电针对糖尿病大鼠学习记忆障碍及海马NT-3表达的影响

目的观察电针对糖尿病性认知功能障碍大鼠学习记忆的改善作用,及其对海马神经营养因子-3（NT-3）mRNA和免疫反应阳性细胞表达的影响。方法采用2％链脲佐菌素（streptozotocin,STZ）构建糖尿病大鼠模型,将模型大鼠随机分为电针组（EA）、对照组（DM）与正常组（CN）进行比较。电针4周后糖尿病测定血糖水平,并用Morris水迷宫法观察电针对糖尿病大鼠学习记忆的影响,应用RT-PCR和免疫组化方法检测海马NT-3mRNA和免疫反应阳性细胞的表达水平。结果对照组血糖、上台潜伏期高于正常组和电针组（P〈0．01）,对照组NT-3mRNA和免疫反应阳性细胞的表达明显低于正常组和电针组（P〈0．01）;电针组NT-3表达明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论电针能在一定程度上降低血糖,促进海马NT-3mRNA和免疫反应阳性细胞的表达,改善糖尿病认知功能障碍者的学习和认知功能。     

人参皂甙Rb1对阿尔茨海默病大鼠海马结构β-淀粉样蛋白表达的影响

目的观察人参皂甙Rb1对阿尔茨海默病（AD）模型大鼠学习记忆能力及海马结构β-淀粉样蛋白表达的影响。方法动物分3组：对照组、模型组及治疗组,用D半乳糖联合三氯化铝建立AD大鼠模型,治疗组在造模后给予人参皂甙Rb1腹腔注射4周;采用Morris水迷宫测试大鼠的空间学习记忆能力,用免疫组织化学方法观察海马结构β-淀粉样蛋白的表达。结果与对照组相比,模型组大鼠各时间段的逃避潜伏期均显著延长（P〈0．01）,海马CA1、CA3区及齿状回β-淀粉样蛋白表达的阳性细胞数明显增多（P〈0．01）;治疗组大鼠的逃避潜伏期较模型组明显缩短（P〈0．01）,海马CA1、CA3区及齿状回的β-淀粉样蛋白阳性细胞数显著减少（P〈0．01）。结论人参皂甙Rb1对AD模型大鼠学习记忆损害具有明显改善作用,其机制可能与人参皂甙Rb1减少海马结构β-淀粉样蛋白的表达有关。     

含CpG基元核酸疫苗免疫慢性MPTP帕金森病小鼠的治疗作用

目的探讨含有CpG基元的α-突触核蛋白（α-synuclein,α-syn）核酸疫苗免疫慢性帕金森病小鼠的治疗效果。方法将本实验室成功构建的含有CpG基元的α-syn核酸疫苗-pVAX1-hα-Syn140用Qiagen试剂盒大量制备α-syn质粒;24只慢性MPTP帕金森病小鼠随机分为3组：实验组、空质粒对照组和PBS对照组,各组小鼠分别肌注pVAX1-hα-Syn140重组质粒、pVAX1空质粒和PBS各100μL,共免疫3次,每次间隔3周,末次免疫后2周,观察小鼠行为学变化及中脑黑质α-syn表达和多巴胺能神经元数目变化。结果pVAX1-hα-Syn140核酸疫苗免疫组小鼠的类帕金森病样症状与pVAX1空质粒和PBS对照组相比减轻,有显著差异（P〈0．01）;小鼠中脑黑质α-syn表达较对照组减少约39％（P〈0．01）,且多巴胺能神经元数目较空质粒和PBS对照组增多了46％～55％（P〈0．01）。结论pVAX1-hα-Syn140核酸疫苗具有较强的免疫原性,能对帕金森病小鼠产生较好的免疫治疗作用。     

