石灰土和酸性土生境下金花茶组植物叶片钙形态差异

为探究不同生境下金花茶组植物的叶片钙形态特征，该研究以10种石灰土生境和4种酸性土生境的金花茶为对象，测定了其生境土壤的钙含量和pH值，以及该生境下金花茶组植物叶中的硝酸钙和氯化钙、水溶性有机酸钙、果胶酸钙、磷酸钙和碳酸钙、草酸钙、硅酸钙和总钙的含量。结果表明：(1)石灰土生境的土壤钙含量和土壤pH均极显著(P<0.01)高于酸性土。(2)在石灰土生境中，金花茶组植物的叶钙形态以草酸钙(41.17%)为主，而在酸性土生境中则以果胶酸钙(43.10%)为主，除硝酸钙和氯化钙、果胶酸钙外，石灰土金花茶的各叶钙形态和总钙含量均极显著(P<0.01)高于酸性土金花茶。(3)相关性分析结果显示，大部分叶钙形态含量与土壤pH和土壤钙含量呈极显著(P<0.01)正相关，表明土壤环境对金花茶组植物叶钙形态特征具有重要影响。(4)单因素方差分析结果显示，各叶钙形态含量在物种间存在极显著(P<0.01)差异，表明金花茶组植物在物种分化过程中叶钙形态特征具有多样性。(5)基于叶钙形态特征的聚类分析显示，14种金花茶可归为3大类。总体而言，不同生境背景下金花茶组植物的叶钙形态差异可能是...     

喀斯特地区植物钙含量特征与高钙适应方式分析

喀斯特地区土壤的高钙含量是影响该地区植物生理特征的最重要环境因素之一。高钙影响植物的光合作用、生长速率及磷代谢, 从而限制了许多物种在该地区的分布。选取贵州4个石漠化程度不同的地区, 测定采集地内45种优势种或常见种的地上部分和地下部分的全钙含量以及土壤的交换性钙含量。通过分析喀斯特地区植物与土壤钙含量的特征发现: 喀斯特地区植物具有较高的钙含量平均值; 土壤交换性钙含量对植物地上部分钙含量的影响总体上不显著, 对植物地下部分钙含量的影响显著; 不同类别植物的钙含量存在显著差异, 蕨类植物地上部分钙含量平均值明显低于被子植物; 不同类别植物钙的分布部位也存在显著差异, 在蕨类植物和单子叶植物中地上部分和地下部分的钙含量相近, 而双子叶植物的地上部分钙含量明显高于地下部分。分析了喀斯特地区14种优势灌木和草本植物地上部分与地下部分钙含量的差异性以及与土壤交换性钙含量的相关关系, 以此为根据将14种优势植物对土壤高钙的适应方式分为3种类型: 随遇型、高钙型和低钙型。随遇型植物的钙含量主要受土壤交换性钙含量影响, 其地上部分和地下部分的钙含量均与土壤交换性钙含量成显著正相关关系; 高钙型植物具有较强的钙富集能力, 其地上部分即使在低钙含量的土壤中也可维持较高的钙含量; 低钙型植物的地上部分即使在高钙含量的土壤中亦可维持较低的钙含量。对植物适应钙的不同方式的研究可用于筛选退化生态系统恢复所需的植物资源。     

喜钙和嫌钙植物对外源Ca2+的生长生理响应

以喜钙植物伞花木和嫌钙植物大白杜鹃为实验材料,以Hoagland营养液并设置其Ca2+浓度分别为0、5、10、25、50mmol/L培养试验,比较不同浓度外源Ca2+对其生长、叶绿素含量、渗透调节和矿质元素积累的影响,探索喜钙植物生长的适应特征,为喀斯特地区喜钙植物嗜钙机制研究提供基础资料。结果显示:(1)随着外源Ca2+浓度的增加,伞花木植株高度、茎粗以及叶干重、叶长、叶宽和叶形指数均得到不同程度提高,叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量增加,脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量无显著变化;而嫌钙植物大白杜鹃的生长却受到抑制,叶绿素和蛋白质含量降低,脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量增加;当Ca2+浓度为50mmol/L时,伞花木叶绿素和蛋白质含量分别为2.99mg/g和17.10mg/g,大白杜鹃叶绿素和蛋白质含量分别为1.39mg/g和14.30mg/g。(2)在实验设置的钙范围内,Ca2+可促进伞花木对P、N吸收并稳定体内Ca、K动态;而低浓度的Ca2+(<10mmol/L)促进大白杜鹃对Ca累积,抑制N、P吸收。     

