外源氮输入对黄河口新生湿地植物-土壤系统硫分布特征的影响

选择黄河口北部滨岸高潮滩的碱蓬湿地为研究对象,基于野外原位氮(N)输入模拟试验,研究了不同氮输入梯度下(N0,无氮输入;N1,低氮输入,9.0 gN m~(-2)a~(-1);N2,中氮输入,12.0 gN m~(-2)a~(-1);N3,高氮输入,18.0 gN m~(-2)a~(-1))碱蓬湿地植物-土壤系统全硫(TS)分布特征的差异。结果表明,外源N输入明显改变了湿地土壤TS含量的分布状况。随着N输入量的增加,除表层TS含量变化不明显外,其他土层均呈增加趋势。不同氮输入处理下植物各器官的TS含量整体均表现为叶茎根,叶是硫的主要累积器官。尽管氮输入处理并未改变植被的硫分配格局以及其地上与地下之间的硫养分供给关系,但其为适应不同养分环境可进行自身生长特性及养分分配的调整,且这种调整在N2处理下表现的尤为明显。随氮输入量的增加,不同氮处理下植物-土壤系统的S储量整体呈增加趋势,但土壤S储量的增幅远低于植物亚系统S储量的增幅以及N供给的增幅,说明N、S之间的养分供给存在不同步性。研究发现,未来黄河口N养分负荷增加情况下,碱蓬湿地植物-土壤系统的S生物循环速率不但可能会加速,而且N、S养分之间也可能形成一个正反馈机制,并将有利于维持新生湿地的稳定与健康。     

辽河口不同类型湿地土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量学特征

为阐明不同类型湿地土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征,以辽河口湿地为研究对象,对自然芦苇湿地、油田区芦苇湿地、退化芦苇湿地、碱蓬湿地、滩涂和稻田等六类湿地的土壤有机碳(TOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)含量及其生态化学计量学特征进行测定和分析。结果表明,辽河口湿地土壤TOC、TN、TP含量分别为1.612～167.832、0.159～4.452和0.021～0.093 g·kg-1,其含量因湿地类型和土壤深度而异。自然芦苇湿地和油田区芦苇湿地土壤TOC含量较高,自然芦苇湿地和稻田土壤TN含量较高,而碱蓬湿地、滩涂TOC和TN含量较低;不同类型湿地表层土壤(0～10 cm) TOC和TN含量显著高于下层土壤(10～40 cm)。TP含量在不同类型湿地和不同深度土壤间均无明显差异(P0.05)。C/N、C/P、N/P值分别为28、364和13,在不同类型湿地中差异显著(P0.05)。相关分析表明,TOC、TN与C/P、N/P呈正相关,电导率(EC)与土壤TOC、TN、TP、C/N、C/P和N/P呈弱的负相关。研究表明,盐度增加可能会削弱土壤中氮磷等营养元素对碳累积过程的控制,引起湿地土壤的碳损失。     

黄河三角洲不同湿地群落氮磷化学计量特征及其生境适应策略

选取黄河三角洲滨海湿地盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)和柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)3种典型植物群落为研究对象,研究了土壤-植物N、P元素的空间分布格局及N/P化学计量学特征。结果表明:盐地碱蓬地上部分N含量,地下部分N、P含量均小于芦苇和柽柳群落,柽柳地上部分P含量、N/P值均大于芦苇和盐地碱蓬群落。3种典型湿地群落N含量均呈现出地上部分大于地下部分的规律,说明植物会将有限的氮资源优先分配给地上部分光合器官;盐地碱蓬与柽柳地上和地下部分磷含量变化趋势相反,这种差异说明处在不同群落演替阶段的植物生活史策略不同。与木本植物柽柳不同,草本植物芦苇和盐地碱蓬N/P均表现出地上部分大于地下部分的特征,这与草本植物地上部分相对生长速率较大有关。土壤中N含量、N/P垂直变化趋势一致,均随着土层深度的增加而显著降低,但土壤磷的垂直变化特征不明显。相关分析显示,土壤(源)-植物(库)之间N、P相关性较弱,说明除了土壤条件,滨海湿地氮磷化学计量格局还与植物自身的生理调节有关。     

