盐胁迫下黄芩种子萌发及幼苗对外源抗坏血酸的生理响应

以黄芩(Scutellaria baicalensis)种子为材料,用氯化钠(Na Cl)模拟盐胁迫条件,采用纸上发芽,研究外源抗坏血酸(As A)对盐胁迫下黄芩种子萌发及幼苗的影响。结果表明,在80 mmol·L-1 Na Cl胁迫下,黄芩种子萌发及幼苗生理指标受到显著抑制;0.50 mmol·L-1 As A处理可显著提高盐胁迫下黄芩种子的发芽势(GE)、发芽率(GR)、发芽指数(GI)、简化活力指数(SVI)以及根系总黄酮、可溶性糖和脯氨酸(Pro)含量,同时也可显著提高幼苗根系活力和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,显著降低丙二醛(MDA)含量。这说明适宜浓度的抗坏血酸能提高黄芩种子的萌发能力和幼苗对盐胁迫的适应能力,从而起到缓解盐胁迫对种子萌发及幼苗生长的抑制作用。     

盐胁迫及外源钙处理对盐肤木种子萌发的影响

为研究盐肤木种子萌发的盐胁迫机制和外源钙对盐胁迫下种子萌发的影响,实施不同浓度的NaCl、Na_2SO_4、CaCl_2+NaCl、CaCl_2+Na_2SO_4溶液胁迫处理盐肤木(Rhus chinensis)种子的萌发试验,分析其发芽指标、活力参数和幼苗生长的变化。结果表明:随着盐胁迫溶液NaCl和Na_2SO_4浓度的升高,盐肤木种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和幼苗胚芽及胚根长均表现为不同程度减少的趋势,其中100 mmol/L NaCl、75 mmol/L Na_2SO_4胁迫对盐肤木种子的萌发及幼苗的生长有显著的抑制作用;同胁迫溶液NaCl相比,盐肤木种子萌发过程中对Na_2SO_4危害敏感的浓度范围较小。不同浓度的CaCl_2浸种处理时,盐肤木的盐害缓解作用呈现先升高后降低的趋势,30 mmol/L CaCl_2+100 mmol/L Na Cl和15 mmol/L CaCl_2+75 mmol/L Na_2SO_4浓度下盐胁迫处理的缓解能力最强。该研究结果有利于缓解盐胁迫对于盐肤木种子萌发的盐害。     

一氧化氮对裸燕麦耐盐性的增强效应

采用营养液培养方法,以‘定莜6号’裸燕麦为材料,研究外源一氧化氮供体硝普钠(SNP)对100 mmol·L-1Na Cl胁迫下裸燕麦幼苗生长、活性氧代谢和渗透溶质积累的影响。结果表明:5μmol·L-1SNP能明显缓解Na Cl胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制作用,显著提高Na Cl胁迫下裸燕麦叶片超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性及谷胱甘肽和抗坏血酸含量,降低丙二醛、过氧化氢、超氧阴离子和游离氨基酸含量及过氧化氢酶活性,提高可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸含量及K+/Na+比。分析表明,外源一氧化氮通过提高抗氧化能力和渗透溶质积累以及维持K+、Na+平衡,缓解盐胁迫诱导的氧化伤害和生长抑制,从而提高裸燕麦的耐盐性。     

燕麦幼苗对盐胁迫的响应及过氧化氢对响应的调节

为了探讨‘定莜6号’燕麦对盐胁迫的生理生化响应及H2O2的调节作用,采用水培方法,研究外源H2O2对盐胁迫下燕麦活性氧代谢、渗透溶质积累和Na+、K+平衡的影响。结果表明:小于100 mmol·L-1Na Cl未对‘定莜6号’幼苗的生长造成明显影响,150 mmol·L-1及以上浓度Na Cl使幼苗干重和叶片K+/Na+显著降低,O2-·产生速率、H2O2、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸含量及过氧化氢酶(CAT)、质膜H+-ATP酶活性明显提高,但抗坏血酸(ASA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量变化不大;外施5μmol·L-1H2O2可显著缓解150 mmol·L-1Na Cl胁迫对燕麦幼苗生长的抑制作用,使燕麦叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和CAT活性及H2O2、GSH含量明显提高,O2-·产生速率和MDA含量显著降低;5μmol·L-1H2O2还提高了150 mmol·L-1Na Cl胁迫下燕麦叶片可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、有机酸和脯氨酸含量及质膜H+-ATP酶活性和K+/Na+,降低了游离氨基酸含量;表明外源H2O2可调控燕麦幼苗活性氧代谢和渗透溶质积累,维持K+、Na+平衡,从而增强耐盐性。     