两个柑橘品种花期前后子房(幼果)和春梢叶中不同形态钙和果胶含量变化

对单性结实的龟井温州蜜柑和自花结实的鄂柑1号花期前后子房(幼果)和春梢叶的果胶酸钙、草酸钙、水溶性果胶和原果胶含量变化进行研究。结果表明:(1)两品种子房(幼果)和春梢叶中果胶酸钙含量变化均相类似且变幅小,但鄂柑1号的含量相对较高;两品种草酸钙的含量变化则因器官不同而有所区别,在春梢叶中,两者呈类似的上升趋势,而于子房(幼果)中两者却相反,龟井蜜柑花后趋下降,鄂柑1号却明显上升;鄂柑1号子房(幼果)的草酸钙含量较龟井蜜柑高。(2)两品种子房(幼果)和春梢叶原果胶含量动态相似,均于花后出现明显上升;而水溶性果胶动态差异明显,龟井蜜柑子房(幼果)和春梢叶在花后6d均出现上升峰值;鄂柑1号的水溶性果胶和原果胶含量均相对较高。     

茂兰喀斯特地区常见蕨类植物的钙含量特征及高钙适应方式分析

为了探讨喀斯特地区常见蕨类植物种对石灰土高钙环境的适应方式, 以茂兰国家级自然保护区及其附近区域的11种常见蕨类植物为研究对象, 通过对比其根际土及植株钙素的含量特征, 分析了这11种植物对土壤钙素的吸收情况, 以及钙素在植株各器官间的运转和分配情况。研究显示, 在酸性土区, 肾蕨(Nephrolepis auriculata)根际土的钙有效度显著高于其他10种蕨类植物; 受酸性土钙含量低的影响, 厌钙植物种的植株钙含量显著低于专性钙生植物种; 除肾蕨和金星蕨(Parathe- lypteris glanduligera)外, 酸性土区各植物种的植株各器官中钙含量为成熟叶>根>幼叶, 石灰土区植株各器官的钙含量为根>成熟叶>幼叶, 广布种凤尾蕨(Pteris cretica var. nervosa)的植株器官钙含量特征在石灰土和酸性土间存在差异; 各专性钙生植物种的植株钙含量有显著的种间差异。以上结果表明, (1)肾蕨可通过富集、活化根际土钙素的方式来满足自身的需求; (2)土壤供钙条件会影响植株钙含量, 且在不同土壤钙环境下, 植株各器官钙含量特征的差异与其对土壤钙含量变化的适应行为有关; (3) 5种专性钙生植物种对钙素的需求有差异, 且其面对高钙环境起主导作用的适应方式也有所不同, 柳叶蕨(Cyrtogonellum fraxinellum)、贯众(Cyrtomium fortune)、蜈蚣草(Pteris vittata)具有嗜钙或喜钙的特性, 而铁线蕨(Adiantum capillus-veneris)属于低钙植物种。     

天津盐渍化生境54种植物钙晶体与钙组分特征

植物钙包括游离态的Ca²⁺和结合态易溶、微溶和难溶于水的钙盐,而难溶于水的钙盐常会形成钙晶体.为了解盐渍化生境中不同生长型植物体内的钙状况,本文对天津市54种植物进行了钙晶体的镜检和钙组分的测定.结果表明： 在盐渍化生境中的54种植物体内,有38种植物体内镜检到较多的钙晶体,其中37种植物体内为以簇晶和方晶为主的草酸钙晶体,只在桑科的无花果叶片中观察到内含碳酸钙晶体的钟乳体.按生长型统计,落叶乔、灌木体内的草酸钙晶体较多,藤本植物体内的草酸钙晶体较少,而草本植物和常绿乔木体内未镜检到草酸钙晶体.同时,从乔木、灌木、藤本到草本,植物体内盐酸溶性钙含量逐渐减少而水溶性钙含量逐渐增多,且草本植物体内的水溶性钙含量显著高于乔木和灌木.在盐渍化生境中,植物体内的钙晶体和钙组分因生长型不同而有所差异,草酸钙在落叶乔、灌木抵御盐分胁迫中发挥着重要作用.     

