某院感染科病房住院患者常见病原菌分布及 耐药性分析

目的对感染科病房住院患者临床常见病原菌的分布及其耐药性进行分析,为临床预防和治疗感染性疾病提供依据。方法回顾性分析中国医科大学附属第一医院感染科病房2012年1月至2016年12月从住院患者体液及组织样本中分离的病原菌,对其耐药情况进行分析。结果 5年中感染科共分离出非重复病原菌1 266株,其中革兰阴性菌786株,占62.09%,分离率居前3位的是大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌以及铜绿假单胞菌,分别占17.22%、15.24%和10.58%;革兰阳性菌共480株,占37.91%,分离率居前3位的是屎肠球菌、草绿色链球菌以及金黄色葡萄球菌,分别占9.79%、7.50%和6.00%。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌检出率分别为66.7%和28.8%。大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为0.95%和3.79%,肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为2.80%和2.80%。结论我院感染科病房住院患者感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,为有效地控制和避免耐药菌感染的发生,临床应根据药敏试验结果合理应用抗菌药物。     

外科手术切口感染病原菌的耐药性分析

目的探讨外科患者手术切口感染的病原菌分布及其耐药性。方法对158例外科住院患者手术后切口感染病原菌的分布及耐药性进行回顾性调查。结果培养出致病菌158株．细菌分布依次为金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和肺炎克雷伯菌;其中分离出产ESBLs菌10株．耐亚胺培南菌6株,MRSA菌8株和MRCNS菌4株。耐药分析显示．万古霉素和亚胺培南仍具有较好的抗菌效果。结论应密切监测外科切口感染情况,合理用药,以减少感染发生。     

2009年度宁波市妇儿医院主要病原菌的临床分布及耐药性分析

目的了解宁波市妇儿医院主要病原菌的临床分布及耐药性分析。方法血液培养采用法国生物梅里埃公司的BacT/Alert3D,菌株鉴定采用法国生物梅里埃公司的VITEK 60分析仪,药敏试验采用K-B法,纸片扩散确证试验检测ESBLs。结果前10位细菌构成比依次是大肠埃希菌(13.4%)、白色念珠菌(8.7%)、阴道加德纳菌(7.8%)、表皮葡萄球菌(6.9%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(5.6%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(4.9%)、鲍曼复合醋酸钙不动杆菌(3.9%)、粪肠球菌(D群)(3.1%)、铜绿假单胞菌(2.7%)和溶血葡萄球菌(2.0%)。大肠埃希菌539株中产ESBLs阳性率为52.5%,肺炎克雷伯菌195株中产ESBLs阳性率为45.2%。大肠埃希菌主要分离于尿液,其次是脓液/切口。肺炎克雷伯菌在痰及咽拭子中所占比例最高。46株铜绿假单胞菌和11株鲍曼复合醋酸钙不动杆菌对亚胺培南耐药。结论对产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)、耐亚胺培南的鲍曼复合醋酸钙不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌,应加强隔离预防,控制在医院内的扩散,减少耐药菌株产生。     

小儿细菌性肺炎痰培养物病原菌构成及耐药性分析

目的分析肺炎患儿痰培养物中细菌构成及其耐药情况,为小儿细菌性肺炎治疗提供合理使用抗感染药物的依据。方法对2019年11月至2020年12月济宁市第一人民医院临床送检的肺炎患儿痰液标本进行病原菌的分离鉴定和药敏试验,收集相关资料,并对小儿肺炎病原菌在临床上的分布特点及其耐药情况进一步分析。结果痰液培养阳性患儿183例,其中多重细菌感染患儿16例,共培养出199株细菌(剔除同一患儿的重复菌株),其中革兰阴性菌128株(64.32%),革兰阳性菌71株(35.68%)。主流细菌为肺炎链球菌(19.60%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(16.08%)、卡他莫拉菌(13.57%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(11.06%)和大肠埃希菌(10.05%)。多重细菌感染主要以金黄色葡萄球菌+肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌+大肠埃希菌混合为主(共5例,31.25%)。肺炎链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌对利奈唑胺、万古霉素绝对敏感。卡他莫拉菌对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、米诺环素等绝对敏感。肠杆菌科中肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌药敏结果相似,对阿米卡星、厄他培南、头孢替坦敏感率在95%～100%,对氨苄西林耐药率在95%～100%。肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、卡他莫拉菌对左氧氟沙星敏感率均大于90%,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对左氧氟沙星不够敏感,但中敏率达到75%以上。结论肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、卡他莫拉菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌感染是本地肺炎患儿痰液中常见菌,抗生素耐药状况比较严重,亚胺培南对革兰阴性菌混合感染的效果较好,利奈唑胺对阳性菌效果较好;左氧氟沙星可用于革兰阴性和阳性菌混合感染,合理使用抗生素应注意针对性和用药时间,杀灭致病菌的同时尽可能维护正常菌群的平衡。     