NaCl胁迫下激素对柽柳种子萌发的影响

本研究以刚毛柽柳种子为材料,对0 mmol/L(对照)、50 mmol/L、100 mmol/L、150 mmol/L、200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下柽柳种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数进行计算,结果表明:对照组的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数分别为97.00%、41.56%与28.25%,100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下的发芽率、发芽势及发芽指数分别为54.00%、24.25%和18.50%,接近对照组的50%,因此设定100 mmol/L NaCl浓度为柽柳种子萌发的盐阈值。在100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,研究不同浓度梯度的细胞分裂素(6-benzylaminopurine,6-BA)、赤霉素(gibberellic acid,GA3)、褪黑素(melatonine,MT)、萘乙酸(1-naphthylacetic acid,NAA)对柽柳种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数的影响。结果表明,NaCl胁迫下,浓度为10 mg/L的6-BA和100 ng/L的GA3对柽柳种子萌发的抑制的缓解效应较明显,发芽率分别达到81.50%和94.50%;浓度为32μg/L的NAA与400 mmol/L的MT对柽柳种子萌发的抑制的加剧效应较明显,发芽率分别为42.50%和41.50%。本研究为提高NaCl胁迫下柽柳种子的萌发繁殖提供实际指导,也为盐胁迫下利用激素对柽柳种子萌发的控制与缓解提供了借鉴与参考。     

NaCl和Na2CO3胁迫对栓皮栎种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为了阐明栓皮栎种子萌发期对盐碱胁迫的耐受性,研究了不同浓度(0、50、100、200和400 mmol/L)NaCl和Na2CO3胁迫对其种子萌发、生长、保护酶活性和有机渗透调节物质等的影响,结果表明:(1)盐碱胁迫对栓皮栎种子的萌发率和发芽指数均没有显著影响;随着Na+浓度的升高,NaCl和Na2CO3处理下的胚根长度、胚根生长速率、胚根鲜重均受到抑制,呈现下降趋势;活力指数和耐盐指数在NaCl胁迫下表现为较低浓度(50 mmol/L)促进,较高浓度(100,200,400 mmol/L)抑制,而在Na2CO3处理下则不断下降;相对盐害率在两种处理下均表现波动趋势。(2)通过建立活力指数、胚根长度等与Na+浓度的回归方程,发现在NaCl胁迫下栓皮栎种子活力指数、胚根鲜重、胚根长度和胚根生长速率的临界值分别为300.0、300.0、333.6、369.6 mmol/L。(3)在NaCl和Na2CO3胁迫下,随Na+浓度的增加,丙二醛含量增幅显著;NaCl处理下的SOD(superoxide dismutase)活性呈现先升高后降低的趋势,而Na2CO3处理下则均低于对照;POD(peroxidase)活性变化不显著;CAT(catalase)活性均表现为先降低后升高;脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量均随着Na+浓度的升高而呈现不同程度上升趋势。(4)等Na+浓度时,NaCl处理下的各项生长指标均高于Na2CO3处理,丙二醛、保护酶活性及渗透调节物质含量均低于Na2CO3处理,说明Na2CO3对栓皮栎种子的影响比NaCl更为显著。     

茉莉酸与茉莉酸甲酯预处理对干旱胁迫下棉花种子萌发和种苗生理特性的影响

以新疆棉花主栽品种‘新陆早17’为材料,采用PEG模拟水分胁迫的方法,探讨不同浓度(0.025、0.25、2.5、25、250μmol/L)外源激素茉莉酸(JA)和茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)预处理对23%PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫下棉花种子萌发及种苗生长、水分含量、根系活力、脯氨酸和氧化损伤的影响,为JA和MeJA在棉花生产中的合理使用提供依据。结果显示:(1)JA和MeJA预处理能够显著缓解23%PEG-6000对棉花种子的干旱胁迫伤害,且2.5μmol/L MeJA预处理使干旱胁迫下棉花种子的发芽率和发芽势达到最高(70.0%、63.3%),比23%PEG-600干旱胁迫对照分别提高了49.99%、72.70%;0.025μmol/L JA预处理使干旱胁迫下棉花种子的发芽指数和活力指数达到最高(27.3、203.1),比对照分别提高了68.14%、190.29%;2.5μmol/L JA预处理使干旱胁迫下根系活力达到最高,比对照提高266.68%。(2)两种激素预处理均能够使干旱胁迫下棉花种苗的脯氨酸含量显著上升,丙二醛含量显著降低。研究表明,适宜浓度外源JA和MeJA能够显著缓解干旱胁迫对棉花种子伤害,促进棉花种子萌发、种苗生长,增强根系代谢和减轻种苗的氧化损伤,从而增强其耐旱能力;MeJA预处理效果要好于JA预处理,且干旱条件下棉花种子萌发及种苗生长的最适MeJA预处理浓度为2.5μmol/L,而0.025μmol/L JA则为棉花种子萌发的最适作用浓度,0.25和2.5μmol/L则分别为种苗生长过程中促进作用最明显的浓度。     