花期减少施钙量对不同钙效率番茄果实钙形态和含量的影响

花期降低施钙量后,钙低效番茄品种L-402果实中钙含量显著降低,高效品种江蔬一号降低不显著,镁含量显著增加,钾含量有增加趋势。果实底端的钙含量高于顶端,降低施钙量后果实水溶性钙含量和比例显著提高,果胶酸钙含量和比例降低,磷酸钙含量也降低。钙低效品种L-402水溶性钙含量的增加,以及果胶酸钙和磷酸钙的降低程度,都大于高效品种江蔬一号,且降钙后果实顶端的革酸钙含量和比例增加。     

不同生态区域沙地建群种油蒿的钙组分特征

为探索同一物种在不同生态区域钙组分特征的差异,选择我国北方沙地重要建群种油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)为研究对象,采集了内蒙古杭锦旗、乌审旗、阿拉善左旗以及宁夏盐池县和陕西榆林市榆阳区不同沙地类型、不同生长阶段的油蒿样品,利用连续组分法测定分析了油蒿的钙组分特征.结果表明,在油蒿的不同器官中,叶水溶性钙和醋酸溶性钙均显著高于枝和根,叶与根盐酸溶性钙均显著高于枝.在不同生态区域,降水量较多的地区油蒿体内水溶性钙含量较多,降水量较少的地区油蒿体内盐酸溶性钙含量较高.分析得知,降水条件较好的地区较高的水溶性钙主要体现在油蒿的叶中,而降水条件较差的地区较高的盐酸溶性钙主要体现在油蒿的叶和根中.油蒿在不同生长阶段钙组分没有显著差异,但不同类型沙地上油蒿的钙组分却有显著差异.可见,不同生态区域的油蒿,生境条件越好体内水溶性钙含量越高,生境条件越差体内盐酸溶性钙含量越高.     

高钙逆境对拟南芥根部基因表达的影响

土壤钙含量过高会对植物正常生长发育形成严重的威胁.这是中国西南喀斯特区域农业生产和环境保护的重要限制因素.了解植物对高钙胁迫的响应机制,可以促进喀斯特地区可持续农业发展和生态环境保护.为揭示植物对高钙胁迫相应的分子机理,本研究充分利用拟南芥(Arabidpsis thaliana)丰富的生物信息资源,系统比较和分析了对照和高钙胁迫处理情况下拟南芥根部的基因表达情况.40 mmol/L CaCl2处理明显抑制了拟南芥根部生长.转录组分析表明,高钙处理下,拟南芥根部乙烯、脱落酸和茉莉酸途径表达上调,其中,茉莉酸合成、响应和代谢途径相关基因表达均上调,说明这3个激素相关途径,对植物应对高钙胁迫具有重要的作用,尤其是茉莉酸相关途径.     

拟南芥响应高钙的miRNAs的筛选与鉴定

喀斯特地区土壤中钙含量较高。土壤钙含量过高会抑制植物生长,进而影响农作物产量和质量。目前,对植物应答和耐受高钙胁迫的机理研究还不深入。miRNAs在植物对生物和非生物胁迫的响应中起重要调控作用。本文应用转录组测序,对高钙响应拟南芥根部miRNAs进行分析,筛选到受高钙胁迫显著影响的12个miRNAs,并对其靶基因进行了预测和分析。实时定量PCR分析证实,大部分差异表达miRNAs和其靶基因表达负相关。本研究为进一步揭示miRNAs在植物响应高钙胁迫过程中的调控作用奠定了基础。     

Tree Species Effects on Calcium Cycling: The Role of Calcium Uptake in Deep Soils

Soil acidity and calcium (Ca) availability in the surface soil differ substantially beneath sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) trees in a mixed forest in northwestern Connecticut. We determined the effect of pumping of Ca from deep soil (rooting zone below 20-cm mineral soil) to explain the higher available Ca content in the surface soil beneath sugar maple. We measured the atmospheric input of Ca with bulk deposition collectors and estimated Ca weathering and Ca mineralization in the surface soil (rooting zone above 20-cm mineral soil) from strontium isotope measurements and observed changes in exchangeable Ca in soils during field incubation. Calcium leaching at 20 cm was calculated by combining modeled hydrology with measured Ca soil solution concentrations at 20-cm depth. We measured root length distribution with depth beneath both tree species. Calcium leaching from the surface soil was much higher beneath sugar maple than hemlock and was positively related with the amount of Ca available in the surface soil. Calcium leaching from the surface soil beneath sugar maple was higher than the combined Ca input from atmospheric deposition and soil weathering. Without Ca uptake in the deep soil, surface soils are being depleted in Ca, especially beneath sugar maple. More organically bound Ca was mineralized beneath sugar maple than beneath hemlock. A relatively small part of this Ca release was leached below the surface soil, suggesting that, beneath both tree species, most of the Ca cycling is occurring in the surface soil. Sugar maple had more fine roots in the deep soil than hemlock and a greater potential to absorb Ca in the deep soil. With a simple model, we showed that a relatively small amount of Ca uptake in the deep soil beneath sugar maple is able to sustain high amounts of available Ca in the surface soil. Received 20 June 2001; accepted 6 December 2001.     

