微生态学与中医“心与小肠相表里”新论

本文阐述了中医"心与小肠相表里"的理论内涵。中医"心与小肠相表里"与现代医学提出的"脑-肠轴"理论是相通的,具体可理解为中枢神经系统与肠道菌群的密切关系。脑与肠道菌群是相关的,二者在生理上相互配合、在病理上互相影响。同时探讨了微生态学与中医"心与小肠相表里"的相关性,阐述了脑对肠道菌群的调控和肠道菌群对中枢神经系统疾病的发生、发展的影响。依据中医"心与小肠相表里"理论和微生态学的临床应用,提出了用改善肠道菌群的微生态方法治疗和预防一些神经系统疾病的新理念。     

基于“脾与小肠相通”理论谈脾与肠道微生态和骨质疏松症的相关性CSCD

从《内经》开始,历代医家就指出脾虚是骨质疏松症发病的关键因素之一,从脾的角度治疗骨质疏松症效果很好。但脾虚导致骨质疏松症的具体发病机制缺乏现代医学证据。近年来的研究表明,脾虚引起的诸多肠道疾病,尤其是与小肠相关的疾病,可直接导致肠道微生态失衡,而肠道微生态改变与骨质疏松症的发生密切相关。因此,本文将基于“脾与小肠相通”理论,阐述脾与肠道微生态和骨质疏松症的相关性,从微生态学角度探讨中医学关于脾虚导致骨质疏松症的相关论述,为中医药防治骨质疏松症提供新思路。     

肠道微生态与骨质疏松症

骨质疏松症是一种骨代谢障碍所致的全身性骨骼疾病,严重威胁着老龄人群的身心健康。肠道微生态(intestinal microecology, GM)是人体内最重要且最为复杂的微生态系统,对营养吸收、免疫调节、免疫防御、生长发育等有重要作用。GM失衡与炎症性肠病、糖尿病、心血管疾病、帕金森病、骨质疏松症等疾病的发生发展密切相关。肠道菌群丰度及菌群结构的改变可能与骨量减少有关,且经益生菌、益生元及天然中草药改善GM失衡后,骨质疏松症得到改善。本文就GM与骨质疏松症之间的关系、可能机制及治疗进展进行综述。     

消化道微生态与胰腺疾病

消化道微生态参与人体多种生理及病理过程,是消化领域的研究热点。消化道微生态可能与急慢性胰腺炎和胰腺癌等胰腺疾病关系密切,但学术界很少关注。慢性胰腺炎患者存在肠道菌群结构失衡,并易伴发小肠细菌过度生长。肠道菌群可能与自身免疫性胰腺炎等IgG4相关性疾病关系密切。急性胰腺炎患者存在肠道菌群结构变化,肠道屏障功能受损和细菌移位在急性胰腺炎疾病进展中起重要作用,但不同类型和疾病程度的急性胰腺炎患者肠道菌群结构和功能特征仍不清楚。牙周疾病和口腔微生态失衡会增加罹患胰腺癌的风险,但胰腺癌时肠道菌群的具体变化及作用仍不明确。本文就各类胰腺疾病背景下的消化道微生态研究现状及未来可能的研究方向进行阐述。     

肠道微生态与胆汁酸代谢研究进展

胆汁酸在肝脏合成,对小肠中脂类物质吸收具有重要作用,并参与调节糖脂代谢、能量消耗和炎症等。近年来,肠道微生态渐成为研究热点,胆汁酸代谢与肠道微生态之间存在着密切关系,现对肠道微生态与胆汁酸代谢之间的双向调控机制及相关疾病做一综述。     

心与小肠相表里的 微生态学基础——兼论IBS的发病要素

"心与小肠相表里"是传统中医理论对神智与胃肠道联系的高度概括,小肠主水液吸收,心主神明,心与小肠联系的内容与中医的脑、肾等概念密切相关,而又与HPA轴、脑-肠轴等现代医学理论契合。结合肠道菌群领域最新研究成果,以肠易激综合征为临床实例,重新梳理相关中医概念并指出其微生态学基础,并分析情志改变的宿主-菌群相互作用对个体化诊疗的意义,指出"心与小肠相表里"这一中医理念对理解脑-肠轴功能的价值在于系统整合多方研究成果并指导临床,如心理肠胃学的未来应用。     

肝脏移植与肠道微生态变化的研究进展

摘要：肝移植已成为公认的治疗终末期肝疾病的有效手段。由于“肝－肠轴”和“肝脏－微生态轴”的存在,肝移植术后感染和移植肝损伤与肠道微生态变化密切相关。本研究综述了肝脏移植与肠道微生态变化的研究进展,主要包括大鼠肝移植中缺血再灌注损伤与肠道微生态变化、大鼠肝移植后移植排斥损伤与肠道微生态变化、大鼠肝损伤肝移植与肠道微生态变化的互作关系,以及临床肝移植围手术期、术前术后等与肠道微生态变化的研究。同时,指出了临床肝脏移植与肠道微生态变化可能的研究方向,提出了肝移植后微生物标志物的鉴定及潜在的靶向微生物治疗的策略。     