黄河口盐地碱蓬湿地土壤-植物系统重金属污染评价

以黄河口盐地碱蓬湿地为例,评价了淹水和非淹水区湿地表层土壤As、Cd、Cu、Cr、Pb和Zn 6种重金属的污染程度及其在土壤-植物系统中的迁移、富集特征,分析了不同积水深度和土壤理化性质对研究区土壤重金属含量的影响.研究结果表明,与土壤或沉积物质量标准相比,黄河口盐地碱蓬湿地土壤受As和Cd污染最严重,而其它重金属污染较轻;非淹水土壤Cd、Cr和Zn含量高于淹水湿地,而As、Cu和Pb则较低;而且淹水土壤As含量随积水深度增加而呈下降趋势,但积水深度对其他重金属含量的影响不明显.相关性分析结果表明,按照受土壤关键影响因子的不同重金属(除As外)可以分为两类:第一类为Cd、Cr和Zn,这些重金属含量受土壤pH值和盐分影响较大,且相互间存在显著正相关关系,表明它们可能有相同的来源;第二类为Pb和Cu,它们受土壤pH值、盐分和有机质的影响,且Pb和Cu之间存在显著正相关关系.除Cr、Cu和Zn外,重金属在盐地碱蓬的根系内一般不发生显著富集,但绝大多数重金属都表现出地上部分的含量比根系更高的现象.     

水文连通强度对芦苇、碱蓬生态化学计量的影响

【摘要】黄河三角洲以芦苇(Phragmites australis)和盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)等植物建立的湿地生态系统对维持区域生态安全有着十分重要的作用。近年来由于受到人类活动和气候变化的双重影响, 该区域湿地出现了不同程度的退化。目前黄河三角洲自然保护区正在探索引入水文连通理论指导退化湿地的恢复和重建工作。本研究以实验室模拟结合生态化学计量方法, 探究不同水文连通强度的补水修复措施对建群种芦苇和碱蓬的生长及化学计量的影响。研究结果表明较弱的水文连通强度有利于碱蓬生长, 而水文连通强度对芦苇生长影响不显著; 碱蓬体内氮磷元素含量随水文连通减弱而增加, 芦苇体内氮磷元素含量则不受水文连通强度影响。此外, 植物体内氮磷比主要取决于土壤内的氮磷元素含量, 水文连通对植物体内氮磷比的影响并不显著。     

支脉河口滨岸潮滩植被分布与土壤理化特征分析

为探讨河口潮滩小尺度植被分异特征及其潜在控制因子, 2011年7月对支脉河口滨岸潮滩植被及土壤理化特征进行了调查分析。结果表明: 支脉河口滨岸潮滩植被为芦苇(Phragmites australis)、翅碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)、互花米草(Spartina alterniflora) 和糙叶苔草(Carex scabrifolia)等优势群落的镶嵌式带状分布。土壤水溶性盐含量为5.50 g·kg–1, 为典型的中-重盐土盐渍滩涂; 土壤水解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机质含量分别为13.56 mg·kg–1、11.85 mg·kg–1、239.34 mg·kg–1和4.15 g·kg–1, 除速效钾含量丰富外总体较贫瘠; 植物多度与土壤水解氮含量以及高度与速效钾含量显著正相关(P<0.05), 其它植被特征与土壤理化因子间无显著相关性(P>0.05)。复杂潮沟系统造成的生境异质性、土壤营养物质以及水溶性盐含量等因子的共同作用, 造成了支脉河口滨岸潮滩植被的分布格局。     

互花米草入侵对黄河三角洲湿地表层沉积物金属元素分布格局的影响

互花米草被引入后迅速生长蔓延,已成为黄河三角洲河口湿地主要入侵物种,极大影响了河口湿地沉积物表层重金属元素分布格局。本研究选取不同入侵年限(3、5、7、10、15和20年)的互花米草湿地以及芦苇湿地、盐地碱蓬湿地、柽柳湿地和光滩湿地,采集表层沉积物并测定Ca、Fe、Mg、Mn、Zn、Ni、Pb、Cr、Cd、Cu和Li元素含量,采用富集系数及地累积指数法对污染水平进行评价,分析互花米草入侵对元素分布格局的影响。结果表明：(1)随入侵时间推进,互花米草湿地表层沉积物有机碳(SOC)和总氮(TN)含量要大于本土植被覆盖湿地表层沉积物含量。本土植物所在湿地沉积物重金属含量要高于互花米草入侵湿地沉积物重金属含量。(2)Ca处于中度富集状态,而Cd可能造成本地区中度污染。(3)重金属元素之间具有显著相关关系,尤其是Fe、Mn元素与Mg、Zn、Cu元素相关性较大,互花米草湿地中的大多数元素变化主要受岩石圈基岩风化和泥沙搬运沉积影响。     