三种苦苣苔对石灰土和红壤的适应性分析

为探讨苦苣苔科植物对其岩溶生境的适应性,该研究选取黄花牛耳朵(Primulina lutea)、紫花报春苣苔(Pri.purpurea)和桂林蛛毛苣苔(Paraboea guilinensis)三种苦苣苔科植物,将其栽种在石灰土及红壤两种不同类型的土壤中,观测记录其生长性状并对其叶片元素含量进行测定和比较。植株采集过程中,同时采集自然生境中三种苦苣苔科植物叶片及取样植物基部土壤,并对叶片及土壤元素的含量进行测定,作为今后苗圃试验的参照。结果表明:三种苦苣苔科植物在两种土壤上的生长状况及适应性具有差异,其在石灰土上生长良好,在红壤上生长较差;在两种不同土壤中,除N外,桂林蛛毛苣苔的叶片其他元素(P、K、Mn、Mg、Ca、Zn、Cu)差异极显著(P0.01);除P外,紫花报春苣苔的叶片其他元素(N、K、Mn、Mg、Ca、Zn、Cu)差异极显著(P0.01);除N、Cu、Ca外,黄花牛耳朵的叶片元素(P、K、Mn、Mg、Zn)差异极显著(P0.01);三种植物的叶片元素比值,除少数值没有差异外,大部分指标差异都极显著;对叶片元素与栽培土壤元素的相关性分析,发现植物叶片Mn元素与土壤中N、Ca、Mg、Zn、Mn、有机质含量等呈正相关,土壤P元素与叶片中N、P元素呈正相关,而与叶片中Zn元素呈负相关关系。在其他栽培条件一致的条件下,土壤因素及物种差别是造成黄花牛耳朵、紫花报春苣苔和桂林蛛毛苣苔适应性产生差异的主要原因。     

Soil nutrient status after bamboo flowering and death in a seasonal tropical forest in western Thailand

We have examined the surface (0–10 cm) soil characteristics of sites after bamboo (Cephalostachyum pergracile) mass flowering and death (DB sites) in comparison with sites with living bamboo (Bambusa tulda) (LB sites) in a seasonal tropical forest in Thailand. One year after bamboo flowering the DB sites were acidic with lower concentrations of exchangeable Ca and Mg and soil nitrogen than the LB sites. Therefore, although leaf and root litter of the dead bamboo was deposited in the DB sites after bamboo flowering, soil nutrient status decreased.     

Fine Root Dynamics and Forest Production Across a Calcium Gradient in Northern Hardwood and Conifer Ecosystems

Losses of soil base cations due to acid rain have been implicated in declines of red spruce and sugar maple in the northeastern USA. We studied fine root and aboveground biomass and production in five northern hardwood and three conifer stands differing in soil Ca status at Sleepers River, VT; Hubbard Brook, NH; and Cone Pond, NH. Neither aboveground biomass and production nor belowground biomass were related to soil Ca or Ca:Al ratios across this gradient. Hardwood stands had 37% higher aboveground biomass (P = 0.03) and 44% higher leaf litter production (P < 0.01) than the conifer stands, on average. Fine root biomass (<2 mm in diameter) in the upper 35 cm of the soil, including the forest floor, was very similar in hardwoods and conifers (5.92 and 5.93 Mg ha⁻¹). The turnover coefficient (TC) of fine roots smaller than 1 mm ranged from 0.62 to 1.86 y⁻¹ and increased significantly with soil exchangeable Ca (P = 0.03). As a result, calculated fine root production was clearly higher in sites with higher soil Ca (P = 0.02). Fine root production (biomass times turnover) ranged from 1.2 to 3.7 Mg ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ for hardwood stands and from 0.9 to 2.3 Mg ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ for conifer stands. The relationship we observed between soil Ca availability and root production suggests that cation depletion might lead to reduced carbon allocation to roots in these ecosystems.     