电针对氯胺酮成瘾大鼠内侧前额叶皮质酪氨酸羟化酶表达的影响

目的观察不同时辰电针“足三里”和“三阴交”穴对氯胺酮成瘾大鼠内侧前额叶皮质（mPFC）酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）表达的影响,探讨电针治疗氯胺酮滥用成瘾的作用机制。方法将56只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、生理盐水对照组、模型组、电针治疗组,电针治疗组再分为子时（23：00）、卯时（05：00）、午时（11：00）、酉时（17：00）4个电针组,每组8只。每天1次经腹腔注射氯胺酮复制氯胺酮成瘾模型,不同时辰电针组在给药7d后分别选取一侧“足三里”和“三阴交”穴给予低频（2Hz）电针治疗,每次30min,连续治疗7d。采用免疫组织化学染色方法检测mPFC内TH的表达。结果与正常对照组和生理盐水对照组相比较,模型组mPFC内TH免疫反应阳性神经元的数量明显增多（P〈0．01）,细胞平均灰度值降低（P〈0．01）,与模型组相比较,午时、酉时电针组TH免疫反应阳性神经元的数量明显减少（P〈0．01）,细胞平均灰度值升高（P〈0．01）;子时、卯时电针组则无明显变化（P〉0．05）。结论氯胺酮成瘾使mPFC内TH的表达明显增加;午时、酉时电针“足三里”和“三阴交”穴可明显下调mPFC内TH的表达,改善氯胺酮成瘾症状。     

骨髓间充质干细胞黑质内移植对帕金森病大鼠的治疗作用

目的探索骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）移植到帕金森病（Parkinson’s disease,PD）大鼠毁损侧黑质内,PD模型大鼠的姿势不对称性和黑质及纹状体内酪氨酸羟化酶（tyrosinehy droxylase,TH）表达的改变,以及BM—SCs在大鼠脑内的存活、分化情况。方法黑质、前脑内侧束两点法注射6一羟多巴胺（6-OHDH）并行为学分析筛选PD模型大鼠。将PD模型大鼠随机分为移植组和对照组。BMSCs移植术后4周和8周,观察大鼠姿势不对称性,免疫组织化学及免疫荧光显色方法检测黑质和纹状体酪氨酸羟化酶（tyrosine hydroxylase,TH）的表达变化以及BMSCs在大鼠体内的存活、迁移及分化情况。结果BMSCs黑质内移植可使PD模型大鼠的转动频率由（10．62±2．97）r／min降至（4．65±1．08）r／min（P〈0．01）,显著增加毁损侧黑质TH阳性细胞数量和纹状体内TH阳性纤维密度。BMSCs在大鼠黑质内可以存活至少8周,部分细胞分化为神经干细胞、神经元和神经胶质细胞。结论黑质内移植BMSCs对PD模型大鼠有一定的治疗作用。     

不同强度电针刺激对失眠大鼠下丘脑orexinA的影响研究

目的 探讨电针对失眠大鼠下丘脑食欲素A（orexinA）的影响及不同强度电针对orexinA的效应差异。方法将SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组（normalcontrol,NC）、失眠模型组（insomniamodel,IM）、强刺激电针组（strongstimulativeeleetroacupuncture,SSEA）、弱刺激电针组（weakstimulativeelectroacupuncture,WSEA）。除正常对照组外,其余各组大鼠均用对氯苯丙氨酸（PCPA）建立大鼠失眠模型,选穴“百会”、“足三里”、“三阴交”,并用不同强度电针治疗。5d后,用逆转录一聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测下丘脑orexinAmRNA表达,采用免疫组织化学技术观察下丘脑orexinA阳性神经元表达。结果与正常对照组比较,失眠模型组大鼠下丘脑orexinAmRNA表达显著升高（P〈0．01）,orexinA阳性神经元染色较深,且表达量较多;与失眠模型组相比,两电针组大鼠下丘脑orexinAmRNA表达明显下降（P〈0．01）,orexi—nA阳性神经元染色较浅,表达量较少,强刺激电针组作用更为明显。结论电针可以改善失眠大鼠下丘脑异常增多的orexinA,调节睡眠-觉醒周期,且强刺激电针组效果较好。     

大鼠脑创伤后caspase-3的过度表达与细胞凋亡的关系

目的：探讨大鼠脑创伤后海马神经组织中casepase-3表达及其在细胞凋亡中的机制。方法：雄性Wistar大鼠72只随机分成对照组和创伤组。用Marmarou方法造成大鼠重型弥漫性颅脑创伤,采用免疫组织化学检测海马CA1区神经细胞casepase-3蛋白表达情况,原位细胞DNA断裂检测末端标记（TUNEL）法观察大鼠海马CA1区神经细胞凋亡动态变化。同时行TUNEL与caspase-3双标染色。结果：对照组海马区神经细胞casepase-3未见明显表达,创伤组海马CA1区神经细胞casepase-3表达在伤后3小时开始升高,伤后3天达高峰（P〈0．01）,伤后7天下降明显。对照组海马区未见TUNEL阳性细胞,创伤组海马区TUNEL阳性细胞伤后3小时开始增多,伤后3天达高峰（P〈0．01）,伤后7天下降。可见创伤组TUNEL染色与caspase-3免疫染色双标阳性的细胞伤后6小时细胞数量逐渐增多,于伤后3天达高峰（P〈0．01）,伤后7天双标阳性细胞数量下降。Casepase-3表达与TUNEL阳性细胞明显相关（P〈0．01）。结论：大鼠脑创伤后casepase-3的过度表达是影响大鼠脑创伤后神经细胞凋亡原因之一,抑制casepase-3活性表达对神经组织起保护作用。     