油菜素内酯浸种对盐胁迫番茄种子萌发的影响及其生理机制

为揭示油菜素甾醇类化合物提高作物耐盐的效应和机理,研究了10^-11、10^-10、10^-9、10^-8、10^-7、10^-6、10^-5 mol/L 2,4-表油菜素内酯（EBL）浸种处理对0、50、100、150、175 mmol/L NaCl胁迫7 d的番茄种子萌发、生长、溶质积累、抗氧化代谢的影响。结果显示：NaCl浓度越高的盐胁迫下,10^-9 mol/L EBL浸种可体现出越显著的促进番茄种子萌发的效应;在所有处理下,EBL浸种浓度过高,即10^-6、10^-5 mol/L EBL,均表现出对种子萌发的抑制效应。盐胁迫下种子萌发后,一定浓度的EBL浸种可表现出明显的增加种子胚根和下胚轴长,提高萌发种子鲜重和种子活力指数,其中10^-9 mol/L EBL浸种处理促进效果最适;EBL浸种浓度过高,则表现出抑制效应。150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫或非盐胁迫下,10^-9 mol/L EBL浸种均可降低萌发种子体内的O₂^·-、H₂O₂、丙二醛（MDA）和脯氨酸（Pro）含量;盐胁迫下,10^-9 mol/L EBL浸种可显著提高萌发种子可溶性糖（SS）和可溶性蛋白（SP）的含量。150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫或非盐胁迫下,10^-9 mol/L EBL处理可不同程度促进番茄种苗超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性的上升。综上所述,盐胁迫下,一定浓度范围内的EBL浸种可明显促进番茄种子萌发或成苗,其中以10^-9 mol/L EBL浸种的效果最好,主要是因为EBL施用可积极促进番茄种子萌发中物质转化,SS和SP等溶质积累增多,增强其渗透调节能力;同时SOD和POD酶活增强,缓解盐胁迫导致番茄种子萌发中的次生氧化胁迫。     

NaCl胁迫对红砂萌发的影响及萌发期耐盐性评价

探究盐胁迫对红砂种子萌发及萌发后生长和生理生化指标的影响,为解析红砂萌发期耐盐机制及后续研究提供数据支撑。以盐生植物红砂种子为试验材料,NaCl溶液模拟盐胁迫,研究不同浓度NaCl(0、50、100、150、200、300和400 mmol/L)处理下,红砂种子萌发及萌发后根长、株高、生理生化指标的变化趋势。结果显示:(1)与对照相比,50 mmol/L处理的红砂萌发率升高,植株根长、株高显著增加;随着处理浓度的升高,红砂的萌发时间推迟,萌发率减少,盐害率增加,根长、株高下降显著。当盐浓度增加到400 mmol/L时,红砂不能萌发,但仍保持萌发活力,400 mmol/L胁迫35 d的未萌发种子经复萌处理后,相对萌发率为105.43%。(2)随着NaCl浓度的增加,红砂中的丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)含量显著增加,过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈现不同程度的增加。(3)分别以相对萌发率、植株全长下降到对照的50%为标准,确定红砂的萌发耐盐阈值为273 mmol/L,最适盐浓度为45.78 mmol/L;萌发后生长耐盐阈值为388.19 mmol/L,生长最适盐浓度为50.59 mmol/L。红砂可在胁迫环境下长期保持萌发活力,待萌发条件适宜时,可快速集中大量萌发;红砂生长阈值浓度大于萌发阈值浓度,说明萌发期是其在盐胁迫下完成生活史的关键时期;随着盐浓度的增加,红砂的生长受到不同程度的抑制,植株在一定胁迫程度内可通过提高POD、SOD活性清除MDA,增加Pro含量从而减少胁迫危害,以维持正常的生理代谢。     

异源过表达胡杨PeDWF4基因提高烟草对非生物胁迫的耐性

本研究以烟草为材料异源过表达了胡杨PeDWF4基因,选取T1代的转基因阳性植株和野生型烟草幼苗水培培养50 d后对其分别施加100 mmol/L Na Cl、100 mmol/L甘露醇和100μmol/L Cu SO4进行处理,通过测定其植株生物量、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶系统酶SOD和POD活性,渗透调节物质(脯氨酸,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白)含量等,研究在不同非生物胁迫下PeDWF4转基因烟草对胁迫的生理生化响应及过量表达PeDWF4基因对其抗逆方面的影响和作用。结果表明,(1)异源过表达PeDWF4基因可显著提高转基因烟草的植株鲜重和生物量;(2)在3种胁迫下,转基因烟草通过减少叶片内叶绿素的降解,增加抗氧化系统酶SOD和POD活性以及提高渗透调节物脯氨酸等的含量等方式来减少非生物胁迫对自身的伤害。以上结果表明,异源表达PeDWF4基因可能是通过提高了转基因烟草內源的BR含量,从而提高了烟草对于以上3种非生物胁迫的耐性。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV