基于生态系统服务的广西水生态足迹分析

针对传统生态足迹对于水域仅考虑渔业生产功能的缺陷,研究者提出了水生态足迹.但当前水生态足迹基础理论与模型均存在较大不足.为此,提出了基于生态系统服务的水生态足迹概念和模型,并以2003-2010年的广西为例进行了计算与分析.结果表明:(1)水域-渔业账户中,淡水渔业生态足迹呈上升趋势,淡水渔业生物承载力较高且比较稳定,淡水渔业生态盈余较多同时淡水渔业生态压力较小;(2)水资源账户中,淡水生态足迹先较快上升随后缓慢下降,水资源承载力较高但2007-2010年波动幅度较大,水资源生态盈余较多同时水资源生态压力较小;(3)水环境账户中,水污染生态足迹先缓慢上升随后大幅下跌之后逐渐回升,水环境承载力变化趋势与水资源承载力相同,绝大多数年份表现为水环境生态赤字和水环境生态不安全;(4)淡水渔业生态压力＜水资源生态压力＜水环境生态压力,淡水生态系统基本已处于生态不安全状态.模型克服了传统模型的诸多缺陷与不足,是对广西近年来淡水生态系统服务供需及水生态安全状况的较客观全面的反映.     

基于ESEF的水生态承载力:理论、模型与应用

以流域综合管理为核心的水环境管理理念要求人们从更高的角度认识水生态系统相对于人类的承载能力.水生态承载力将水资源和水环境问题统一考虑,将社会经济发展与水生态系统联系起来,为实现流域综合管理提供了有力支撑.本文以基于生态系统服务的生态足迹(ESEF)方法为基础,提出了基于ESEF的水生态承载力评估方法,构建了基于ESEF的水生态足迹与承载力模型,实现了足迹方法对水生态系统承载能力的有效表征;并建立了太湖流域水生态足迹与承载力模型,以流域上游城市常州市为例,评估了现状发展水平下水生态系统所能承载的人口与经济规模.结果表明:常州市对水生态系统服务的消费需求超出了水生态系统的供给能力,需求与供给的显著差距对水生态系统的可持续性造成影响;综合考虑水产品供给、水量支撑和水质保障3方面因素,常州市水生态系统可承载的人口与经济规模仅为现状水平的54%.     

水生态文明城市建设对城市水生态承载力的影响——以武汉市为例

城市水生态承载力能较好反映水资源-水环境-水生态-经济社会复合系统间多要素互馈关系，水生态文明城市建设对城市水生态系统具有多方面影响，对城市水生态承载力在水生态文明城市建设前后的变化进行定量研究具有重要意义。以城市"社会-经济-自然"复合生态理论为指导，充分考虑人类活动与城市水生态系统的响应关系，基于DPSIR框架构建城市水生态承载力评价指标体系，以水生态文明建设试点城市武汉市为例，综合运用熵权法、TOPSIS和障碍度诊断模型等方法，分析2008-2019年武汉市水生态承载力的变化趋势和影响因素。结果表明，水生态文明城市试点建设期间（2015-2017年）的水生态承载力平均水平（0.552）明显高于建设前（0.361）和建设后（0.438），建设成果主要体现在压力和影响指标的改善以及响应指标的大幅度提升上。阻碍武汉市水生态承载力提升的主要指标为生态环境状况指数、建成区绿化覆盖率、农田灌溉亩均用水量、酸雨量和饮用水源地水质达标率。根据评价结果提出水城共生共荣发展模式、引导产业结构转型等提升武汉市水生态承载力的建议。     

水生态区划的研究综述

水生态区划是在不断满足水环境管理发展需求的基础上逐步发展起来的一种水体区划方法。系统介绍了水生态区划的发展过程,对其不同发展阶段的水文区划、水资源区划、水环境功能区划、水功能区划、生态水文区划、水生态区划各类型进行了比较分析。通过介绍国内外水生态区划研究,并根据目前水生态区划特点,对我国水生态区划的发展进行了展望。     

生态环境承载力评价研究——以河南省为例

测度人类活动是否处于生态环境的承载力范围之内是生态环境承载力评价的核心内容,是区域国土开发科学决策规划的需要,但是生态环境可承载能力的阈值和人类活动对生态环境施加压力的大小均是难以定量计算的,为了解决生态环境承载力评价面临的这一难题,本文研究提出了一种生态环境承载力评价的新方法,即"生态环境质量指数动态评价法"。该方法依据生态平衡理论和生态稳定性原理,将承载力评价转化为运行状态评价,以"生态环境系统是否处于良性运行状态"作为生态环境是否处于可承载状态的评价标准;首先应用生态环境质量指数(EI)模型计算出评价区多年的EI值,然后再依据EI的动态变化趋势对"生态环境系统的运行状态"进行评定,以达到对区域生态环境承载力进行评价之目的,以河南省为例,介绍了评价的方法与过程。结果表明:(1)生态环境质量现状评价不是承载力评价,但是可通过对生态环境质量的动态变化趋势进行回归分析以达到承载力评价之目的;(2)该方法紧扣生态环境承载力的内涵,避开了生态环境系统承载力阈值测算的难点,方法简明易行,结果意义明确、实用性强,为承载力评价提供了一种新思路和新方法;(3)生态环境系统质量现状不能反映其承载状态,信阳市的生态环境质量在河南是最好的,目前却处于超载、退化状态,而濮阳和安阳市的情况则与信阳市正好相反,应引起政府决策部门的重视。     