饮酒对肠道微生态的影响研究

肠道微生态是肠道菌群和宿主相互作用共同构成的一个整体,与宿主的生长发育、物质代谢和衰老等有密切的关系。已报道的饮酒保健功能,多从药理学的角度评价,具有抗氧化、清除活性氧自由基、抗肿瘤、阻断致癌物的形成和抑制机体内的代谢转化、提高机体的免疫力、抗菌、抗病毒等功能。但缺乏饮酒与肠道微生态关系的研究,本综述主要论述饮酒与肠道微生态之间的关系。     

益生菌与新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎

新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎（necrotizing enterocolitis,NEC）是新生儿最常见的消化道严重疾病。近年来,益生菌与新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎的关系逐渐受到重视。该文就肠道微生态在NEC发病中的作用及益生菌防治NEC的研究进展做一综述。     

人体肠道微生态与肝脏免疫关系研究进展

人体微生态学是研究微生物与其宿主相互关系的科学,其中肠道微生态对于人体有最直接的作用。肠道微生态是一个被遗忘的"人体新陈代谢器官",具有维持能量稳态等重要的生理作用。肝脏是人类的重要器官,肝脏中四分之三的血液来自于肠道回流血,其中含有肠道中的细菌产物、环境毒素和食物抗原等。因此肝脏与肠道有最直接的关系。人体肠道微生态中的大量微生物不仅参与调控肠道内的免疫应答,还参与调控肝脏等器官的免疫反应,因此肠道微生态与肝脏免疫密不可分。本文就肠道微生态与肝脏免疫的相关性研究作一综述,以期为人体微生态与肝脏免疫的相关研究提供科学依据。     

野生生物、野生动植物和野生来源的定义及范畴

关于野生生物、野生动植物和野生来源的定义是科学研究、物种保护和政策管理工作 ,特别是野生动植物立法和执法方面经常遇到的问题。对见于各种法规和文献中的野生生物、野生动植物、野生来源、人工繁殖、人工培植、天然、人工合成等概念的定义进行了分类、比较与分析 ,讨论了这些概念的相对性和使用范畴 ,提出了野生动植物的简要定义 ,并指出了这些概念的定义需根据实际需要而发展调整。     

Parent-offspring conflicts, "optimal bad motherhood" and the "mother knows best" principles in insect herbivores colonizing novel host plants

SPECIALIZATION OF INSECT HERBIVORES TO ONE OR A FEW HOST PLANTS STIMULATED THE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO HYPOTHESES ON HOW NATURAL SELECTION SHOULD SHAPE OVIPOSITION PREFERENCES: The "mother knows best" principle suggests that females prefer to oviposit on hosts that increase offspring survival. The "optimal bad motherhood" principle predicts that females prefer to oviposit on hosts that increase their own longevity. In insects colonizing novel host plants, current theory predicts that initial preferences of insect herbivores should be maladaptive, leading to ecological traps. Ecological trap theory does not take into account the fact that insect lineages frequently switch hosts at both ecological and evolutionary time scales. Therefore, the behavior of insect herbivores facing novel hosts is also shaped by natural selection. Using a study system in which four Cephaloleia beetles are currently expanding their diets from native to exotic plants in the order Zingiberales, we determined if initial oviposition preferences are conservative, maladaptive, or follow the patterns predicted by the "mother knows best" or the "optimal bad motherhood" principles. Interactions with novel hosts generated parent-offspring conflicts. Larval survival was higher on native hosts. However, adult generally lived longer on novel hosts. In Cephaloleia beetles, oviposition preferences are usually associated with hosts that increase larval survival, female fecundity, and population growth. In most cases, Cephaloleia oviposition preferences follow the expectations of the "mothers knows best" principle.     

Behind the discovery of "Nissenbaum's fixative"

The author describes the serendipitous discovery, conception, development, and history of Nissenbaum's Fixative while an undergraduate biology major in the early 1950s. The subsequent uses, applications, and modifications over the past forty-seven years are also described. Some of the modifications omitted from his short original paper are mentioned. Highlights of his subsequent career in the field of medicine are noted.     

