云南楼梯草属一新种

本文发表了作者最近在考察勐仑热带雨林时发现的楼梯草属一新种,勐仑楼梯草Elatostema menglunense。     

湖南楼梯草属(荨麻科)二个新异名

将具钙楼梯草Elatostema calciferum W.T.Wang和裂序楼梯草Eschizocephalum、W．T.Wang处理为新异名。     

湖南楼梯草属(荨麻科)二新异名

将具钙楼梯草Elatostema calciferum W. T. Wang和裂序楼梯草E. schizocephalum W. T. Wang处理为新异名。     

中国12省荨麻科植物分布新记录

报道荨麻科16种植物在中国12个省(区)分布的新记录,其中河南省和福建省分布新记录种有粗齿冷水花(Pilea sinofasciata),陕西省和安徽省分布新记录种有假楼梯草(Lecanthus peduncularis),甘肃省分布新记录种有糯米团(Gonostegia hirta)和假楼梯草,青海省分布新记录种有亚高山冷水花(Pilea racemosa),广东省分布新记录种有隆脉冷水花(P.lomatogramma),海南省分布新记录种有锐齿楼梯草(Elatostema cyrtandrifolium),广西壮族自治区分布新记录种有西畴楼梯草(E.xichouense),贵州省分布新记录种有隐脉楼梯草(E.obscurinerve)和红花冷水花(Pilea rubriflora),云南省分布新记录的种有星序楼梯草(Elatostema asterocephalum)、深绿楼梯草(E.at-roviride)、褐脉楼梯草(E.brunneinerve)、多枝楼梯草(E.ramosum)、翅茎赤车(Pellionia caulialata)和光果赤车(P.leiocarpa),西藏自治区分布新记录种有念珠冷水花(Pilea monilifera).     

新宁楼梯草的分类学订正

根据对新宁楼梯草Elatostema xinningense W.T.Wang模式标本的研究,结合在新宁楼梯草模式产地湖南省新宁县紫云山的野外调查,将新宁楼梯草降级并组合为对叶楼梯草E.sinense H.Schr⒐ter的变种。     

广西楼梯草属五新种

描述了在中国广西发现的楼梯草属五新种:小果楼梯草Elatostema microcarpum W.T.Wang & Y.G.Wei在体态方面与荔波楼梯草E.liboense W.T.Wang极为相似,但茎较低矮,不具软鳞片,叶上面无毛,钟乳体较小而可区别。圆序楼梯草Elatostema gyrocephalumW.T.Wang &Y.G.Wei在体态上与浅齿楼梯草E.crena-tum W.T.Wang相似,但叶两面均有糙伏毛,侧脉较少,4-6对,钟乳体较小,长约0.1 mm而不同。对序楼梯草 Elatostema binatum W.T.Wang &Y.G.Wei在亲缘关系方面与深绿楼梯草E.atroviride W.T.Wang相近,但茎和叶无毛,雄花序托较小,近方形,长度及宽度约6.5 mm,小苞片较小,长约1.5 mm,无毛,可以区别。河池楼梯草Elatostema hechiense W.T.Wang &Y.G.Wei似华南楼梯草E.balansae Gagnep.但叶的渐尖头全缘,钟乳体较小,长0.1-0.15 mm,雌花序苞片顶端无角状突起,可以区别。环江楼梯草Elatostema huanjiangense W.T.Wang & Y.G.Wei可能与樟叶楼梯草Elatostema petelotii Gangnep.有亲缘关系,但后者的叶全缘,钟乳体较大,长0.3-0.7 mm,侧脉在狭侧3条,在宽侧4条,但后者的叶全缘,钟乳体较大,长0.3-0.7 mm,侧脉在狭侧3 条,在宽侧4条,雌花序常有长花序梗,而与本种相区别。     

中国荨麻科植物省级分布新记录

报道荨麻科6种1亚种1变种在我国6个省区分布的新记录,其中山东分布新记录的有海岛苎麻 (Boehmeria formosana),陕西分布新记录的有对叶楼梯草(Elatostema sinense),广东分布新记录的有台湾糯米团(Gonostegia parvifolia),贵州分布新记录的有显脉楼梯草(Elatostema longistipulum)和短毛楼梯草(E. nasutum var. puberulum),云南分布新记录的有高原荨麻(Urtica hyperborea),西藏分布新记录的有单蕊麻 (Droguetia iners subsp. urticoides)和细尾楼梯草(Elatostema tenuicaudatum)。     

云南楼梯草属新分类群

本文描述云南荨麻科楼梯草属1新系,5新种和4变种,此外还首次报道了疣果楼梯草Elatostema trichocarpum在云南的分布。     

滇东南荨麻科楼梯草属一新系和一新种

描述了采自云南省东南部楼梯草属一新种——柳叶楼梯草（Elatostema neriifolia）和据其为模式建立的一新系——柳叶楼梯草系（ser. Neriifolia）,并讨论了这些新类群和相近类群在形态上的区别,并对柳叶楼梯草的保护等级进行了评估。     

江津楼梯草, 重庆荨麻科一新种

描述了自重庆南部发现的荨麻科楼梯草一新种,江津楼梯草(Elatostema jiangjinense)。此新种与锐齿楼梯草(E. cyrtandrifolium)近缘,两者的区别在于江津楼梯草的叶在狭侧具2条二级脉,托叶卵形或披针形,以及雄总苞片在顶端具长角状突起。     

Species novae generisEremostachys (Labiatae)

Five new species are described:Eremostachys codonocalyx from NE. Iran (related toE. subspicata),E. stenocalycina from NE. Afghanistan (related toE. alberti andE. hissarica),E. salangensis from NE. Afghanistan (close toE. bamianica),E. freitagii from E. Afghanistan (similar but not closely related toE. vulnerans), andE. andersii from E. Afghanistan (similar but not closely related toE. vulnerans), andE. andersii from NE. Afghanistan of isolated systematic position.

Florae Iranicae praecursores 5–9.     

Molecular diversity and relationships of North American Elymus trachycaulus and the Eurasian E. caninus species

The morphological similarity of Elymus trachycaulus to the Eurasian E. caninus has often been noted. This has lead to controversial and contradicting taxonomic treatments. Nevertheless, there has been no systematic investigation on molecular genetic similarity between E. trachycaulus and E. caninus. In this study, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to study the similarity between the two species. RAPD analysis of 38 samples representing E. caninus and E. trachycaulus complex yielded 111 interpretable RAPD bands. The Jaccard’s similarity values for E. caninus ranged from 0.38 between accessions H10345 and H10353 to 0.97 between accessions H8745 and H10096, with an average of 0.67. The Jaccard’s similarity values for E. trachycaulus complex ranged from 0.09 between E. trachycaulus ssp. subsecundus (PI 537321) and E. trachycaulus ssp. violaceus (PI 272612) to 0.78 between accessions PI 315368 and PI 372644, with an average of 0.43. The results from different analyses (NJ and PCA) were similar but not identical. The molecular genetic separation between E. caninus and E. trachycaulus was consistent. The PCA analysis clearly separated all E. caninus accessions from E. trachycaulus and its subspecies. The NJ analysis also showed separation between most accessions of E. caninus and E. trachycaulus. Further analysis excluding E. trachycaulus ssp. subsecundus and ssp. violaceus revealed that E. caninus species and E. trachycaulus species were clearly separated into two distinct groups. The RAPD data thus support the treatment of E. caninus and E. trachycaulus as distinct species. The analyses further indicate that E. violaceus is nested within E. trachycaulus, and more related to E. trachycaulus complex rather than to E. caninus.     

Molecular diversity of species of the Elymus trachycaulus species complex and their relationships to non-North American taxa

Species of the E. trachycaulus complex species are known for their morphological variability, but little is known about their genetic basis. The delimitation of taxa within the complex has been controversial and difficult. E. trachycaulus is predominantly self-pollinating, and lacks clear morphological boundaries between it and E. alaskanus. Another controversial taxonomic issue of E. trachycaulus is the relationships of this complex species to non-North American E. caninus. The objectives of this study were to examine genetic diversity and the systematic relationships among the species of the E. trachycaulus complex and their relationships with E. caninus, E. alaskanus and E. mutabilis. Random amplified polymorphic DNA method was used to study 35 accessions of E. trachycaulus complex and other Elymus species. Higher genetic variation was detected within species of E. trachycaulus complex. Eurasian accessions are as variable as the North American ones. Both UPGMA and NJ analyses did not show clearly separation among species of the E. trachycaulus complex. No clear association between geographic origin and genetic grouping among these species was found. Eurasian E. trachycaulus probably originated from multiple North American populations.     

越南荨麻科楼梯草属和赤车属植物新记录

报道了7个楼梯草属和赤车属植物(荨麻科)新纪录,它们分别为锐齿楼梯草(E. cyrtandrifolium),变黄楼梯草(E. xanthophyllum),对叶楼梯草(E. sinense),宽叶楼梯草(E. platyphyllum),托叶楼梯草(E. nasutum),短叶赤车(P. brevifolia)和华南赤车(P. grijsii)。列出了各个物种的标本引证和地理分布情况。     

Interspecific competition between two parasitoids of Helicoverpa zea: Eucelatoria bryani and E. rubentis

Multiple parasitism of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) had differential effects on the gregarious endoparasitoids Eucelatoria bryani and E. rubentis (Diptera: Tachinidae). Both species were able to survive in multiparasitized hosts. However while the survival of E. bryani was not affected by the presence of E. rubentis, E. rubentis survival was reduced when competing with 24-h older E. bryani. The presence of E. rubentis did not result in a decrease in the size of E. bryani except when E. rubentis was 24-h older than E. bryani. The presence of E. bryani tended to result in smaller E. rubentis. The presence of similarly aged heterospecific competitors often resulted in prolonged development time for both species. Naïve females did not alter oviposition between unparasitized and heterospecifically parasitized fifth-instar larvae of H. zea, either by ovipositing less frequently in parasitized hosts than unparasitized ones, or by reducing clutch size in parasitized hosts. These results indicate that in H. zea, E. bryani is a superior competitor compared with E. rubentis. These factors should be considered in evaluating the potential of E. bryani and E. rubentis as biological control agents of H. zea.     

Taxonomic, nomenclatural and chorological notes on several taxa of the genus Echinodorus (Alismataceae)

Taxonomic, nomenclatural and chorological notes on several taxa of the genus Echinodorus are given. A new species E. maculatus is described. The name Alisma intermedium (basionym of the name E. intermedius) is lectotypified. Echinodorus major and E. martii should be treated as two distinct taxa. The name E. xinguensis was invalidly published. It is also confirmed that E. africanus, E. veronikae and E. viridis (all belonging to the E. uruguayensis group) do not originate from Africa. The name E. bleherae should be written with a female suffix (-ae); this name is considered here as a synonym of the earlier name E. grisebachii.     

Fungi in bathwater and sludge of bathroom drainpipes

Samples of bathwater from 14 homes and 22 public bathhouses and sludge in drainpipes from 19 house-hold bathrooms were plated out onto potato dextrose agar supplemented with chloramphenicol. Several media were used to study colony morphology of the isolates and the thermotolerance and alkaline tolerance of each isolate were examined.Eleven sludge samples produced 12 isolates of Exophiala jeanselmei, 2 of E. dermatitidis and 1 of E. moniliae. Five household bathwater samples produced 2 isolates of E. jeanselmei, 4 of E. dermatitidis and 1 of E. alcalophila. One isolate of E. jeanselmei, 2 of E. dermatitidis, 3 of E. moniliae and 2 of unidentified Exophiala species were recovered from 6 samples of the bathwater dissolving Chinese medicine in the bathtubs of public bathhouses. One isolate of E. jeanselmei was recovered from the 15 samples of bathwater from public bathhouses. Bathwater and sludge in bathroom drainpipes may be an important habitat of Exophiala species.     