鄱阳湖生态经济区资源环境综合承载力评价

随着社会经济的发展,人口、资源与环境之间的矛盾日趋加剧.因此,资源环境承载力问题成为各国（地区）政府所关注的焦点问题之一.本文通过对鄱阳湖生态经济区内资源、环境的现状及问题进行调查分析,选取土地资源、水资源、生物资源、矿产资源、生态-地质环境、水环境及大气环境作为评价准则层,在对上述7个单因素进行评价基础之上,以县（市、区）为评价单位,采用状态空间法对全区的资源环境承载力进行综合评价.结果表明：当前全区内生物资源较丰富,大气、水环境质量良好,地质环境整体较稳定,制约因素主要为土地资源、水资源和矿产资源;全区资源环境承载力表现为可载状态,但部分县（市、区）表现为超载状态.利用状态空间法进行区域资源环境综合承载力研究是可行的,具有意义明确、评价精度高等优点,可为区域资源环境综合承载力评价提供另一种途径.     

基于供需平衡的北京地区水生态服务功能评价

水生态系统的服务功能受到人类活动的严重胁迫和剧烈影响,对水生态服务功能的人类占用和胁迫效应进行研究具有重要意义.本文采用水当量方法,计算了1998-2007年北京地区人类活动对水生态服务功能的占用当量,并结合水资源供给量评价了人类活动对水生态系统的胁迫效应.结果表明：1）北京地区近10年人类活动的水当量超过其供给量的5～17倍;2）不同生态服务功能类型的水当量排序为：水环境净化>水资源供应>水生境维持>水安全调蓄;3）在时间序列上,水当量超过供给量的倍数呈先升后降的趋势,1999年的占用量超过其供给量的倍数最大.该研究揭示了北京地区人类活动对水生态系统服务的占用量远超过其可供给量,造成该地区水资源的过度占用,进而占用和影响其他地区的水生态服务功能.     

基于ESTDA模型的中国水生态足迹及水生态压力评价

基于水足迹视角,测度了中国31个省份2000-2018年的水生态足迹广度、深度及水生态压力,采用ESTDA框架对其时空动态特征进行分析。结果表明：①研究期内,中国水生态足迹总量呈波动上升态势;水生态承载力波动幅度较大,空间分布格局整体呈现自东南向西北逐渐较少的趋势。②水生态足迹广度与水生态承载力呈同步变化趋势,整体上已接近水资源可提供的流量资本上限,各省市水生态足迹深度差异较大。③研究期内,水生态压力指数小于1的区域与水生态足迹深度为1的区域相吻合,水生态压力指数大于1的区域主要分布在华北及西北地区。④LISA时间路径表明,水生态足迹广度、深度及水生态压力的整体空间格局均具有较强的稳定性;三者的局部空间结构在空间依赖方向上的稳定性依次加强;空间格局演化的空间整合性呈现水生态足迹深度 > 水生态压力 > 水生态足迹广度,空间上,水生态足迹广度正向协同增长省份主要集中于南方省份,而水生态足迹深度和水生态压力正向协同增长区则分布于华北、西北地区;各要素的空间分布格局表现出较强的路径依赖及锁定特征。     

基于陆地-水生态系统耦合的海河流域水生态功能分区

水生态功能分区是针对水生态系统特征的陆地生态系统划分,是为流域水生态管理提供生态背景和基本单元。陆地-水生态系统的耦合是水生态功能分区的核心,但多停留在个别小流域进行理论探讨,大型流域的实际案例较少。针对海河流域独特的气候、地貌、水文和人类活动特征,提出了水生态功能分区的三级指标体系。一级二级区针对气候、地貌、水文背景进行"自上而下"的分区,三级区针对人类活动对水资源、水环境、生境影响,采用"自下而上"的分区方法。最终,海河流域划分了6个一级区、16个二级区和73个三级区。研究充分体现了"以水定陆、以陆控水"的基本原则,以及"自下而上"和"自上而下"分区方法的优点,结果可为海河流域水生态管理提供科学依据,为水资源空间调配与合理利用、产业结构布局与区域协调等服务。     

水生态一、二级分区技术框架

水生态功能分区是流域水环境分类、分级、分区、分期管理的基础。回顾总结国内外水生态功能分区工作的基础上,针对我国流域水生态功能一、二级分区工作,提出了一个可供参考的分区指标体系,探讨了流域尺度水生态分区技术框架的构建以及可能存在的问题。该技术框架主要由3部分内容组成:环境要素对水生态因子的驱动机制、分区指标体系和分区技术。作为技术框架的理论依据,驱动机制分析首先以水-陆生态水文耦合模型为框架对环境要素如何影响水生态系统功能进行阐述。指标体系是技术框架的基础部分,主要包括水生态因子和环境要素两大类,其中一级分区指标包括气候、水文和地貌等要素,二级分区指标包括水质、水生动植物、藻类、土壤、植被、土地利用和社会经济要素。针对一、二级水生态功能区采用"自上而下"和"自下而上"的分区方法,为技术框架付诸现实提供了保障。为正在进行的各大流域水生态功能分区工作提供一定的参考依据,同时也希望在这些具体分区工作的基础上能进一步完善本分区技术框架。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.