"Writing in the Margins": Brazilian Hip-Hop as an Educational Project

Hip-hop culture's force as part of globalization in the fields of economics, popular aesthetics, and identity politics has been well documented. However, its articulation to educational practices has received less attention. This article draws upon fieldwork conducted in 1999 and 2002 in a youth correctional facility to analyze how state institutional practices mediate hip-hop's educational project in São Paulo, Brazil. This analysis historicizes culture and education as they pertain to popular culture and the state in urban Brazil, and evaluates hip-hop's pedagogical force in the local workshop setting.     

Relationships between fruit mineral content and the "albinism" disorder in strawberry

Albinism is a physiological disorder of strawberry characterised by the production of colourless fruit. This paper demonstrates that the mineral composition of albino fruit is characteristic of them being riper and more senescent than normal fruit. Ratios of K:Ca and N:Ca were greater in albino than in normal fruit. Relationships between fruit mineral content and albinism are discussed.     

Mestizaje and Law Making in Indigenous Identity Formation in Northeastern Brazil: "After the Conflict Came the History"

In this article, I explore issues of authenticity, legal discourse, and local requirements of belonging by considering the recent surge of indigenous recognitions in northeastern Brazil. I investigate how race and ethnicity are implicated in the recognition process in Brazil on the basis of an analysis of a successful struggle for indigenous identity and access to land by a group of mixed-race, visibly, African-descended rural workers. I propose that the debate over mestizaje (ethnoracial and cultural mixing) in the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America can be reconfigured and clarified by broadening it to include such Brazilian experiences. I argue that the interaction between two processes—law making and indigenous identity formation—is crucial to understanding how the notion of "mixed heritage" is both reinforced and disentangled. As such, this article is an illustration of the role of legal discourse in the constitution of indigenous identities and it introduces northeastern Brazil into the global discussion of law, indigenous rights, and claims to citizenship.     

"Green-like" and "red-like" RubisCO cbbL genes in Rhodobacter azotoformans

We found that Rhodobacter azotoformans IFO 16436T contains two different cbbL genes coding form I ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) large subunits. One gene is located within a "green-like" group of the RubisCO phylogenetic tree, and the other is located within a "red-like" group. This is the first report that one organism contains both green-like and red-like RubisCO genes. Moreover, by PCR using primers which amplify two green-like and red-like cbbL genes alternatively and dot blot hybridization, we demonstrated that Rhodobacter blasticus, Rhodobacter capsulatus, and Rhodobacter veldkampii possess only green-like cbbL genes, and Rhodobacter sphaeroides possesses only a red-like cbbL gene. In the cbbL phylogenic analysis, R. spaeroides and R. azotoformans 1 (red-like) formed a cluster within the red-like group, and R. capsulatus, R. azotoformans 2 (green-like), R. blasticus, and R. veldkampii formed a cluster within the green-like group. This suggests that red-like cbbL genes of Rhodobacter species were derived from one ancestor, and green-like cbbL genes were derived from another ancestor. On the other hand, molecular phylogeny of the bacteria indicates that R. veldkampii, which has only a green-like cbbL gene, is the earliest evolved Rhodobacter species and that R. azotoformans and R. sphaeroides, which have red-like cbbL genes, are the latest evolved. Consequently, the following hypothesis is proposed: the common ancestor of Rhodobacter had a green-like cbbL gene, the common ancestor of R. azotoformans and R. sphaeroides subsequently obtained a red-like cbbL gene by a horizontal gene transfer, and the ancestor of R. sphaeroides later lost the green-like cbbL gene.     

“973”项目“农林危险生物入侵机理与控制基础研究”简介

2002年12月,国家重点基础研究发展计划("973"项目)"农林危险生物入侵机理与控制基础研究"经科技部批准正式立项,2003年启动。文章主要介绍该项目的立项背景、主要研究内容、研究方案和技术路线、总体研究目标及研究进展。     

我国五个版本高中生物学教材《稳态与环境》内容的不一致

我国五个版本高中生物学教材《稳态与环境》中的内容在大体一致的前提下,在名称、外文注释、数据、时间以及反射弧的组成等方面存在着不一致,这些不一致对中学教师、教材编写和编辑人员都具有一定的启示。     

珠芽景天的显微与薄层色谱鉴定

运用形态解剖学和薄层色谱鉴定的方法,对植物药珠芽景天（Sedum bulbiferumMakino）进行了鉴定研究。结果显示该植物药鉴别特征明显,如茎横切面的皮层外侧及中柱薄壁组织散布有紫红色细胞,髓部细胞较小,壁不增厚;叶下表皮气孔密布,常可见2个（有时3个）相距较近;薄层色谱中具多个特征性荧光斑点。文中描述了该植物药材的性状、显微与薄层色谱特征,还与同属近缘植物药垂盆草、佛甲草、凹叶景天进行了薄层色谱比较,并结合四者茎的显微结构,探讨了相互之间的亲缘关系。研究结果为珠芽景天的应用提供了可靠的鉴定依据。