麻疯树不同种源的结实性差异与初期选择

采用随机完全区组设计对5年生麻疯树Jatropha curcas种源林进行结实性调查。结果表明,不同种源麻疯树单株产种量有不同程度的差异,云南元阳种源最高,达218.96 g,四川盐边种源最低,仅为48.42 g。不同种源麻疯树种子平均含油率也有所不同,广西隆林种源最高,达42.80%,贵州望谟种源最低,为37.23%。单株产种量与种源地纬度、年均气温显著相关,而与种源地无霜期极显著相关,其中与纬度为负相关,与年均气温、无霜期为正相关,说明纬度较低、气温较高和无霜期较长的种源在福建平和县的单株产种量高。而种子平均含油率与各地理气象因子之间没有显著相关性。根据单株产种量和种子平均含油率聚类分析,分别将9个种源分成优、良、中、差4个不同的类别,综合来看,云南东南部和广西西北部可能是麻疯树的优良种源区,该区域内的5个种源,单株产种量达147.43 g,种子平均含油率达41.07%。     

Genetic evaluation of Jatropha curcas: an important oilseed for biodiesel production

Jatropha curcas, internationally and locally known, respectively, as physic nut and pinh?o manso, is a highly promising species for biodiesel production in Brazil and other countries in the tropics. It is rustic, grows in warm regions and is easily cultivated. These characteristics and high-quality oil yields from the seeds have made this plant a priority for biodiesel programs in Brazil. Consequently, this species merits genetic investigations aimed at improving yields. Some studies have detected genetic variability in accessions in Africa and Asia. We have made the first genetic evaluation of J. curcas collected from Brazil. Our objective was to quantify genetic diversity and to estimate genetic parameters for growth and production traits and seed oil content. We evaluated 75 J. curcas progenies collected from Brazil and three from Cambodia. The mean oil content in the seeds was 31%, ranging from 16 to 45%. No genetic correlation between growth traits and seed oil content was found. However, high coefficients of genetic variation were found for plant height, number of branches, height of branches, and stem diameter. The highest individual narrow-sense heritabilities were found for leaf length (0.35) and width (0.34), stem diameter (0.24) and height of branches (0.21). We used a clustering algorithm to genetically identify the closest and most distant progenies, to assist in the development of new cultivars. Geographical diversity did not necessarily represent the genetic diversity among the accessions collected. These results are important for the continuity of breeding programs, aimed at obtaining cultivars with high grain yield and high oil content in seeds.     

Global patterns of arthropod herbivory on an invasive plant,the physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.)

The physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) is a multipurpose and oil‐producing shrub of Central and South American origin. Since the 15th century, this shrub has existed across tropical regions. Despite its presumed resistance to herbivores, reports show that arthropod herbivores infest it. However, no comprehensive account of arthropod herbivores, which consume the physic nut, exists. Here, we conducted a literature review that provides a comprehensive account of arthropod herbivores of the physic nut. Based on the co‐evolutionary hypothesis, we expected to find a higher herbivore of species richness and a larger proportion of native herbivores within the native range than elsewhere. As physic nut is a well‐defended plant chemically, we expected to find evidence for highest herbivory levels in plant parts that are the least defended. By the literatures review, we compiled 78 arthropod herbivores representing nine orders and from 31 families that feed on physic nut across the globe. As expected, the highest numbers of herbivores (34 species) were documented within the native range of the J. curcas and the lowest species number (21 species) in Africa. Of the 34 species in Central and South America, 94% were of native origin. Nine species were found feeding on J. curcas on more than one continent. Origins of 49% of species were from the native range of J. curcas. The highest percentage (54%) of species belonged to Hemiptera. With regard to feeding guilds, 59% of the herbivores belonged to sucking and 41% to chewing species. Forty‐one per cent of species were flower or fruit feeders, and 36% foliage feeders. We conclude that J. curcas is, despite its toxicity, vulnerable to herbivory, mainly to foliage, flower and fruit feeders.     