辽河口盐地碱蓬湿地景观破碎化及驱动机制

湿地景观破碎化的加剧严重影响了湿地生物多样性保护和湿地生态系统服务功能的维持,本研究以辽河口盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)湿地为研究对象,基于GIS平台构建1985—2019年间湿地景观数据库,定量分析湿地景观破碎化特征及其驱动因素。结果表明:1985—2019年间,辽河口盐地碱蓬湿地呈退化趋势,具体表现为湿地面积萎缩,湿地景观破碎化加剧。盐地碱蓬湿地面积在1988年达到最大值4158.81 hm~2,景观聚集度较高,此后,湿地景观破碎度出现先增大后减小再增大的波动变化,2003年和2019年盐地碱蓬湿地景观破碎化最为严重,破碎度分别达到5.90和7.89;影响辽河口盐地碱蓬湿地景观破碎化主要驱动因素为人为开发活动和水文过程;景观破碎化的整体上升趋势与道路修建、农田开发、水产养殖、径流量和输沙量有较好的空间对应关系,道路修建、农田开发和水产养殖面积的增加以及年径流量的减少是导致盐地碱蓬湿地景观破碎化的主导因素。     

黄河口新生湿地碱蓬生物量及氮累积与分配对外源氮输入的响应

2014年4—11月,选择黄河入海口北部滨岸高潮滩的碱蓬湿地为研究对象,基于野外原位氮输入模拟试验,研究了不同氮输入梯度下(N0,无氮输入;N1,低氮输入;N2,中氮输入;N3,高氮输入)碱蓬不同器官生物量以及氮累积与分配特征的差异。结果表明,尽管不同氮输入处理并未改变碱蓬地上生物量的季节变化模式,但在不同程度上均促进了地上生物量的增长(平均增幅为19.71%—62.29%)且整体表现为N3N2N1N0;不同氮输入处理亦延长了碱蓬的生长高峰期,N1、N2和N3处理下地上生物量达到最大值的时间相对于N0处理推迟20 d左右。与地上生物量不同,不同氮输入处理改变了地下生物量的季节变化模式,特别是N2和N3处理均对生长初期的地下生物量产生了明显促进作用,且其初期地下生物量达到较高值的时间相对于N1和N0处理提前20—50d。不同氮输入处理下的枯落物量在产生初期和中期均增幅不大,末期则骤然增加且整体表现为N3N2N1N0。不同氮输入处理下碱蓬各器官的全氮(TN)含量总体上均表现为叶茎根,叶是氮的主要累积器官。尽管不同氮输入处理并未改变碱蓬不同器官的氮累积与分配格局以及地上与地下之间的养分供给关系,但其为适应不同养分条件而调整自身养分供给与分配的特性在N2处理下表现的尤为明显。研究发现,N2处理下碱蓬种子的发育时间相对于N0、N1和N3处理可能会提前约1个月,原因可能与N2氮输入水平可显著影响碱蓬体内的碳分配比以及碱蓬对适量氮养分输入环境的特殊适应对策有关。随着黄河口新生湿地氮养分供给的不断增加,当未来碱蓬湿地氮养分状况达到较高水平(特别是中等水平)时,其生物量、生长节律(特别是种子发育时间)以及不同器官氮累积与分配状况可能将发生明显改变。     

