Material flow analysis (MFA) of an eco-economic system: a case study of Wujin District, Changzhou, China

The economic and ecological aspects of a social system are coherently linked and can be examined by its material and energy flows. In this study, we used the material flow analysis (MFA) to model the material input and output of the Wujin District of Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province in China. It was revealed that: (1) total material input and material input per capita increased with economic development, while the total material output and material output per capita decreased consistently; (2) except for water, the total material input continued to increase. Input of solid materials grew faster than that of gaseous materials, while the total material output declined. The gas output accounted for the largest proportion of the output resulting in primary environmental pollution as burned fossil fuel; (3) water use in agriculture continued with an increasing trend while that in industrial and residential sectors decreased per capita. The total wastewater discharge and wastewater discharge per capita decreased with a faster decreasing rate of residential wastewater discharge followed by industrial wastewater discharge; (4) material input per unit GDP fluctuated and material output per unit GDP decreased. A decreasing trend in both water use and wastewater discharge per unit GDP was disclosed. These results suggest that the efficiency of resource use in the Wujin District has improved. This weakened the direct link between economic development and environmental deterioration. Additionally, we discussed the harmonic development between environment and economy. Potential limitations of MFA’s application were also discussed. It is suggested that effective measures should be taken for the enforcement of circular economic strategies and the construction of a resource-saving economy __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, (8): 2578–2586 [译自:生态学报]     

区域生态经济系统的物质输入与输出分析——以常州市武进区为例

运用物质流分析（MFA）方法,对江苏省常州市武进区生态经济系统中物质输入与输出进行了系统的分析,结果表明：（1）随着社会经济发展和人口增长,武进区物质输入总量及人均物质输入量也在增加,但递增速率均远小于GDP增长速率,而物质输出总量及人均物质输出量则呈现递减趋势;（2）在不考虑水的因素情况下,武进区物质输入量保持较快的上升速度,其中固体物质的增长速率远远大于气体物质的增长速率;物质输出量则呈总体下降趋势,其中以气体物质输出量的贡献最大,对环境造成污染的物质以气体特别是以化石燃料燃烧排放的废气和工业废气为主;（3）排除占大部分比例农业用水的上升,工业用水、城镇生活用水和地下水总量及人均利用强度都在减少;同时,总的废水排放量及人均排放量在减少,其中又以生活废水排放量的减少最快,其次是工业废水;（4）单位GDP物质输入量的变化处于波动状态,同期的单位GDP物质输出量则呈递减趋势,单位GDP用水量和单位GDP废水排放量则有相同的递减趋势,表征了武进区资源利用效率的稳步提高,区域经济增长和环境压力也在逐步脱钩。上述结果体现了武进区近年来循环经济发展模式的优势,但还存在较多问题,说明武进区在调整物质利用强度和提高资源利用效率方面还需下更大的功夫,并采取相关措施,以期提高实施循环经济战略与建设节约型社会的地位和意义。文章最后结合研究区实际情况就区域环境一经济的协调发展进行了展望,指出了物质流分析方法在应用中的一些缺陷,为今后该领域的进一步研究提供了借鉴。     

厦门市生态经济系统物质流分析

运用物质流分析(MFA)方法和STIRPAT模型,对1996～2007年厦门生态经济系统物质输入与输出进行分析,结果表明:(1)在不考虑水的情况下,物质输入与输出不断增加(年均增长率分别为11.48%、11.41%),但均小于GDP增长速度(15.94%),二者成正比;物质流增长集中表现在对金属、非金属矿物的需求及化石燃料燃烧废气、工业废气的排放.(2)用水量和废水排放量均不断增加,尤以生活污水排放量增长速度较快,加重了区域环境的压力.(3)物质输入与GDP、物质输出与GDP呈良好线性关系.厦门经济发展很大程度上依赖资源消耗.(4)单位GDP物质输入与输出均不断减小,表明资源利用率、处置率明显提高,区域逐步走向生态环境与社会经济的协调发展.(5)构建了厦门物质输入驱动机制的STIRPAT模型,得出人口数量、富裕程度、技术水平或经济结构每分别发生1%的变化,将引起输入量相应发生0.99%、0.98%、0.17%、0.31%的变化.提升技术水平和优化经济结构具有较大调控空间,将是厦门物质减量化战略的实施重点.     