儿童重症监护病房呼吸机相关性肺炎病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨儿童重症监护病房(PICU)机械通气患儿呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的病原菌群,并对细菌耐药性进行分析,为抗生素的使用提供依据。方法对2012年6月至2015年5月我院PICU中发生的34例VAP患儿的下呼吸道分泌物细菌培养结果进行回顾性分析。结果共计检出病原菌40株,其中革兰阴性菌34株(85.0%),革兰阳性菌4株(10.0%),真菌2株(5.0%)。前四位致病菌依次为:鲍曼不动杆菌(25.0%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(20.0%)、铜绿假单胞菌(15.0%)、大肠埃希菌(12.5%),均对儿科常用抗生素耐药性严重。鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率较低,肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率较低,铜绿假单胞菌则对喹诺酮类耐药率较低。结论应加强机械通气儿童患者呼吸道管理及病原学监测,合理应用抗生素。     

肝硬化并发自发性腹膜炎患者腹水病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨肝硬化并发自发性腹膜炎(SBP)患者腹水病原菌分布及耐药情况,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法回顾性分析本院2008年1月至2013年12月间SBP患者腹水病原菌162株,用VITEK32自动分析仪进行菌种鉴定,K-B纸片法进行药敏试验。结果共分离出病原菌162株,其中革兰阴性菌占70.37%,前四位为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌;革兰阳性菌占22.22%,前三位为表皮葡萄球菌、肠球菌属和金黄色葡萄球菌;真菌占7.41%,以白色假丝酵母菌为主。药敏结果显示,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌对阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦较敏感,未检出耐亚胺培南菌株,铜绿假单胞菌的耐药率普遍较高。主要革兰阳性菌对青霉素的耐药率80%,未检出耐力奈唑胺、万古霉素和替考拉宁菌株。结论 SBP腹水病原菌以大肠埃希菌为主,临床应根据药敏结果合理使用抗生素,减少耐药株的产生。     

泌尿系感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解深圳市人民医院泌尿系感染病原菌的分布及耐药性,为临床医师合理使用抗菌药物提供科学依据。方法对655株泌尿系统感染病原菌进行常规鉴定,用k-B法或ATB-FUNGUS 3对其进行药敏试验。结果病原菌构成比前5位分别为大肠埃希菌（37.9%）、假丝酵母（18.0%）、肠球菌（13.1%）、肺炎克雷伯菌（6.6%）、铜绿假单胞菌（6.3%）。病原菌对各种抗菌药物产生了不同程度的耐药,肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率为14.3%～26.8%。结论深圳市人民医院泌尿系感染病原菌主要以大肠埃希菌、假丝酵母和肠球菌等为主,病原菌对抗菌药物已产生了一定的耐药性,应加强监测与控制。     