基于最大信息熵模型的能源物种麻疯树潜在适宜区

麻疯树(Jatropha curcas L.)为传统能源植物,是作为生物柴油最具希望的植物资源之一。本研究通过收集麻疯树分布点的经纬度数据,基于气候、土壤和地形等37个相关生态因子,采用最大信息熵模型,预测麻疯树的潜在适宜区域,分析影响其生长的主要生态因子特征。结果显示,麻疯树生长最适宜区域主要分布在我国华南地区的广东、海南、香港、台湾和西南地区的广西、云南、四川;对麻疯树分布贡献率较大的主要生态因子为:最暖季度降水量(53.5%)、温度季节性变化标准差(15.8%)、降水量变异系数(9.3%)、年均温变化范围(5.8%)、最湿季度降水量(3.6%)、最干月降水量(3.2%);Maxent模型预测的AUC值大于0.9,表明对麻疯树潜在分布的预测结果较准确。本文对麻疯树潜在分布区域以及影响其分布的主要生态条件的研究结果,可为麻疯树的种植栽培提供科学依据。     

Changes in the diversity of soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi after cultivation for biofuel production in a Guantanamo (Cuba) tropical system

The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are a key, integral component of the stability, sustainability and functioning of ecosystems. In this study, we characterised the AMF biodiversity in a native vegetation soil and in a soil cultivated with Jatropha curcas or Ricinus communis, in a tropical system in Guantanamo (Cuba), in order to verify if a change of land use to biofuel plant production had any effect on the AMF communities. We also asses whether some soil properties related with the soil fertility (total N, Organic C, microbial biomass C, aggregate stability percentage, pH and electrical conductivity) were changed with the cultivation of both crop species. The AM fungal small sub-unit (SSU) rRNA genes were subjected to PCR, cloning, sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. Twenty AM fungal sequence types were identified: 19 belong to the Glomeraceae and one to the Paraglomeraceae. Two AMF sequence types related to cultured AMF species (Glo G3 for Glomus sinuosum and Glo G6 for Glomus intraradices-G. fasciculatum-G. irregulare) did not occur in the soil cultivated with J. curcas and R. communis. The soil properties (total N, Organic C and microbial biomass C) were higher in the soil cultivated with the two plant species. The diversity of the AMF community decreased in the soil of both crops, with respect to the native vegetation soil, and varied significantly depending on the crop species planted. Thus, R. communis soil showed higher AMF diversity than J. curcas soil. In conclusion, R. communis could be more suitable for the long-term conservation and sustainable management of these tropical ecosytems.     

三种植物油及其生物柴油中脂肪酸组成的比较研究

生物柴油油料植物的选择是多样化的。通过对麻疯树,青刺果及乌桕三种产于西南的油料植物油分的理化性质及它们的生物柴油进行GC/MS分析,以麻疯树油为参照油分,对比青刺果油和乌桕油,找出适合作生物柴油油料植物油分的特点,为生物柴油油料植物的选择提供了依据。     

土壤水、氮供应对麻疯树幼苗光合特性的影响

在盆栽半控制试验中, 采用两因素的随机区组设计, 在3个土壤水分梯度(分别为80%、50%和30%的田间持水量(FC))下研究了施氮肥和不施氮肥处理麻疯树(Jatropha curcas)幼苗的光合特性。比较了不同水分和氮素供应条件下麻疯树幼苗的光合-光响应和CO₂响应曲线、PSII的最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、氮含量和光合色素含量之间的差异。结果表明: 1)施氮肥处理中, 随着土壤水分含量的增加, 叶片表观量子效率(AQY)、光补偿点、最大净光合速率、羧化效率、光呼吸速率、暗呼吸速率和叶片氮含量均呈现增加的趋势, 而且均在80% FC下最高。2)不施氮肥处理中, 随着土壤水分含量的增加, 麻疯树各光合参数均与施氮肥处理呈现相反的变化趋势。3)在30% FC下, 施氮肥处理和不施氮肥处理相比, 氮含量显著增加, AQY、F_v/F_m、光合色素含量无显著的变化, 其他各项指标均显著降低。这些结果表明, 水氮耦合效应对麻疯树光合特性有显著影响, 尤其是在80% FC下增施氮肥的效果最为明显。因此, 在土壤氮素含量不高的情况下, 麻疯树更适宜在较低的土壤水分下生长, 土壤水分较高反而不利于麻疯树的光合作用; 而如果增施氮肥, 麻疯树在土壤水分含量较高时生长更好。     

麻疯树分子生物学研究进展

麻疯树Jatropha curcas L.作为一种新兴的生物柴油型能源树种已经得到广泛的认可,关于它的各项研究持续升温。文中综述了近年来国内外关于麻疯树分子生物学方面的研究进展,一是揭示麻疯树遗传多样性和系统分类的分子标记研究;二是全面解析麻疯树分子网络的基因组、转录组和蛋白质组研究;三是以培育优质高抗品系为目标的代谢和发育调控相关基因的分离、克隆和功能研究;最后讨论了目前研究的不足和麻疯树未来分子生物学研究的方向。     