Features and influencing factors of carbon emissions indicators in the perspective of residential consumption: Evidence from Beijing,China

This research establishes a residential indirect carbon emissions model through input–output structure decomposition analysis (IO-SDA) and LMDI, analyses the influencing factors affecting urban and rural residential carbon emissions indicators in Beijing through input–output tables from 2000 to 2010, and calculates the direct carbon emissions from residential consumption. As the results suggest, the total carbon emissions from residential consumption in Beijing showed volatility. Growing rural and urban differences in direct emissions, and for indirect emissions, mean that urban greatly exceeds rural in this regard. Rising per capita GDP and population, as well as intermediate demand and sectoral emissions intensity change induce growth in indirect emissions in both urban and rural settings: of which, per capita GDP contributes the most. Declining energy intensity contributes the most to emission reductions, followed by residential consumption rates, the rural to urban consumption ratio and consumption structure effects are much smaller.     

基于物质流分析方法的唐山市经济与环境关系的协整检验和分解

利用物质流分析方法(MFA)建立物质流账户,分析唐山市在经济 环境系统运行中物质投入量与产出量的阶段特征及物质投入和产出强度对经济发展的影响程度;使用计量经济学模型,分别对国内生产总值(GDP)、直接物质投入(DMI)和直接废弃物排放(DPO)进行单位根检验、Johansen协整检验、向量误差修正分析、脉冲响应和方差分解分析,探索了各指标之间的双向作用机制和长期关系.结果表明: 1992—2011年,唐山市DMI和DPO 均呈增长趋势,DMI的增幅高于DPO.DMI投入强度呈增长趋势,DPO产出强度呈波动下降趋势.GDP与DMI、DPO之间存在着长期稳定协整关系,指标间的作用关系经历了由波动到逐步平稳的过程.DMI与DPO在短期内会对经济发展起到较强的正向冲击作用,但是经济-环境系统会逐步消化这些影响,并对系统内外指标进行短期的动态调整,最终使系统表现出一种长期的均衡关系;经济发展受到经济规模效应的影响逐步增加.将各指标对GDP的贡献度予以分解,其中,DMI的贡献度上升,GDP的贡献度下降,DPO的贡献度变化不大.总体上,唐山市的经济发展遵循了资源型城市的传统生产轨迹,较大程度上依赖于物质投入,高能源消耗又加剧了环境污染.     

Comparison of pollutant discharge per capita (PDC) and its relationships with economic development: An indicator for ambient water quality improvement as well as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) sanitation indicator

Regression analyses were conducted between water pollutants discharges per capita (PDC) and gross domestic production per capita (GDPC) of developing countries in seven international coastal and lakeside Regions. Regional groupings of PDCs and GDPC were identified with graphical analyses. The inverted-U shaped curve relationships, namely environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), were found for biological oxygen demand (BOD) discharge per capita (PDC-BOD) and total phosphorus (TP) discharge per capita (PDC-TP) with a peak at ca. US$5, 050 and US$11,200, respectively, besides lower significance for PDC-BOD. Total nitrogen (TN) discharge per capita (PDC-TN) decreased linearly with GDPC increase. Possible reasons for the different tendencies of PDC-BOD, PDC-TN and PDC-TP with GCP per capita are that nutrient removal is introduced after economic development to some extent, and main nitrogen source is blackwater especially urine in domestic wastewater. Pollutants discharges reduction should be targeted with the relevant indicators to improve the ambient water quality especially after the achievement of the sanitation millennium development goals (MDGs) because the sanitation MDGs indicator mainly targets infectious diseases, hygiene health and lifestyle improvement, and there are several kinds of domestic wastewater treatment methods in the world.     

