问题。     

珍稀濒危植物长苞铁杉群落的植物生活型及叶特征分析

根据Raunkiaer的分类系统,对福建省天宝岩国家级自然保护区长苞铁杉(Tsuga longibracteata Cheng)群落的维管植物生活型及叶特征进行了分析,结果表明该群落以高位芽植物占优势,且以小、矮高位芽植物占优势,并有较大比例的藤本高位芽植物.叶级以中型叶植物所占比率最大,为51.5%,小型叶、大型叶、微型叶和细型叶分别占37.7%、5.4%、3.1%和2.3%;叶型以单叶为主,占92.9%;叶质以厚革质叶和革质叶所占比率最大,为66.4%,纸质叶占32.1%,薄叶占1.4%;全缘叶占43.6%.此外,对群落中植物生活型、叶型与层次结构、外貌的关系进行了分析.群落内阴性植物所占比例较大,为总种数的49.3%,并伴有一定数量的阳性植物.     

Plant Growth Regulators in Citriculture: Factors Regulating Endogenous Levels in Citrus Tissues

Since the review on endogenous growth substances of citrus tissues by Goldschmidt in 1976 (HortScience, 11: 95-99), much information regarding this topic has been published in a wide array of journals. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of published information on endogenous levels of the five classes of plant growth substances (i.e., auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene, and abscisic acid), plus polyamines and other endogenous substances that appear to have a role in regulating citrus growth and development. It is the first in a three-part series that next examines hormonal regulation of physiological processes in citrus followed by review of current uses and commercial applications of plant growth regulators in citrus production. In this article, a brief history of the detection and characterization of each class of plant growth substances is given. Following this, variation in endogenous levels associated with different organs (and/or tissues), stages of development, species, cultivars, cultural practices, and environmental factors is reviewed. For each class, current knowledge regarding biosynthesis, metabolism and transport in citrus tissues is summarized. The concluding section deals with future research directions.     

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of MATE gene family in citrus fruit (Citrus clementina)

Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) proteins are a class of secondary active multidrug transporters. In plants, this family has significantly expanded and is involved in numerous plant physiological processes. Although MATE proteins have been identified in an increasing number of species, the understanding about this family in citrus remains unclear. In this study, a total of 69 MATE transporters were identified in the citrus genome (Citrus clementina) and classified into four groups by phylogenetic analysis. Tandem and segmental duplication events were the main causes of the citrus MATE family expansion. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analyses were performed during citrus fruit development. The results indicated that CitMATE genes showed specific expression profiles in citrus peels and flesh at different developmental stages. Combined with the variations of flavonoids and citrate levels in citrus fruit, we suggested that CitMATE43 and CitMATE66 may be involved in the transport process of flavonoids and citrate in citrus fruit, respectively. In addition, two flavonoids positive regulators, CitERF32 and CitERF33, both directly bind to and activated the CitMATE43 promoter. Our results provide comprehensive information on citrus MATE genes and valuable understanding for the flavonoids and citrate metabolism in citrus fruit.     

The production of alkaloids in Annona cacans seedlings is affected by the application of GA4+7 + 6-Benzyladenine

The Annonaceae family presents alkaloids with ecological functions and pharmacological interest. This is the first study to evaluate if the application of plant growth regulators to seeds of this family alters the production of alkaloids over time from germination. This study was carried out in four sequential stages of Annona cacans Warm. development from the resumption of embryo during seed imbibition with the application of plant regulator GA₄₊₇ + 6-Benzyladenine. The concentration of total alkaloids was quantified using the oxoaporphine alkaloid liriodenine as reference standard. In addition, the liriodenine concentration was measured and the profile evaluated by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). Results have shown that alkaloids are present in all phases and in all tissues, at higher concentrations in roots (up to 100 times). The proportion of total alkaloids and liriodenine was modified in response to the application of plant regulators. Roots doubled the content of alkaloids and liriodenine. In cotyledonary leaves, the amount of total alkaloids decreased; however, liriodenine remained unchanged. Our results have shown that the use of plant growth regulators based on gibberellins and cytokinins modified the production of alkaloids in tissues in a specific way.     

A critical review on natural compounds interacting with the plant plasma membrane H+-ATPase and their potential as biologicals in agriculture

The plant plasma membrane (PM) H⁺-ATPase is an essential enzyme controlling plant growth and development. It is an important factor in response to abiotic and biotic stresses and is subject to tight regulation. We are in demand for new sustainable natural growth regulators and as a key enzyme for regulation of transport into the plant cell the PM H⁺-ATPase is a potential target for these. In this review, we have evaluated the known non-protein natural compounds with regulatory effects on the PM H⁺-ATPase, focusing on their mechanism of action and their potential as biologicals/growth regulators in plant production of future sustainable agriculture.     

Genetic transformation and genes for resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses in Citrus and its related genera

Citrus is the most important tree fruit crop in the world. However, citrus production is affected by both biotic and abiotic stresses, including drought, extreme temperature, salinity, citrus canker, citrus tristeza virus, and Huanglongbing (or citrus greening), among others. These stresses can severely influence growth and development of both rootstocks and/or scions of citrus trees, thus reducing both fruit production and fruit quality. Modern advances in the tools of plant biotechnology and advances in genomics play important roles in understanding how citrus crops can cope with diseases and adverse environmental conditions. Within the last decades, much progress has been made in identifying and cloning of genes involved in resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses as well in genetic transformation of Citrus and its related genera, such as Poncirus trifoliata and Fortunella spp. In this review, we will provide information on advances and insights on genetic transformation protocols as well as availability of characterized genes involved in resistance to both abiotic and biotic stresses. This will be followed with a discussion on perspectives of future developments in this field.     