姜黄素对阿尔茨海默病小鼠海马InR和IGF1R表达的影响

目的观察姜黄素对阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer＇sdisease,AD）模型APP／PS1双转基因小鼠胰岛素受体（insulinreceptor,InR）和胰岛素样生长因子1受体（insulin·likegrowthfactor1receptor,IGF1R）表达的影响。方法将3月龄的APP／PS1双转基因小鼠随机分为模型组、阳性罗格列酮对照组（每日10ms／kg）、姜黄素大（每日400mg／kg）、中（每日200mg／kg）、小剂量组（100mg／kg）,正常组为相同背景非转基因小鼠。灌胃3个月后,应用免疫组织化学和Westernblot方法进行检测。结果InR和IGF1R免疫组化染色,模型组小鼠大脑海马CA1区较正常对照组InR阳性细胞明显增加（P〈0．01）,姜黄素干预组有所恢复;而模型组小鼠大脑海马CA1区较正常对照组IGF1R阳性细胞明显减少（P〈0．01）,姜黄素干预组有所恢复。Western blot检测海马InR和IGF1R的蛋白表达结果与免疫组织化学检测结果一致。结论姜黄素可以使APP／PS1双转基因小鼠海马增加的InR和减少的IGF1R得以恢复,改善APP／PS1双转基因小鼠胰岛素信号转导。     

黄芪注射液对2型糖尿病动物模型KKAy小鼠脑微血管病变的影响

目的：观察黄芪注射液对2型糖尿病动物模型KKAy小鼠脑微血管病变的影响,探讨黄芪注射液对糖尿病脑血管病变的保护作用。方法：饲养至14周龄的雄性KKAy小鼠随机分成模型组和黄芪注射液治疗组（每日腹腔给药,剂量为3mL／kg）,同龄雄性C57BL／6J小鼠作为对照组。血糖仪测量20、24、28周龄时各组小鼠的空腹血糖水平。28周龄时处死各组小鼠,放射免疫法检测血清6-酮-前列腺素-F1α（6-Keto-PGF1α）和血栓素B2（TXB2）的含量。透射电子显微镜观察脑组织超微结构变化。结果：模型组KKAy小鼠从20周龄开始血糖水平明显高于正常组小鼠（P〈0．01）;黄芪治疗组小鼠从20周龄开始血糖水平明显高于正常组小鼠（P〈0．01）,但低于模型组小鼠（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。模型组小鼠血清6-Keto—PGF1α水平较正常组降低（P〈0．01）,TXB2含量增高（P〈0．01）;与模型组相比,黄芪注射液治疗组小鼠6-Keto—PGF1α水平升高（P〈O．01）,TXB：含量下降（P〈0．01）。透射电镜显示模型组小鼠神经细胞胞核染色质疏松,线粒体肿胀,粗面内质网缩小,核糖体减少;治疗组小鼠以上病变明显改善。结论：黄芪注射液可以有效改善2型糖尿病动物模型KKAv小鼠脑微血管病变,保护神经细胞结构。     

孕酮对新生大鼠低氧缺血性脑损伤中MMP-3表达的影响

目的：研究孕酮（PROG）对新生大鼠低氧缺血后脑内基质金属蛋白酶3（MMP-3）表达的影响。方法：建立新生大鼠低氧缺血性脑损伤动物模型,伊文思兰（EB）染色和电镜观察新生鼠低氧缺血性脑损伤血一脑屏障的通透性改变;免疫印迹（Western blot）方法检测大脑皮层MMP-3表达。结果：电镜显示低氧缺血组血-脑屏障完整性明显破坏：EB染色结果表明低氧缺血组血-脑屏障通透性明显高于假手术组,差异极显著（P〈0．01）,孕酮组血-脑屏障通透性明显低于低氧缺血组,有显著性差异（P〈0．05）;Western blot结果显示低氧缺血组MMP-3蛋白表达显著高于假手术组（P〈0．01）;孕酮组MMP-3蛋白表达显著低于低氧缺血组（P〈0．05）。结论：孕酮通过减少MMP-3的表达,降低血一脑屏障的损伤,这可能是其发挥脑保护作用的机制之一。     