Calcium magnesium imbalance in clovers: A cause of negative yield response to liming

Three pot experiments, in which causes of negative yield responses to liming were investigated, are reported. The soil used, Waimumu silt loam (Fragiochrept), differed from others that have been reported to show negative yield response to liming, in that it is only moderately weathered and leached, only moderately acid and has previously shown positive yield responses to liming. Deficiencies of Zn and Mg were identified, but limed (pH 6.8) soils still showed a 40% yield depression even where all nutrients were supplied daily. Phosphorus availability was little affected by liming, and despite Mg and Zn addition, yields were depressed at high lime (pH 6.4) and high P while plants showed leaf symptoms of Mg deficiency. Neither plant nor soil analyses indicated low Mg levels but Ca: Mg ratios in soil were 22:1. When a pH range 5.2–6.1 was produced by liming with CaCO₃ and MgCO₃ at ratios between 100:0, and 50:50 on an equivalent basis, negative yield response was eliminated at Ca:Mg of 50:50. There was no evidence that Mg was fixed or rendered unavailable at the higher pH levels. A Ca induced Mg deficiency arising when exchangeable Ca:Mg>20 is suggested as the cause. The role of variable surface charge in converting soils that respond positively to lime to a negative response condition is discussed.     

秦艽药材及其生长土壤中无机元素含量特征及相关性分析

该研究采用原子吸收分光光度法和火焰光度法,测定云南20个种植地的秦艽及其生长土壤中无机元素的含量,探讨药材中无机元素分布特征,并对药材中无机元素含量与土壤中无机元素含量的相关性进行了分析。结果表明：云南秦艽药材无机元素的含量呈现K>Ca>Mg>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu有规律的分布态势;通过相关性分析、主成分分析和逐步回归分析发现秦艽的特征元素为K、Cu、Ca和Zn;药材中钾含量与土壤中锌,钙与土壤中锰和铜,锰与土壤中钙和镁,铜与土壤中钾和锌元素含量间均分别显著负相关;而药材中镁含量与土壤中钙和镁,铁、铜与土壤中铁元素含量间均呈显著正相关。对秦艽各无机元素含量影响最大的因子是秦艽生长土壤有效钙,有效铁和有效锌其次,最后为有效锰。该研究结果为秦艽道地性成因及适宜栽培区域的选择提供了参考,为秦艽资源合理利用和GAP研究以及从无机元素的角度品评药材品质提供了理论依据。     

Growth and nutrient concentrations of alfalfa and common bean as influenced by soil acidity

Growth and nutrient utilization of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Arc) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Carioca) were studied in an acid soil adjusted to eight levels of soil acidity by lime addition. Application of lime significantly (P<0.05) increased shoot and root growth for both species. However, common bean was far less sensitive to soil acidity than alfalfa. Maximum alfalfa growth was obtained at a soil pH of 5.8 and maximum bean growth was achieved at pH 5.0. Root and shoot growth of both legumes was positively correlated (P<0.01) with soil pH, exchangeable Ca and exchangeable Mg and negatively correlated (P<0.01) with soil exchangeable Al. Common bean had a lower internal P requirement for maximum growth and was more efficient than alfalfa in taking up Ca and Mg. These characteristics would contribute to the favorable growth of common bean in acid-infertile soils.     

In vitro Growth and Leaf Composition of Grapevine Cultivars as Affected by Sodium Chloride

In vitro proliferated shoot culture of six grape genotypes (Vitis vinifera L.) were screened for tolerance to NaCl (0 to 200 mM). The cv. Perlette was found to tolerate 175 mM NaCl followed by cvs. Pusa Seedless and Beauty Seedless 150 mM NaCl. Na, K, Cl, Ca and Mg content increased upto 100 mM NaCl in most of the genotypes. Total sugar and proline content of stem tissue gradually increased under NaCl stress while leaf chlorophyll a+b content declined. Studies suggest that the in vitro screening procedure can be used for ranking the grape genotypes for salinity tolerance.     

Cation concentrations of short roots of Norway spruce as affected by acid irrigation and liming

The longterm effect of acid irrigation and liming (dolomitic limestone) on the mineral element content of roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) was investigated in an 80-year-old Norway spruce stand in South Germany (Bavaria). Soil cores of four soil depths (humic layer, 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm) were taken over 2 years (August 1991 and August 1992) from six plots with different treatments (control, normal irrigation, acid irrigation solely or in combination with liming) and living short roots selected and analysed for calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn) and aluminium (Al).On the acid irrigated plot, the Ca and Mg contents of roots were decreased in 1991, but by 1992, 2 years after the irrigation had been terminated, no difference could be found. The Al content of the roots was not increased by acid irrigation but rose with increasing soil depth, regardless of treatment. Liming increased root contents of Ca and Mg and reduced contents of Mn and Al. This effect was especially distinct in the humic layer and decreased with increasing soil depth. Even though the molar Ca/Al-ratio in the roots in the mineral soil was generally low (0.09–0.52), no evidence of Al toxicity could be found. The formation of Al complexes is discussed as a reason for this behaviour.