Interactions between plant hormones and thiol-related heavy metal chelators

Upon toxic metal stress numerous defence mechanisms have been induced, including the synthesis of metal-binding ligands and plant hormones or plant growth regulators in plants. As several elements in the promoter region of the heavy metal-responsive genes can be activated by plant hormones and growth regulators, understanding and revealing possible and special relationships between these regulator compounds and the metal chelator phytochelatins, which are in the first line of heavy metal defence mechanism is of great important. Phytochelatins are synthetized from glutathione and have a structure of [(γ-Glu-Cys)_n]-Gly, where n is the number of repetition of the (γ-Glu-Cys) units. Evidences for the role of PCs in heavy metal tolerance are very strong; however, little information is available on how plant growth regulators influence the phytochelatin synthesis at molecular or even gene expression level. In the present review we provide an overview of the role and synthesis of phytochelatins in metal-tolerance mechanism from a new point of view, i.e. their relation to the plant growth regulator molecules, with special regard also on those cases, when close direct relationship exists because of the partly overlapped synthesis pathways of plant growth regulators and glutathione/phytochelatins.     

Improving knowledge of plant tissue culture and media formulation by neurofuzzy logic: a practical case of data mining using apricot databases

Plant tissue growth can be regulated and controlled via culture media composition. A number of different laborious and time-consuming approaches have been used to attempt development of optimized media for a wide range of species and applications. However, plant tissue culture is a very complex task, and the identification of the influences of process factors such as mineral nutrients or plant growth regulators on a wide spectrum of growth responses cannot always well comprehended.This study employs a new approach, data mining, to uncover and integrate knowledge hidden in multiple data from plant tissue culture media formulations using apricot micropropagation databases as an example. Neurofuzzy logic technology made it possible to identify relationships among several factors (cultivars, mineral nutrients and plant growth regulators) and growth parameters (shoots number, shoots length and productivity), extracting biologically useful information from each database and combining them to create a model. The IF-THEN rule sets generated by neurofuzzy logic were completely in agreement with previous findings based on statistical analysis, but advantageously generated understandable and reusable knowledge that can be applied in future plant tissue culture media optimization.     

Mixture screening and mixture-amount designs to determine plant growth regulator effects on shoot regeneration from grapefruit (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Citrus paradisi</Emphasis> macf.) epicotyls

The objective of this study was to improve shoot regeneration from grapefruit. Because many commercially grown citrus types are apomictic, important in vitro applications such as Agrobacterium-mediated transformation commonly use epicotyl explants from in vitro seedlings; thus, adequate adventitious shoot production is an important prerequisite for efficient use of these applications. Eight plant growth regulators were studied—six cytokinins (6-benzylaminopurine, kinetin, zeatin trans-isomer, 6-[γ,γ-dimethylallylamino] purine, zeatin riboside trans-isomer and meta-topolin) and two auxins (α-naphthalene acetic acid and indole-3-acetic acid). An iterative design strategy was followed that included mixture and mixture-amount experimental designs suitable for resolving proportional and concentration effects; in vitro effects of cytokinins and auxins are affected by both proportion and concentration. One-centimeter-long explants were excised from the epicotyl of etiolated, in vitro-grown seedlings. Explants were placed onto experimental formulations and cultured in growth cabinets at 27°C over 6 wk, which included 2 wk in the dark followed by 4 wk in the light. The results indicated that (1) 6-benzylaminopurine or zeatin riboside were the most effective cytokinins for inducing shoot regeneration in citrus; (2) zeatin riboside singly or in combination with indole-3-acetic acid resulted in the highest quality, the greatest number of explants with buds/shoots, and the greatest shoot number; and (3) 6-benzylaminopurine and indole-3-acetic acid improved shoot regeneration vs. 6-benzylaminopurine at a considerably lesser cost than zeatin riboside and indole-3-acetic acid.     

Comprehensive analysis of CCCH-type zinc finger gene family in citrus (Clementine mandarin) by genome-wide characterization

The CCCH-type zinc finger proteins comprise a large gene family of regulatory proteins and are widely distributed in eukaryotic organisms. The CCCH proteins have been implicated in multiple biological processes and environmental responses in plants. Little information is available, however, about CCCH genes in plants, especially in woody plants such as citrus. The release of the whole-genome sequence of citrus allowed us to perform a genome-wide analysis of CCCH genes and to compare the identified proteins with their orthologs in model plants. In this study, 62 CCCH genes and a total of 132 CCCH motifs were identified, and a comprehensive analysis including the chromosomal locations, phylogenetic relationships, functional annotations, gene structures and conserved motifs was performed. Distribution mapping revealed that 54 of the 62 CCCH genes are unevenly dispersed on the nine citrus chromosomes. Based on phylogenetic analysis and gene structural features, we constructed 5 subfamilies of 62 CCCH members and integrative subfamilies from citrus, Arabidopsis, and rice, respectively. Importantly, large numbers of SNPs and InDels in 26 CCCH genes were identified from Poncirus trifoliata and Fortunella japonica using whole-genome deep re-sequencing. Furthermore, citrus CCCH genes showed distinct temporal and spatial expression patterns in different developmental processes and in response to various stress conditions. Our comprehensive analysis of CleC3Hs is a valuable resource that further elucidates the roles of CCCH family members in plant growth and development. In addition, variants and comparative genomics analyses deepen our understanding of the evolution of the CCCH gene family and will contribute to further genetics and genomics studies of citrus and other plant species.     

植物激素在柑桔育苗中的应用

本文概述了在柑桔种苗生产中,植物激素对砧木种子萌发、嫁接成活、砧木苗和嫁接苗生长以及扦插生根的影响。