Acupuncture protects from 6-OHDA-induced neuronal damage by balancing the ratio of DMT1/Fpn1

ObjectiveAcupuncture is a commonly used method to provide motor-symptomatic relief for patients with Parkinson s disease (PD). Our objective was to evaluate protective effects of acupuncture treatment and potential underlying mechanisms according to the “gut-brain axis” theory.MethodsWe employed a 6-OHDA-induced PD rat model. The effects of acupuncture on disease development were assessed by behavioural tests and immunohistochistry (IHC). ELISA, qPCR and western blot (WB) were employed to measure inflammatory parameters and Fe metabolism in the substantia nigra (SN), striatum, duodenum and blood, respectively.ResultsOur data show that acupuncture can significantly increase the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), compared with untreated and madopa treated rats (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Furthermore we could observe significantly decreased levels of pro-inflammatory markers in the duodenum and serum (P < 0.05), reduced deposition of Fe in the substantia nigra (P < 0.05) and but no change in transferrin expression after acupuncture treatment. The mRNA ratio of DMT1/Fpn1 in the SN of acupuncture treated rats (1.1) was comparable to that of the sham group (1.0) which differed both significantly from the untreated and madopa treated groups (P < 0.05). Furthermore, after acupuncture expression of α-synuclein was decreased in the duodenum.ConclusionsAcupuncture can reduce iron accumulation in the SN and protect the loss of dopamine neurons by promoting balanced expression of the iron importer DMT1 and the iron exporter Fpn1. Furthermore CNS iron homeostasis may be affected by reduced systemic and intestinal inflammation.     

铁与帕金森病关系研究进展

大量研究证实帕金森患者黑质铁异常沉积,脑内铁代谢紊乱,铁促进氧化应激是神经细胞损伤的重要病理机制。本文综述了铁代谢异常与帕金森病关系的研究概况,指出从中药中寻找金属螯合活性成分治疗PD是极其诱人的研究方向。     

Analysis of neuronal iron deposits in Parkinson's disease brain tissue by synchrotron x-ray spectromicroscopy

BackgroundNeuromelanin-pigmented neurons, which are highly susceptible to neurodegeneration in the Parkinson’s disease substantia nigra, harbour elevated iron levels in the diseased state. Whilst it is widely believed that neuronal iron is stored in an inert, ferric form, perturbations to normal metal homeostasis could potentially generate more reactive forms of iron capable of stimulating toxicity and cell death. However, non-disruptive analysis of brain metals is inherently challenging, since use of stains or chemical fixatives, for example, can significantly influence metal ion distributions and/or concentrations in tissues.AimsThe aim of this study was to apply synchrotron soft x-ray spectromicroscopy to the characterisation of iron deposits and their local environment within neuromelanin-containing neurons of Parkinson’s disease substantia nigra.MethodsSoft x-ray spectromicroscopy was applied in the form of Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy (STXM) to analyse resin-embedded tissue, without requirement for chemically disruptive processing or staining. Measurements were performed at the oxygen and iron K-edges in order to characterise both organic and inorganic components of anatomical tissue using a single label-free method.ResultsSTXM revealed evidence for mixed oxidation states of neuronal iron deposits associated with neuromelanin clusters in Parkinson’s disease substantia nigra. The excellent sensitivity, specificity and spatial resolution of these STXM measurements showed that the iron oxidation state varies across sub-micron length scales.ConclusionsThe label-free STXM approach is highly suited to characterising the distributions of both inorganic and organic components of anatomical tissue, and provides a proof-of-concept for investigating trace metal speciation within Parkinson’s disease neuromelanin-containing neurons.     