基于物质流分析方法的生态海岛建设研究——以长海县为例

建设生态海岛是海岛生态经济系统实现可持续发展的重要途径。运用物质流分析方法对长海县的物质输入与输出状况进行计算,并用物质消耗强度、废物排放强度和环境负荷强度3个指标衡量了该海岛县生态效率的变化,分析了技术进步对海岛生态经济系统生态压力变化的贡献状况。结果表明,2003—2009年间,长海县物质输入总量、物质输出总量和环境负荷总量呈增长态势;生态效率明显提高;技术进步对减轻海岛生态经济系统生态压力的贡献没有抵消经济增长所产生的生态压力的增加量。为了减少物质输入和废物输出,减轻经济活动对海岛生态系统产生的压力,建立创新型管理机制有效促进技术进步,不断提高生态效率具有特别重要的作用。     

Provincial water use efficiency measurement and factor analysis in China: Based on SBM-DEA model

This paper estimates water use efficiency of 31 provinces in China during 2004–2013 using slack based measure-data envelopment analysis (SBM-DEA) model which takes consideration of sewage. By using panel data model, factors that influence water use efficiency are explored. The results show that: (1) water use efficiency is higher in economically developed provinces such as Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin. (2) In general, inefficiencies of labor input and water input are larger than that of capital input. (3) After taking into account sewage as unexpected output, inefficiency of gross domestic product (GDP) for each province is quite low, but most provinces have inefficient sewage emission. (4) It is found in the analysis of influencing factors that the ratio of added value of agricultural sector, water usage per capita and sewage per unit of output have negative impact on water resources use efficiency, while the import dependence and export dependence have positive impact. The results are robust.     

中国人均灰水足迹区域差异及因素分解

促进我国整体水资源利用率和水环境质量的提升,已成为当前亟待解决的问题。为探究生产要素和其他传统因素对人均水资源环境差异的影响,基于对中国31省区(港、澳、台尚未统计) 2000—2014年人均灰水足迹的测算,应用Theil指数和扩展的Kaya恒等式对其区域差异及驱动因子进行探究。结果表明:1)近年全国人均灰水足迹差异缓幅波动,组间差异指数逐渐提升,组内差异为总体差异的主要来源,西部地区组内差异最大。2)在单一要素方面,资本深化和技术效率为全国差异的主导因素,也分别为中、东部组内差异的主导因素;经济活度对各类差异的驱动效应最小,且西部除该效应外,都为驱动差异的重要因素。3)相互作用成分中,除西部资本产出效应与单位GDP灰水足迹相互作用的贡献值最高外,其他地区资本深化效应与单位资本存量灰水足迹相互作用的贡献较大。在技术效率效应与环境效率效应相互作用方面,技术效率的提升可以带动东、西部灰水足迹所占比重下降和中部灰水足迹比重提高。经济活度效应与就业人口人均灰水足迹相互作用的贡献最小。     

Ecological footprint (EF): An expanded role in calculating resource productivity (RP) using China and the G20 member countries as examples

As resources become scarcer measuring resource productivity (RP) is more important. Quantifying the value of natural resources is challenging but the ecological footprint (EF) concept provides one method of uniformly describing a variety of natural resources. Current assessments of RP mainly revolve around output efficiency of resources, namely the ratio of GDP to natural resource usage.This paper develops a new method of calculating the RP by using the EF as an indicator of the natural resource input and gross domestic product (GDP) as the output in the equation of RP = GDP/EF. A regression analysis is carried out using GDP per capita and RP of China from 1997 to 2011, and a comparative analysis with the members of the G20 countries according to their RP and per capita GDP in 2008. The results indicate that RP correlates with the per capita GDP, showing that RP is a valid indicator which can be used to measure a country’s level of economic development.     

Eco-efficiency of urban material metabolism: a case study in Shenzhen, China

The keys of studying urban sustainable development are material metabolism flux and efficiency. Metabolism flux of urban materials can only reflect the metabolism velocity, while its eco-efficiency can determine the metabolism capacity to support socio-economic development. The general model and the measure model of the eco-efficiency were set up, based on the source recycle (decreasing the consumption of crude resources) and the terminal recycle (decreasing the discharge of pollutants) of production and life. These models were employed to study material metabolism flux and efficiency in Shenzhen, China. Results showed that water, energy and waste metabolism fluxes have increased since 1998 with constant socio-economic development, and their eco-efficiencies have also increased rapidly. When GDP rose by 2.7 times, the metabolism fluxes of urban water and electricity rose by 1.5 and 3.0 times, respectively. When the added value of industry rose by 3.7 times, the metabolism fluxes of industrial water, electricity, energy and waste rose by 1.9, 3.5, 2.7 and 2.0 times, respectively. When population rose by 1.5 times, the metabolism fluxes of residential water and electricity rose by 1.8 and 1.7 times, respectively. During the period, the resource efficiency, environmental efficiency and eco-efficiency rose by 1.8, 3.7 and 2.3 times, respectively. Whereas the efficiency of material metabolism has been improved in Shenzhen, the scarcity of material resources has become more and more serious. Therefore, it is necessary to further improve the efficiency of material metabolism. The keys of improving the eco-efficiency of urban material metabolism are the increasing of resource and environmental efficiencies, and the establishing of the recycling chain of re-utilization of waste resources.     