胶州湾滨海湿地土壤有机碳时空分布及储量

在胶州湾选取芦苇、碱蓬、光滩及大米草4种典型滨海湿地类型,分季节和层次采集土壤样品,测定土壤有机碳含量,分析滨海湿地土壤有机碳的时空分布及储量.结果表明: 垂直方向上,除光滩湿地沿剖面呈先减小后稍有上升的趋势外,其他湿地均随土壤深度的增加而减小;水平方向上,湿地土壤有机碳含量表现为大米草湿地>光滩湿地>碱蓬湿地>芦苇湿地;季节上,湿地土壤有机碳含量表现为春季>夏季>秋季>冬季.土壤有机碳含量与土壤含盐量、含水率、TN及C/N呈正相关,与土壤容重、pH值呈负相关.不同类型湿地土壤剖面有机碳密度表现为光滩湿地>芦苇湿地>碱蓬湿地,湿地类型对土壤有机碳含量和有机碳密度分布的影响存在一定差异.因储碳层厚度及储碳层内有机碳密度的差异,光滩湿地单位面积有机碳储量明显高于碱蓬和芦苇湿地,具有较大的储碳潜能,对研究区滨海湿地起到一定的碳汇作用.     

喀斯特地区野生毛葡萄的钙组分特征及其对高钙环境的适应性分析北大核心CSCD

为了探究喀斯特地区野生毛葡萄(Vitis quinquangularis Rehd.)器官的钙含量、组分及其分布特征,揭示野生毛葡萄的需钙特性及其对高钙土壤的适应机制。该研究以贵州喀斯特地区野生毛葡萄为材料,取样测定了40个样地的野生毛葡萄立地土壤的pH值、交换性钙含量及其根、茎、叶中钙和镁及其钙组分含量,分析土壤交换性钙含量与不同钙组分间的关系,并观察野生毛葡萄叶片表面及根、茎、叶中的钙晶体。结果表明:(1)喀斯特地区野生毛葡萄总钙含量在器官中的分布表现为叶>根>茎,其分布特征与喜钙植物类似。(2)野生毛葡萄根、茎、叶中主要钙组分含量由高到低依次基本为草酸钙、果胶酸钙、水溶性钙、磷酸钙+碳酸钙、硝酸钙+氯化钙、硅酸钙(茎中稍有不同),根、茎、叶中草酸钙占所有钙组分总量和总钙含量的比例均最高,其次是果胶酸钙。(3)各样地野生毛葡萄叶片中Ca+Mg的含量范围在1.30%~4.07%之间,绝大多数在3.0%~4.0%范围内,表现出喜钙植物叶中高Ca+Mg含量的特性。(4)在喀斯特地区的野生毛葡萄体内,多种钙组分含量与土壤中的钙含量呈显著或极显著的正相关关系。(5)扫描电镜观察发现,野生毛葡萄叶片和根中储存有大量的草酸钙晶体,叶片中的草酸钙可通过气孔排出体外。研究发现,喀斯特地区野生毛葡萄属于喜钙植物,对喀斯特高钙环境的适应性强,叶片中钙的富集量大,有大量的草酸钙和果胶酸钙储存于体内,这种储钙特性和气孔的排钙行为对野生毛葡萄适应高钙环境具有重要作用。     

What confines an annual plant to two separate zones along coastal topographic gradients?

We investigated the roles of flooding, salinity, and plant competition in creating a bimodal zonation pattern of the marsh dominant annual plant, Suaeda salsa, along coastal topographic gradients on the Pacific coast of northern China. In two consecutive years, we manipulated salinity and flooding, salinity, and competition for S. salsa seedlings that had been transplanted into the mudflat, the high marsh, and the upland, respectively. S. salsa plants that had been transplanted into the mudflat were completely eliminated in the non-elevated treatments whereas they performed much better in the 10 cm elevated treatments, regardless of salinity treatments. Although the performance of S. salsa transplanted into the high marsh did not differ between the fresh (watered) and the salt (control) treatments, S. salsa seedling emergence in the high marsh was nearly completely inhibited in the salt treatments. In contrast, a large number of S. salsa seedlings did emerge in the fresh treatments. S. salsa transplanted into the upland performed well when neighbors were removed, whereas it appeared to be strongly suppressed when neighbors were present. These data indicated that flooding, salinity, and competition all played a role in determining the zonation pattern of S. salsa. Furthermore, the importance of salinity was found to vary with life-history stage. Based on the results from these field manipulative experiments, we suggest that the marsh plant zonation paradigm may hold true for plant distributions along landscape-scale topographic gradients from mudflats to uplands in general. The relative importance of flooding, salinity, and competition, however, may vary at different elevations within a site and between sites. Handling editor: Pierluigi Viaroli     