脊柱外科术后病原菌感染分析

目的研究并分析脊柱外科术后病原感染情况以及干预措施。方法选取我院2015-2020年接受脊柱外科手术治疗并发生术后感染的患者183例为研究对象,使用生理盐水对患者手术切口进行擦拭,收集患者血液、分泌物、穿刺液并送检,并对病原菌进行培养与鉴别并进行药敏试验。根据试验结果选择合适的药物进行干预。结果183例患者发生感染的主要类型是切口感染(105例,57.4%),共分离出143株病原菌。其中:75株革兰阳性菌,占52.4%;60株革兰阴性菌,占42.0%;8株真菌,占5.6%。革兰阳性菌对万古霉素(VA)无耐药性,肺炎克雷伯菌对环丙沙星(CIP)、亚胺培南(IPM)和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(SCF)无耐药性,大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南(IPM)无耐药性。结论脊柱外科术后感染中切口是感染主要部位,金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎克雷伯菌是主要病原菌,可以使用VA治疗金黄色葡萄球菌感染,使用CIP、IPM、SCF治疗肺炎克雷伯菌感染。     

儿童泌尿道常见致病细菌病原学及耐药性分析

目的探讨导致我院儿童泌尿道感染细菌的菌群分布以及抗菌药物的使用。方法将中段尿标本接种于CLED培养基,致病菌用VITEK-60鉴定,药敏试验采用K-B法。结果共分离出123株致病细菌,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌及铜绿假单胞菌是导致我院儿童泌尿道感染的主要病原菌,肠球菌是主要革兰阳性致病球菌。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南、阿米卡星、头孢他啶的敏感性最高。肠球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁、阿莫西林/克拉维酸的敏感率最高。结论应继续加强对泌尿道感染的病原学及耐药监测,为临床经验用药提供有力依据。     

婴儿泌尿道感染的病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨婴儿泌尿道感染的病原菌构成及其耐药情况,以指导临床合理用药。方法对2012年5月至2013年7月某院门诊及住院婴儿送检的尿标本进行分离培养,用全自动微生物鉴定／药敏系统进行菌种鉴定和药敏试验,同时对大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌进行超广谱β-内酰胺酶检测。结果婴儿泌尿道感染以大肠埃希菌检出率最高（46．24％）,其余依次是粪肠球菌（22．04％）、肺炎克雷伯菌（7．80％）、屎肠球菌（5．37％）、铜绿假单胞菌（4．30％）。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶检出率分别为46．51％和58．62％。革兰阴性菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南的耐药率为0,对氨苄西林耐药率最高（〉80％）。革兰阳性菌对万古霉素耐药率为0,对苯唑西林、妥布霉素的耐药率100％。结论婴儿泌尿道感染病原菌以大肠埃希菌为主;大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶检出率高,应引起重视;临床医师要根据药敏结果指导用药,对危重病例和存在泌尿道畸形反复发作病例,革兰阴性菌可选用亚胺培南、美罗培南,革兰阳性菌可选用万古霉素。     

Right Kocher's incision: a feasible and effective incision for right hemicolectomy. A retrospective study

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The choice of incision in any surgery is determined by access to the surgical field, particularly when oncologic resection is required. Special consideration is also given to postoperative pain and its sequelae, fewer complications in the early post-operative period and a lower occurrence of incisional hernias. The aim of this study was to compare two types of incision, a right-sided Kocher's incision (KI) and a midline incision (MI), for patients undergoing right hemicolectomy, by focusing on on both short-term and long-term results. METHODS: The hospital records for 213 patients who had undergone right hemicolectomy for a rightsided adenocarcinoma between 1995 and 2009 were retrospectively studied. In total, 113 patients had been operated via KI and 100 patients via MI. Demographic details, operative data (explorative access to the peritoneal cavity, time of operation), recovery parameters (time with intravenous analgesic medication, time to first oral fluid intake, first solid meal, time to discharge), and oncologic parameters (lymph-node harvest, tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) stage, and resection margins) were analyzed. Post-operative complications were also recorded. The two groups were retrospectively well matched with respect to demographic parameters and the oncologic status of the tumor. RESULTS: The median length of the MI was slightly longer (120 versus 100 mm, P < 0.05). The median duration of the surgery for the KI group was significantly shorter (70 versus 85 minutes, P < 0.001). In three patients we performed wedge resection of liver metastasis, and in one patient we performed a typical right hepatectomy, which lasted 190 minutes. No major operative complications were noted. There was no immediate or 30-day post-operative mortality. The KI group had a significantly shorter median hospital stay (5 days) than the MI group (8 days). All patients underwent wide tumor excision, and clear resection margins were obtained in all cases. No significant differences in analgesia requirement or early postoperative complications were noted. Late post-operative complications includedt hree cases of obstructive ileus (a single episode of each that resolved conservatively) and two cases of incisional hernias. CONCLUSIONS: The KIn approach for right-sided colon cancer is technically feasible, safe, andl very well tolerated overal. It can achieve the same standards of tumor resection and surgical field accessibility as the MI, with a reduction in post-operative recovery time.     