Lactacystin诱导帕金森病大鼠黑质胶质细胞的变化

目的观察蛋白酶体抑制剂Lactacystin诱导大鼠黑质胶质细胞的变化、炎性介质NF-κB的表达。方法采用立体定向术将蛋白酶体抑制剂Lactacystin 10μg注射至大鼠黑质部位,免疫组织化学法观察黑质区多巴胺(DA)能神经元、小胶质细胞、星形胶质细胞的变化,炎性介质核转录因子κB(NF-κB)的表达。结果注射Lactacystin 3周,阿朴吗啡腹腔注射后出现典型旋转行为;8周后实验组大鼠损毁侧黑质酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)阳性细胞数明显减少,黑质小胶质细胞及星形胶质细胞的数量均增加,NF-κB表达增强。结论蛋白酶体抑制剂Lactacystin能激活大鼠黑质小胶质细胞及星形胶质细胞,诱导炎性介质表达。     

Dopamine covalently modifies and functionally inactivates parkin

Inherited mutations in PARK2, the gene encoding parkin, cause selective degeneration of catecholaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus of the brainstem, resulting in early-onset parkinsonism. But the role of parkin in common, sporadic forms of Parkinson disease remains unclear. Here we report that the neurotransmitter dopamine covalently modifies parkin in living dopaminergic cells, a process that increases parkin insolubility and inactivates its E3 ubiquitin ligase function. In the brains of individuals with sporadic Parkinson disease, we observed decreases in parkin solubility consistent with its functional inactivation. Using a new biochemical method, we detected catechol-modified parkin in the substantia nigra but not other regions of normal human brain. These findings show a vulnerability of parkin to modification by dopamine, the principal transmitter lost in Parkinson disease, suggesting a mechanism for the progressive loss of parkin function in dopaminergic neurons during aging and sporadic Parkinson disease.     

Increased Nigral Iron Content and Alterations in Other Metal Ions Occurring in Brain in Parkinson's Disease

Levels of iron, copper, zinc, manganese, and lead were measured by inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy in parkinsonian and age-matched control brain tissue. There was 31-35% increase in the total iron content of the parkinsonian substantia nigra when compared to control tissue. In contrast, in the globus pallidus total iron levels were decreased by 29% in Parkinson's disease. There was no change in the total iron levels in any other region of the parkinsonian brain. Total copper levels were reduced by 34-45% in the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease; no difference was found in the other brain areas examined. Zinc levels were increased in substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease by 50-54%, and the zinc content of the caudate nucleus and lateral putamen was also raised by 18-35%. Levels of manganese and lead were unchanged in all areas of the parkinsonian brain studied when compared to control brains, except for a small decrease (20%) in manganese content of the medial putamen. Increased levels of total iron in the substantia nigra may cause the excessive formation of toxic oxygen radicals, leading to dopamine cell death.     

Cell Replacement Therapy in Parkinson’s Disease—History of Development and Prospects for Use in Clinical Practice

Molecular Biology - Parkinson’s disease is a widespread neurodegenerative disease, which is characterized by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain....     

鱼藤酮致帕金森大鼠的脑黑质中凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax表达改变

目的研究鱼藤酮致帕金森病（PD）大鼠中脑黑质凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax表达的改变。方法Wistar大鼠每日颈背部皮下注射鱼藤酮2mg（kg·d）（3～6周）造模,依据所建立的评分体系记录动物行为变化,在行为学有记分并停止给鱼藤酮4、10d时,中脑黑质病理切片免疫组化染色比较黑质区域Bcl-2、Bax的表达。结果在有行为学记分4d时,记4分和8分的大鼠中脑黑质Bcl-2表达均显著减少;所有PD大鼠中脑黑质Bax表达均显著增加;Bcl-2/Bax比率均显著减少;有记分4d时,行为学记分与Bcl-2/Bax比值成负相关性。结论细胞凋亡参与了鱼藤酮帕金森模型大鼠黑质多巴胺神经细胞的损伤。     

磁敏感加权成像在帕金森病中的应用研究

目的：探索帕金森病（PD）的磁敏感加权成像（SWI）的表现。方法：34例帕金森病患者作为病例组和30例正常人作为对照组。采用GEL5T磁共振成像系统,行常规的快速自旋回波T1、T2加权像后,加扫三维磁敏感加权成像覆盖基底节区及中脑。使用SWI后处理软件在校正相位图上两次测量双侧尾状核头、苍白球、壳核、黑质、红核的相位值,最终的相位值取两次测量的平均值。结果：病例组患者黑质、壳核的相位值较对照组明显降低,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,PD患者黑质及壳核铁沉积增加。病例组壳核的相位值与PD病程之间存在负相关。对照组中尾状核头、壳核、黑质相位值左侧低于右侧。结论：SWI是显示PD患者脑内缺沉积的有效音白枪杏方法．