Phylogeography and molecular diversity analysis of Jatropha curcas L. and the dispersal route revealed by RAPD,AFLP and nrDNA-ITS analysis

Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) has acquired a great importance as a renewable source of energy with a number of environmental benefits. Very few attempts were made to understand the extent of genetic diversity and its distribution. This study was aimed to study the diversity and deduce the phylogeography of Jatropha curcas L. which is said to be the most primitive species of the genus Jatropha. Here we studied the intraspecific genetic diversity of the species distributed in different parts of the globe. The study also focused to understand the molecular diversity at reported probable center of origin (Mexico), and to reveal the dispersal route to other regions based on random amplified polymorphic DNA, amplified fragment length polymorphism and nrDNA-ITS sequences data. The overall genetic diversity of J. curcas found in the present study was narrow. The highest genetic diversity was observed in the germplasm collected from Mexico and supports the earlier hypothesis based on morphological data and natural distribution, it is the center for origin of the species. Least genetic diversity found in the Indian germplasm and clustering results revealed that the species was introduced simultaneously by two distinct germplasm and subsequently distributed in different parts of India. The present molecular data further revealed that J. curcas might have spread from the center of the origin to Cape Verde, than to Spain, Portuguese to other neighboring countries and simultaneously to Africa. The molecular evidence supports the Burkill et al. (A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula, Governments of Malaysia and Singapore by the Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1966) view of Portuguese might have introduced the species to India. The clustering pattern suggests that the distribution was interfered by human activity.     

中国麻风树种质资源SSR遗传多样性的研究初报

麻风树（Jatropha curcas）是世界上最有潜力的能源植物之一。本研究针对来自全国6省区的219份麻风树种质资源,应用SSR分子标记对其进行了初步的遗传多样性分析。根据公共数据库中的所有序列设计出了20对SSR及4对eSSR引物,这些引物均能很好地扩增麻风树DNA片段。在上述24个SSR标记中,有8个（33.33%）探测到麻风树群体的DNA多态性。这24个SSR标记共扩增出36个位点,平均每个标记扩增1.5个位点,其中12个（33.33%）位点显现出多态性。这表明中国麻风树是一个具有中等SSR多态性水平的物种,其多态百分率为33.3%。     

Structure prediction and binding sites analysis of curcin protein of Jatropha curcas using computational approaches

Ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) are defense proteins in a number of higher-plant species that are directly targeted toward herbivores. Jatropha curcas is one of the biodiesel plants having RIPs. The Jatropha seed meal, after extraction of oil, is rich in curcin, a highly toxic RIP similar to ricin, which makes it unsuitable for animal feed. Although the toxicity of curcin is well documented in the literature, the detailed toxic properties and the 3D structure of curcin has not been determined by X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy or any in silico techniques to date. In this pursuit, the structure of curcin was modeled by a composite approach of 3D structure prediction using threading and ab initio modeling. Assessment of model quality was assessed by methods which include Ramachandran plot analysis and Qmean score estimation. Further, we applied the protein-ligand docking approach to identify the r-RNA binding residue of curcin. The present work provides the first structural insight into the binding mode of r-RNA adenine to the curcin protein and forms the basis for designing future inhibitors of curcin. Cloning of a future peptide inhibitor within J. curcas can produce non-toxic varieties of J. curcas, which would make the seed-cake suitable as animal feed without curcin detoxification.     

土壤含水量对麻疯树幼苗生长及其生理生化特征的影响

以麻疯树(Jatropha curcas L.)1年生盆栽幼苗为材料,通过设置3个土壤水分(分别为80%、50%和30%田间持水量(FC))处理,研究土壤含水量对麻疯树幼苗生长及生理生化指标的影响,探讨麻疯树的水分适应性。结果表明:随土壤含水量的降低,麻疯树的株高、生物量等均呈下降趋势,根重比、根冠比和比叶面积无显著变化;蒸腾速率和气孔导度显著降低,净光合速率和PSII的光能转换效率无明显变化;叶片色素含量显著升高。在80%FC下,丙二醛和过氧化氢含量、可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性和抗坏血酸含量均呈现最大值。在本实验条件下:麻疯树作为一种抗旱性较强的树种,30%FC没有对其造成干旱胁迫;而从生理生化代谢方面看,80%FC不能为麻疯树生长提供最适宜的条件,主要体现在体内自由基积累、膜脂过氧化程度加重以及叶绿体色素含量的降低,但体内抗氧化防御系统的积极防御和渗透调节物质含量的增加缓解了水分过多对麻疯树造成的伤害,从而没有对净光合速率造成影响。因此,在当地土壤养分状况下,以30%-50%FC的土壤含水量栽培,更有利于麻疯树的生长。     