Oligochaeta in Spartina stems: the microdistribution of Enchytraeidae and Tubificidae in a salt marsh,Sapelo Island,USA

The distribution and abundance of Enchytraeidae and Tubificidae in and around Spartina alterniflora plants in a tidal salt marsh on Sapelo Island, Georgia, USA were studied using two different sampling techniques: wet funnel extraction and stem dissection. At least 80% of all worms inhabited leaf sheaths at the bases of S. alterniflora plants, and densities were low in sediment, root and surface debris samples. Oligochaete densities were dependent on the position within the marsh, the height on stems and the stage of sheath decay. Six predominant species were identified and included Marionina appendiculata, Marionina spartinae, Marionina waltersi, Marionina paludis, and Monopylephorus parvus. Individual species were distributed differently on stems and enchytraeids were more common than tubificids on standing-dead and further up S. alterniflora stems. Estimates of oligochaete densities in salt marsh habitats are increased dramatically when the numbers of worms on stems are considered. Possible advantages of the stem microhabitat are discussed in relation to the biology and ecology of oligochaetes.     

The effect of plant growth regulators, nitric oxide, nitrate, nitrite and light on the germination of dimorphic seeds of Suaeda salsa under saline conditions

Suaeda salsa, a leaf succulent shrub in the family Chenopodiaceae, is one of the most important halophytes in China. Suaeda salsa produces dimorphic seeds (soft brown seeds and hard black seeds). Seeds of S. salsa were collected from the coastal salt flats near Huanghua City, China. Experiments were conducted to determine the salinity-alleviating effect of plant growth regulators, nitric oxide, nitrate, nitrite and light on the germination of dimorphic seeds of S. salsa. Brown seeds had a higher germination rate than black seeds in all experiments. Black seeds were more sensitive to salt in the absence of light in comparison to brown seeds. Brown seeds absorbed water more quickly in comparison to black seeds and were found to be more tolerant of salt stress. Our results showed that 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC, the immediate precursor of ethylene), nitrite, GA₄ and BA improved seed germination in the presence of salt. However, nitrate, GA₁, GA₃ failed to alleviate salt stress. ABA inhibited seed germination and seedling growth. Possible mechanisms involved in the alleviation of salt stress in S. salsa seeds and the ecological adaptation of the seeds to the environment are discussed.     

Enhanced Tonoplast H+-ATPase Activity and Superoxide Dismutase Activity in the Halophyte Suaeda salsa Containing High Level of Betacyanin

In this study, high-betacyanin Suaeda salsa seedlings were developed and used to explore whether the betacyanin accumulation is related to salinity tolerance in S. salsa. After 8 days of culture, betacyanin content decreased markedly in both high-betacyanin S. salsa seedlings and the control under nonsalt stress, but the decreases were suppressed by NaCl treatments. Betacyanin content in high-betacyanin seedlings was much higher than that in the control throughout the salt treatments. Growth of S. salsa plants was significantly promoted by NaCl treatments, and the fresh weight of high-betacyanin seedlings was much higher than that of the control when grown in 400 mmol L⁻¹ NaCl. Similar cell sap osmolarity and K⁺/Na⁺ ratios were observed in high-betacyanin seedlings and the control. No obvious differences in V-ATPase (tonoplast H⁺-ATPase) activity, leaf SOD (superoxide dismutase) activity, and total chloroplast SOD (including thylakoid-bound SOD and stroma SOD) activity were detected between high-betacyanin seedlings and the control under nonsalt stress conditions. However, V-ATPase hydrolytic activity increased dramatically in S. salsa seedlings when subjected to different levels of NaCl, and the increases in V-ATPase activity in high-betacyanin seedlings were much higher than that in the control. No clear pattern was observed for NaCl-dependent activity changes of P-ATPase (plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase) and V-PPase (tonoplast H⁺-pyrophosphatase). Similar changes were demonstrated in leaf SOD activity and chloroplast SOD activity under salt stress. Both leaf SOD activity and chloroplast SOD activity were markedly enhanced with the increase of NaCl or with time, especially thylakoid-bound SOD activity. Furthermore, the increases in chloroplast SOD activity and thylakoid-bound SOD activity were much higher in high-betacyanin seedlings than that in the control at different levels of NaCl treatment. The higher V-ATPase activity, chloroplastic SOD activity, and thylakoid-bound SOD activity demonstrated in high-betacyanin seedlings, but lower in the control, suggest that high-betacyanin S. salsa seedlings may have higher potential to be energized by the electrochemical gradient for ion uptake into the vacuole and to scavenge O₂^−• in situ produced in the chloroplasts, which may lead to higher salt tolerance than the control under salt stress. Thus, betacyanin may be involved in salt tolerance of S. salsa.     