Genomic relationships between species of theElymus semicostatus group andElymus sensu lato (Poaceae)

Meiotic pairing behaviour in 19 interspecificElymus hybrids is reported and discussed. The hybrids were made between four species belonging to theE. semicostatus group of sect.Goulardia, viz.,E. semicostatus, E. abolinii, E. fedtschenkoi, andE. panormitanus (all 2n = 28), andElymus species of seven different sections, viz., sect.Clinelymiopsis:E. caucasicus (2n = 28); sect.Elymus:E. sibiricus (2n = 28); sect.Goulardia:E. caninus (2n = 28),E. trachycaulus (2n = 28), andE. tsukushiensis (2n = 42); sect.Hyalolepis:E. batalinii (2n = 42); sect.Hystrix:E. hystrix (2n = 28); sect.Macrolepis:E. canadensis (2n = 28); and sect.Turczaninovia:E. dahuricus (2n = 42). Chromosomal pairing at meiotic metaphase I indicated that the species of theE. semicostatus group are genomically closer to the tetraploidE. caucasicus and the hexaploid species, regardless of sectional origin, than to the other tetraploid species of sectionGoulardia. Highest meiotic pairing was found in hybrids involvingE. caucasicus, E. tsukushiensis, andE. dahuricus. The presence of pairing regulating genes inE. abolinii is suspected.     

Host selection by the heteronomous hyperparasitoid Encarsia pergandiella: multiple-choice tests using Bemisia argentifolii as primary host

The ovipositional patterns of the heteronomous hyperparasitoid Encarsia pergandiella Howard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in the presence of its primary host Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), and in the presence or absence of conspecific and heterospecific secondary hosts (Encarsia formosa Gahan andEretmocerus mundus Mercet; Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) were examined to assess host species preferences. Host preferences by heteronomous hyperparasitoids may affect the relative abundance of co-occurring parasitoid species and may influence host population suppression by the parasitoid community. Four combinations of hosts were tested: (1) B. argentifolii, E. mundus, and E. formosa, (2) B. argentifolii, E. formosa, and E. pergandiella, (3) B. argentifolii, E. mundus, and E. pergandiella, and, (4) B. argentifolii, E. mundus, E. formosa, and E. pergandiella. Arrays of hosts (24) were constructed in Petri dishes using leaf disks, each bearing one host. Thirty arrays of each host combination were exposed to single females for 6 h. All hosts were dissected to determine number of eggs per host. Encarsia pergandiella parasitized E. formosa hosts as frequently as E. mundus hosts. However, E. pergandiella parasitized either of these heterospecific hosts more frequently than conspecific hosts in treatments including two secondary host species. When a third parasitoid species was included in host arrays, E. pergandiella parasitized conspecific hosts as frequently as heterospecific hosts. Developmental stage of the hosts did not significantly influence host species selection by E. pergandiella. Our results indicate that host selection and oviposition by heteronomous hyperparasitoids like E. pergandiella, vary with the composition of hosts available for parasitization, and suggest a preference for heterospecific over conspecific secondary hosts.     

Identity of a powdery mildew fungus occurring on Paeonia and its relationship with Erysiphe hypophylla on oak

A powdery mildew fungus found on Paeonia lutea at the Botanical Garden of Geneva (Switzerland) was identified as Erysiphe hypophylla based on morphological observations. The occurrence of E. hypophylla on Paeonia seemed curious, because host plants of this species have been restricted to a few Quercus species of the family Fagaceae. In this study, we determined the rDNA sequences of the powdery mildew specimens on Paeonia and E. hypophylla on Quercus to confirm the identity of the Paeonia fungus. The three sequences from the specimens on P. lutea were identical to one another in both ITS and 28S rDNA regions and also to the sequences of E. hypophylla on Q. robur, which supports the identification that the fungus on P. lutea is E. hypophylla. However, these sequences were also identical to the sequences of E. alphitoides on Quercus spp. and Oidium mangiferae on mango. This result suggests a possibility that E. hypophylla is conspecific to E. alphitoides. Further study is required to clarify whether E. hypophylla is a synonym of E. alphitoides or a distinct species.