干热河谷麻疯树访花昆虫及主要传粉昆虫

膏桐为一种重要的油料作物,其种子可以提炼生物柴油,生物柴油在我国将成长为有一定规模的产业。为了增加膏桐结籽率,提高其产量,给膏桐规模化栽培方面提供传粉生物学的科学依据,于2006年对云南元江坝区半栽培膏桐(Jatropha curcas L.)居群的访花昆虫及主要传粉昆虫种类进行调查。膏桐开花示样醒目,具花香与蜜腺,花形态没有特化,这些特征使得它提供的酬物适合于不同的昆虫采食,其访花昆虫种类较丰富,共有35种访花昆虫,分属5目20科。综合访花昆虫的传粉数量,及传粉质量包括访花行为、访花频率与日活动规律等确定主要传粉昆虫,确定大头金蝇Chrysomya(Compsomyia)megacephala Fabricius、中华蜜蜂Apiscerana Fabricius、迁粉蝶(淡色型)Catopsilia pomona f.Crocale为该居群的主要传粉昆虫。3种传粉昆虫具有不同的访花习性和日活动规律。雌雄迁粉蝶日活动规律相似。访花者的组成受气象因素、开花示样及生境条件的影响。最后,探讨膏桐与访花昆虫的关系,以及主要传粉者的组成随时空变异而改变的规律。     

赤霉素、钙和甜菜碱对小桐子种子萌发及幼苗抗低温和干旱的影响

小桐子(Jatropha curcas L.)属大戟科( Euphorbiaceae)麻疯树属(Jatropha L.)的能源植物。分别以小桐子种子和幼苗为实验材料,研究了不同浓度的赤霉素和CaCl₂单独处理,以及不同浓度的赤霉素、CaCl₂和甜菜碱组合处理对小桐子种子萌发及幼苗抗低温和干旱的影响。结果表明:分别用10 mg/L赤霉素和10 mmol/L CaCl₂处理小桐子种子,不仅可以提高其在正常萌发条件(26℃)、低温(18℃)和干旱胁迫(5% PEG6000)下的发芽率,还可缓解小桐子幼苗在低温(2℃)或干旱胁迫(25% PEG6000)下电解质渗漏率的增加和丙二醛(MDA)的积累。用10 mg/L赤霉素、5 mmol/L CaCl₂和15 mmol/L甜菜碱组合处理小桐子种子,也可进一步增强其在正常萌发(26℃)、低温(18℃)和干旱胁迫(5% PEG6000)条件下种子的发芽率,以及缓解小桐子幼苗在低温(2℃)或干旱胁迫(25% PEG6000)下电解质渗漏率的增加和MDA的积累,表明10 mg/L赤霉素和10 mmol/L CaCl₂分别处理或10 mg/L赤霉素、5 mmol/L CaCl₂和10 mmol/L甜菜碱组合处理可提高小桐子种子在低温和干旱胁迫下的发芽率,以及提高小桐子幼苗对低温和干旱胁迫的抵抗能力。     

Physical wounding-assisted Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of juvenile cotyledons of a biodiesel-producing plant, Jatropha curcas L.

The non-edible plant Jatropha curcas L. is one of the most promising feedstock for sustainable biodiesel production as it is not a source of edible vegetable oils, produces high amounts of oil (approx. 30–60% in dry seeds) and does not require high-cost maintenance. However, as with other undomesticated crops, the cultivation of J. curcas presents several drawbacks, such as low productivity and susceptibility to pests. Hence, varietal improvement by genetic engineering is essential if J. curcas is to become a viable alternative source of biodiesel. There is to date no well-established and efficient transformation system for J. curcas. In this study, we tested various physical wounding treatments, such as sonication and sand-vortexing, with the aim of developing an efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation for J. curcas. The highest stable transformation rate (53%) was achieved when explants were subjected to 1 min of sonication followed by 9 min of shaking in Agrobacterium suspension. The transformation frequency achieved using this protocol is the highest yet reported for J. curcas.     