马尾松PmPGK1和PmGPIC基因的克隆和表达分析

为了解马尾松（Pinus massoniana）磷酸甘油酸激酶1（PGK1）与胞质溶胶葡萄糖磷酸异构酶（GPIC）的功能，采用RACE技术克隆了PmPGK1和PmGPIC基因，并进行了生物信息学分析与亚细胞定位，采用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析PmPGK1和PmGPIC的表达特性。结果表明，PmPGK1和PmGPIC全长为2 106和1 848 bp，分别编码507和566个氨基酸。PmPGK1和PmGPIC分别定位于叶绿体和胞质溶胶。PmPGK1表达量为新叶 > 老叶 > 新茎 > 根 > 花；而PmGPIC为老叶 > 花 > 新叶 > 新茎 > 根。低温胁迫24 h，PmPGK1和PmGPIC的表达量均随时间延长先降低后升高，且PmGPIC的表达量在处理2 h后即降至较低水平；高浓度CO₂胁迫24 h，PmPGK1的表达量随时间延长呈降低-升高-再降低的变化趋势，PmGPIC的表达下调但变化较不显著。因此，推测PmPGK1主要参与卡尔文循环及叶绿体/质体糖酵解，PmGPIC主要参与细胞质基质糖酵解；PmPGK1、PmGPIC活性在低温胁迫下均受抑制；PmPGK1活性在CO₂胁迫下受到显著抑制，而PmGPIC活性的影响不大。     

Plants interactions between <Emphasis Type="Italic">Suaeda salsa</Emphasis> individuals are mediated by salinity stress

To test how plants interactions change with environmental stress, neighbors removal experiments in Suaeda salsa communities of beach were conducted in Hangzhou bay Zhejiang Province, China. Results showed that there is a significant shift from positive interaction in high salinity stress to negative interaction in low salinity stress. Removal experiments also clarified the role of phenotype response in linking plants interactions and environmental stress. Under low salinity stress, biomass, stem length, root length, leaf area, and photosynthesis rate, water-use efficiency of neighbors removal plants were higher than those of control plants, while leaf water content of neighbors removal plants were lower than those of control plants. Under high salinity stress, biomass, stem length, root length, leaf area, and photosynthesis rate, leaf water content of neighbors removal plants were lower than those of control plants, while water-use efficiency of neighbors removal plants were higher than those of control plants. It can be concluded that S. salsa interactions were mediated by salinity stress through morphological and physiological plasticity.     

Isolation, Identification and Study of Antimicrobial Property of a Bioactive Compound in an Indian Medicinal Plant Acalypha indica (Indian-Nettle)

Summary Fresh, dried and powdered samples of leaf, stem and root of Acalypha indica were subjected to fractional distillation in a soxhlet apparatus using solvents such as hexane, chloroform, acetone and methanol. The plant extracts and a synthetic antifungal compound, Clotrimazole (authentic standard) were subjected to TLC and HPLC analyses. The R_f (relative front) value of Clotrimazole was 0.371. The plant’s leaf, root and stem extracts also gave distinct spots respectively at R_f value of 0.371 ± 0.0009. In HPLC, the TLC-separated active compound and Clotrimazole resolved at 1.90 ± 0.2 min (retention time). The amounts of active compound present in root, leaf and stem extracts were 538, 415 and 171 μg/g respectively. From the results of our study, we infer that the active compound isolated from Acalypha indica is more potent in controlling Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Escherichia coli. The Active compound present in the plant had more than 100% activity when compared to standard Clotrimazole.