UvrABC incision of N-methylmitomycin A-DNA monoadducts and cross-links

The Escherichia coli UvrABC endonuclease is a multisubunit enzyme that initiates the repair of a wide variety of DNA lesions in vivo by making dual incisions on a damaged strand at the eighth or ninth phosphodiester bond 5' and the fourth or fifth phosphodiester bond 3' to the modified base. It has been hypothesized that UvrABC is able to recognize a broad spectrum of lesions because it does not recognize the lesion per se but rather gross helical distortions that the lesion induces in the DNA. Several lesions have recently been studied which are thermal stabilizing and are not believed to distort the DNA grossly, including the CC-1065-N-3-adenine and anthramycin-N-2-guanine adducts. We have studied the activity of UvrABC in vitro on another thermal stabilizing and nondistortive adduct, N-methylmitomycin A (NMA), a bifunctional DNA-alkylating agent that reacts with guanine on the side facing the minor groove, yielding either monoadducts or interstrand cross-links. NMA adducts increase the thermal stability of DNA, and theoretical calculations indicate that NMA adducts do not grossly distort the DNA helix. Our results show that UvrABC makes incisions at the eighth phosphodiester bond 5' and the fifth phosphodiester bond 3' to an NMA monoadduct, consistent with the incision pattern observed for the majority of other lesions that are also recognized by UvrABC. DNA containing a site-specific NMA cross-link was also recognized and incised by UvrABC. The rate of incision of NMA cross-linked DNA was about 200-fold higher in supercoiled molecules than in relaxed molecules, whereas the rate of incision of DNA containing NMA monoadducts was stimulated approximately 2-fold by supercoiling. The signal for UvrABC recognition and incision of damaged DNA is discussed in relation to the ability of UvrABC to incise NMA adducts as well as other nondistortive lesions.     

Extended incision in open-approach rhinoplasty for asians

The purpose of this study was to introduce an extended incision in open-approach rhinoplasty for obtaining greater satisfaction in aesthetic rhinoplasty for Asians. This incision is the same as for the usual open rhinoplasty incision, but it is extended along the caudal border of the footplates of the medial crura onto the floor of the nasal vestibule to access the footplates of the medial crura more easily. This simple extended incision enabled the authors to achieve further tip projection because the pressure of the skin flap on the tip was reduced. By approximating the lateral curves of the medial crural footplates, the width and the length of the columella were narrowed and lengthened, respectively. The columella was also advanced caudally; thus, the shape of the nostrils could also be elongated. In addition, a cartilage graft or an implant insertion for alar base augmentation could be performed through this extended incision without an additional incision. Another advantage was that in correction of caudal septal deviation, displaced septal cartilage could be repositioned by suturing to the periosteum or soft tissue around the anterior nasal spine without drilling into it through an intraoral incision. Fifty-one consecutive patients who underwent this extended open-approach rhinoplasty between August of 1999 and September of 2000 were included in this study. A total of 40 patients had an adequate follow-up time of over 6 months. Patient satisfaction and postoperative complications were recorded. The majority of the patients (35 of 40) were satisfied with the results of the procedure. Two patients had complications of nostril-scar contracture requiring close follow-up. There were no cases of implant extrusion, displacement, or infection. No patients experienced transcolumellar or extended-incision scarring. Although further studies and longer follow-up are needed to determine the value of this incision, the authors believe that the addition of the extended incision in open-approach rhinoplasty is safe and reliable for effecting better results for Asians.