Eco-efficiency of urban material metabolism: a case study in Shenzhen, China

The keys of studying urban sustainable development are material metabolism flux and efficiency. Metabolism flux of urban materials can only reflect the metabolism velocity, while its eco-efficiency can determine the metabolism capacity to support socio-economic development. The general model and the measure model of the eco-efficiency were set up, based on the source recycle (decreasing the consumption of crude resources) and the terminal recycle (decreasing the discharge of pollutants) of production and life. These models were employed to study material metabolism flux and efficiency in Shenzhen, China. Results showed that water, energy and waste metabolism fluxes have increased since 1998 with constant socio-economic development, and their eco-efficiencies have also increased rapidly. When GDP rose by 2.7 times, the metabolism fluxes of urban water and electricity rose by 1.5 and 3.0 times, respectively. When the added value of industry rose by 3.7 times, the metabolism fluxes of industrial water, electricity, energy and waste rose by 1.9, 3.5, 2.7 and 2.0 times, respectively. When population rose by 1.5 times, the metabolism fluxes of residential water and electricity rose by 1.8 and 1.7 times, respectively. During the period, the resource efficiency, environmental efficiency and eco-efficiency rose by 1.8, 3.7 and 2.3 times, respectively. Whereas the efficiency of material metabolism has been improved in Shenzhen, the scarcity of material resources has become more and more serious. Therefore, it is necessary to further improve the efficiency of material metabolism. The keys of improving the eco-efficiency of urban material metabolism are the increasing of resource and environmental efficiencies, and the establishing of the recycling chain of re-utilization of waste resources.     

基于物质流分析和数据包络分析的区域生态效率评价——以江苏省为例

区域生态效率(eco-efficiency)评价是考量区域可持发展的重要内容.基于物质流分析(material flow analysis, MFA)构建区域生态效率评价指标体系,并将污染物排放作为一种非期望输入引入到数据包络分析(data envelopment analysis, DEA)模型中,以江苏省(1990～2005年)为例进行生态效率分析评价.结果表明,江苏省的区域生态效率在1990～2005年期间呈现逐步上升的趋势.但是,同期的总物质投入(total material input, TMI)、物质需求总量(total material requirement, TMR)和污染物排放量也呈上升趋势.因此,江苏省社会经济发展和环境影响总体上呈现"弱脱钩(weak de-link)".     

Ship Breaking and the Steel Industry in Bangladesh: A Material Flow Perspective

Bangladesh has emerged as a leading ship breaking nation. We conducted a material flow analysis of steel in Bangladesh with an emphasis on the ship breaking industry (SBI). The total aggregate domestic steel consumption in fiscal year (FY) 2010 was 2,930,000 tonnes (t) in Bangladesh; SBI met approximately 51% of the demand for raw materials and 37% of the demand for finished steel products. Rolling industries output in FY2010 was 1,451,000 t; 23% of the input for this production was from ship breaking sources. Dismantled ships also generate high‐quality reusable steel scraps. SBI was found to be the sole source of scraps for small rerolling industries in Bangladesh, and their output in 2008 more than doubled as compared to 2005. Larger rolling industries fulfilled their input needs for steel scraps by using both SBI and imported materials. We found a sharp increase in input imports during the global ship breaking recession in 2003–2007 and when Bangladesh's SBI faced a temporary ban in 2010. Induction furnaces in Bangladesh in FY2010 produced a total of 787,000 t of billets; more than 40% was from ship‐sourced scraps. In 2008, the country's steel consumption was 3,220,000 t, that is, 22 kilograms per person, and the intensity of steel use was 40 grams per U.S. dollar, which was much higher than that of other developing countries with a similar per capita gross domestic product (GDP). The country exhibited a high level of steel consumption relative to its GDP, which is indicative of the contribution of SBI.     