研究开发燃料油植物生产生物柴油的几个策略

能源短缺和环境污染是目前人类社会所面临的巨大挑战, 而生物柴油的应用和推广正是现阶段解决能源替代问题的较佳手段。现今国外生物柴油产业发展十分迅速, 产量逐年增长, 而我国的生物柴油产业才刚刚起步。本文介绍了极具潜力的5种木本油料植物麻疯树(Jatropha curcas)、光皮树(Cornus wilsoniana)、文冠果(Xanthoceras sorbifolia)、黄连木(Pistacia chinensis)和欧李(Cerasus humilis)和1种野生草本油料植物海篷子(Salicornia bigelivii), 进而提出运用转基因技术提高燃料油植物种子含油量的优势, 归纳总结了生产生物柴油的4种不同工艺。最后建议政府应对燃料油植物种植和生产加工产业实施补贴和免税等扶植政策。本文对我国生物质能源产业的发展提供了有价值的实施策略, 具有重要的借鉴和参考价值。     

Isolation of novel microsatellites from Jatropha curcas L. and their cross-species amplification

Jatropha curcas L., a member of the Euphorbiaceae, is widely distributed in different parts of the globe. In the present study, 12 microsatellites were isolated from J. curcas and their cross-species amplification was checked in six species of genus Jatropha. Within J. curcas, observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.94 to 0.54 and from 0.95 to 0.56, respectively. Of the 12 loci, five showed significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. There was no significant linkage disequilibrium detected between any of the loci. The markers isolated in the present investigation will be useful for assessing the population diversity and genetic structure of J. curcas and also in other species of Jatropha.     

Life cycle assessment of biofuels from Jatropha curcas in West Africa: a field study

In recent years, liquid biofuels for transport have benefited from significant political support due to their potential role in curbing climate change and reducing our dependence on fossil fuels. They may also participate to rural development by providing new markets for agricultural production. However, the growth of energy crops has raised concerns due to their high consumption of conventional fuels, fertilizers and pesticides, their impacts on ecosystems and their competition for arable land with food crops. Low-input species such as Jatropha curcas , a perennial, inedible crop well adapted to semiarid regions, has received much interest as a new alternative for biofuel production, minimizing adverse effects on the environment and food supply. Here, we used life-cycle assessment to quantify the benefits of J. curcas biofuel production in West Africa in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and fossil energy use, compared with fossil diesel fuel and other biofuels. Biodiesel from J. curcas has a much higher performance than current biofuels, relative to oil-derived diesel fuels. Under West Africa conditions, J. curcas biodiesel allows a 72% saving in greenhouse gas emissions compared with conventional diesel fuel, and its energy yield (the ratio of biodiesel energy output to fossil energy input) is 4.7. J. curcas production studied is eco-compatible for the impacts under consideration and fits into the context of sustainable development.     

施氮量对麻疯树幼苗生长及叶片光合特性的影响

采用盆栽土培的方法,研究了不同施氮量(对照N₀ 0 kg N/hm²、低氮N_L 96 kg N/hm²、中氮N_M 288 kg N/hm²、高氮N_H 480 kg N/hm²)对麻疯树幼苗生长、叶片气体交换及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,麻疯树幼苗叶片氮含量、可溶性蛋白含量、株高、地径、叶片数量、叶面积、根长、各组分生物量、叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和水分利用效率(WUE)均随施氮量的增加先升高后降低,N_M处理下麻疯树幼苗长势最好,各气体交换参数值最高;施氮对麻疯树地上部分的促进作用远大于地下部分,施氮后根冠比显著降低;此外,麻疯树叶绿素含量、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ有效量子产量(F'v/F'm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)、电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学淬灭系数(qP)均随施氮量的增加而升高,非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)随施氮量增加而降低。适量施氮可通过增强叶绿体光化学活性、气孔导度和羧化能力而提高麻疯树幼苗的光合能力,促进生长;过高施氮对麻疯树幼苗光合与生长的促进效应降低。试验条件下,当年生麻疯树幼苗的最适施氮量为288 kg N/hm²。     

研究开发燃料油植物生产生物柴油的几个策略

能源短缺和环境污染是目前人类社会所面临的巨大挑战,而生物柴油的应用和推广正是现阶段解决能源替代问题的较佳手段。现今国外生物柴油产业发展十分迅速,产量逐年增长,而我国的生物柴油产业才刚刚起步。本文介绍了极具潜力的5种木本油料植物麻疯树（Jatropha curcas）、光皮树（Cornus wilsoniana）、文冠果（Xanthoceras sorbifolia）、黄连木（Pistacia chinensis）和欧李（Cerasus humilis）和1种野生草本油料植物海篷子（Salicornia bigelivii）,进而提出运用转基因技术提高燃料油植物种子含油量的优势,归纳总结了生产生物柴油的4种不同工艺。最后建议政府应对燃料油植物种植和生产加工产业实施补贴和免税等扶植政策。本文对我国生物质能源产业的发展提供了有价值的实施策略,具有重要的借鉴和参考价值。