辽宁省能源消费和碳排放与经济增长的关系

在广泛收集资料的基础上,对辽宁省的能源利用效率、能源消费强度与经济增长的关系进行探索,其目的为辽宁省的节能与CO2减排及经济的快速发展提供科学依据。结果表明:辽宁整体单位GDP能耗高出全国水平52%—70%,第二产业单位GDP能耗是第三产业的5.67—8.41倍,第一产业的7.2—9.0倍;辽宁能源利用率只有全国平均水平的60%左右,第二产业能源利用效率只有第一产业的11.89%,第三产业的12.60%;GDP年增长速率大于能源消费量年增长速率,能源投入增加促进了国民生产总值的提高,但是经济增长并不是完全依赖能源消费的增长;能源消费量与经济增长的关系,呈现出"N型"曲线特征,随着GDP的增加,能源消费量出现反复上升和下降过程,辽宁省能源消费和经济增长关系没有达到长期的均衡性,尚处于非平衡的发展阶段。     

湖州市生态资产遥感测量及其在社会经济中的应用

 该文利用高空间分辨率Landsat 7 TM卫星影像及中空间分辨率MODIS卫星影像获取生态系统类型、质量状况等参数,计算湖州市各类生态系统的净第一性生产力(Net primary  productivity, NPP),结合地理属性数据及统计数据计算出各类生态系统的生态资产,并应用于当地社会、经济活动分析。结果表明：1) 4年间湖州市林地、水田、灌丛、裸地4 类占有明显优势,占全市的面积比例平均达87%以上,草地、水域/湿地、旱地3类占全市面积的13%左右;2) 湖州市生态资产平均为203.33亿元·a^-1,森林对生态资产的平均贡献率为 73.22%,森林及耕地在全市的生态资产构成中占主要地位,各县(区)的生态资产呈波动递减,平均生态资产依次排列为：安吉县(91.76亿元·a^-1)>长兴县(41.33亿元·a^-1)>吴兴区(29.31亿元·a^-1)> 德清县(28.27亿元·a^-1)>南浔区(12.66亿元·a^-1); 3) 4年中生态资产在国民经济中的比重由大到小排列均为：安吉县＞长兴县＞德清县＞市辖区,但各县（区）生态资产占GDP的比重均逐年下降（市辖区仅在2002年略高于2001年,但4年中总体趋势也在下降）;4年中人均及地 均生态资产均按安吉县＞德清县＞长兴县＞市辖区的顺序排列。各县(区)人均及地均生态资产与国民生产总值的变化均呈相反趋势,即经济发展相对较快的地方,其人均及地均占有的生态资产相对低,同时其人均及地均污染水平高,这些都反映出目前当地经济增长特点,即经济高速发展的同时也带来了较为严重的环境问题。     

中国2002年省域生态足迹分析

采用中国实际单产法计算和分析了2002年中国各省市生态足迹及其构成,发现各省市生态足迹及其构成差异较大,其中人均耕地足迹由陕西的0.078 hm²增加到北京的0.126 hm²,人均草地足迹由江西的0.020 hm²增加到西藏的0.372 hm²,人均林地足迹由贵州的0.020 hm²增加到北京的0.209 hm²,人均水域足迹由西藏的0.001 hm²增加到上海的0.011 hm²,人均建筑用地足迹由贵州的0.013 hm²增加到内蒙古的0.054 hm²,人均化石能源足迹由广西的0.251 hm²增加到山西的2.854 hm².东部、南部省市各地类多处于生态赤字状态,北部、西部省市各地类多处于生态盈余状态.从生态足迹、人均GDP和万元GDP足迹的相互关系来看,各地区存在较大的差异,如人均生态足迹为1 hm²·cap^-1的省份包括福建、河南、四川、安徽、云南、陕西和贵州,其人均GDP由福建的1.35万元降至贵州的0.3万元,而万元GDP足迹却由福建的0.74 hm²增至贵州的3.51hm².因此,要缓解中国资源短缺与经济发展之间的矛盾,要首先从人均生态足迹大、经济发展落后、万元GDP足迹高的省市入手,改变其经济增长方式和产业结构,使经济的发展对资源的依赖性逐渐降低,提高资源利用效率,提高其足迹经济产出率,大力发展经济,实现生态、资源、经济的可持续发展.     

城市物质代谢的生态效率——以深圳市为例

城市可持续发展研究的关键是城市物质代谢通量及其效率研究,但物质代谢通量仅能反映代谢速率,而其生态效率则能反映支持社会经济发展的物质代谢能力。从工业、生活的源头循环(减少原生资源的消耗)和末端循环(减少污染物的产生)角度,构建城市物质代谢生态效率的度量模型,并依据中国城市化发展进程,选定深圳市作为研究区,核算城市水、能量和废物代谢通量以及代谢的生态效率。结果表明:随着深圳市社会经济的快速发展,水、能源和废物代谢通量呈现出增长势头,但代谢的生态效率不断提高。1998～2004年间,GDP增长2.7倍,城市水和电的代谢通量分别增长1.5倍和3.0倍;工业增加值增长3.7倍,工业水、电、能源和废物的代谢通量分别增长1.9、3.5、2.7倍和2.0倍;常住人口增长1.5倍,居民水和电的代谢通量分别增长1.8倍和1.7倍;资源效率提高1.8倍,环境效率提高3.7倍,生态效率提高2.3倍。虽然深圳市物质代谢的生态效率在提高,但是随着物质资源的日益稀缺,物质代谢的生态效率仍需进一步提高,而提高城市物质代谢生态效率的关键是资源效率和环境效率的协同发展,以及逐步构建废物资源化的循环链条。     

辽河流域辽宁段水环境演变与流域经济发展的关系

以流域为单元进行社会经济发展与环境保护调控,是实现可持续发展的有效途径,因此以流域为单元开展社会经济发展与水环境变化相互作用的研究方兴未艾。运用多元线性回归分析,选取社会经济指标(第一产业生产总值、第二产业生产总值、年末总人口)为自变量,水质指标(化学需氧量、氨氮浓度)为因变量定量研究了2001—2010年辽河水环境演变与流域内社会经济发展之间的关系;并采用经济增长指标(人均GDP)、水环境指标(化学需氧量、氨氮浓度)作为模型中指标,进行了环境库兹涅茨曲线模拟与分析。根据研究结果推断:第二产业生产总值、人口是影响辽河水质化学需氧量浓度变化的社会经济重要因素,影响氨氮浓度变化的因素众多;辽河流域经济增长与水环境之间的关系曲线不完全符合典型的库兹涅茨曲线特征。随着经济快速增长,应在开展工业点源污染达标排放控制的同时,加强农业面源污染的治理力度。     

江苏沿海滩涂围垦与社会经济发展的耦合关系

沿海滩涂湿地是脆弱的生态敏感区,滩涂围垦是沿海国家和地区拓展土地资源的重要方式之一。近年,沿海地区快速城市化下的滩涂围垦导致了沿海湿地生态系统退化等一系列环境问题。基于环境库兹涅茨曲线（Environmental Kuznets Curve,EKC）模型,以江苏北部沿海湿地为研究区,结合遥感影像和社会经济数据,刻画滩涂围垦过程、强度及社会经济发展过程,揭示近40年江苏沿海滩涂围垦主要类型、阶段性变化特征,阐述滩涂围垦与社会经济发展的耦合关系。研究结果显示,养殖水体扩张是近40年江苏滩涂围垦利用的主要方式;相比养殖水体聚集发展的盐城市,以启东为典型代表的南通市经历了相对较完整的养殖水体的滩涂围垦过程,其养殖水体面积与区域渔业产值存在指数关系,即当人均地区产值达到约9.55万元时,区域渔业产值的增长不再以通过围垦增加养殖水体面积为主要途径;从江苏沿海滩涂围垦来看,滩涂围垦与社会经济发展之间存在典型倒U型曲线关系。苏北滩涂围垦可分为3个阶段,初期阶段（1980-2005年）,滩涂围垦随着经济发展而急剧增加;中期（2005-2014年）,当人均GDP约为3.64×10⁴元时滩涂围垦速度达最大;后期（2014-2018年）,滩涂围垦随着经济发展呈现下降趋势。3个阶段中,单位滩涂围垦面积与人均GDP增长关系由4.11元/km²,17.08元/km²增加至60.77元/km²,呈显著增加的趋势。经济发展,农业和农村经济改革以及国家和地方各级政策均对滩涂围垦具有重要影响。严格的国家环境保护政策将是有效控制滩涂围垦、保护生态环境的重要手段。