不同生长基质的苔藓植物优势种生态位与种间联结

对重庆大巴山国家级自然保护区内800—2400 m海拔区间,岩石和土壤两种基质的苔藓植物群落进行样方调查。以不同植被类型作为资源状态,分别计算群落优势种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠值。采用方差比率法、卡方检验(χ2)和种间联结系数(AC)分析种间联结性。结果表明,石生和土生苔藓植物优势种在落叶阔叶林中的重要值均最高。15种石生苔藓植物优势种的生态位宽度为0.574—1.783,其中大羽藓的生态位宽度最大; 10种土生苔藓植物优势种的生态位宽度为0—1.361,其中厚角绢藓的生态位宽度最大。石生和土生苔藓优势种间的生态位重叠值分别为0.048—0.939和0—0.998。两种基质优势苔藓种间总体联结性的方差比率VR均小于1,且W值均不在置信区间内,表明种间总体上呈现显著负联结,群落处于演替的前期或中期。石生和土生苔藓优势种分别有37对和20对种对的联结性达到显著水平。同一物种在不同基质上的生态位宽度存在差异。同一种对在不同基质上的生态位重叠值和种间联结系数也存在差异。     

不同生长基质的苔藓植物优势种生态位与种间联结

对重庆大巴山国家级自然保护区内800—2400m海拔区间,岩石和土壤两种基质的苔藓植物群落进行样方调查。以不同植被类型作为资源状态,分别计算群落优势种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠值。采用方差比率法、卡方检验(χ2)和种间联结系数(AC)分析种间联结性。结果表明,石生和土生苔藓植物优势种在落叶阔叶林中的重要值均最高。15种石生苔藓植物优势种的生态位宽度为0.574—1.783,其中大羽藓的生态位宽度最大;10种土生苔藓植物优势种的生态位宽度为0—1.361,其中厚角绢藓的生态位宽度最大。石生和土生苔藓优势种间的生态位重叠值分别为0.048-0.939和0-0.998。两种基质优势苔藓种间总体联结性的方差比率VR均小于1,且W值均不在置信区间内,表明种间总体上呈现显著负联结,群落处于演替的前期或中期。石生和土生苔藓优势种分别有37对和20对种对的联结性达到显著水平。同一物种在不同基质上的生态位宽度存在差异。同一种对在不同基质上的生态位重叠值和种间联结系数也存在差异。     

长白山哈泥泥炭地七种苔藓植物生态位

采用Levins和Pianka公式,对哈泥泥炭地7种苔藓植物的生态位进行了研究.结果表明：7种苔藓在泥炭的全氮、全磷、Ca²⁺、K⁺、沼泽水的pH和电导率、乔木郁闭度、灌木盖度以及水位埋深9个环境因子梯度上的平均生态位宽度排序为：沼泽皱缩藓＞喙叶泥炭藓＞中位泥炭藓＞尖叶泥炭藓、桧叶金发藓＞大泥炭藓＞锈色泥炭藓.锈色泥炭藓倾向于特化种,沼泽皱缩藓倾向于泛化种.在各种环境因子中,以电导率平均重叠值最高,水位埋深、乔木郁闭度、pH和灌木盖度梯度上平均重叠值最低,是影响苔藓分布的主要环境因子.多数苔藓在这4个梯度上产生生态位分异.少数苔藓种对在所有环境因子梯度重叠值均较高,是由于苔藓之间存在水分协作关系.这为苔藓植物的种间竞争提供了间接证据.     

山西蟒河国家级自然保护区人工油松林生态位特征

采用Levins生态位宽度、Pianka生态位重叠及生态位相似性指数,对山西蟒河国家级自然保护区人工油松林群落8种乔木、12种灌木和10种草本的种群生态位特征进行了分析。结果表明:乔木树种中油松(1.673)的生态位宽度值较大,其次为华山松(0.737)和侧柏(0.570);灌木树种中荆条(1.150)和黄刺玫(1.020)的生态位宽度值较大;而草本层生态位宽度最大的是苔草(1.520)和华北米蒿(1.200)。乔木、灌木和草本层各种群间均有不同程度的重叠,重叠指数依乔木、灌木、草本层逐渐增大。在乔木层中有2对物种的生态位重叠值0.5,占总数的7.14%;灌木层中有9对物种的重叠值0.5,占总数的13.64%;草本层中重叠值0.5的物种对有7对,占总数的15.56%。总体上表现为生态位宽度大的物种,对资源的利用能力较强,与其他物种间的生态位相似性较高,生态位重叠较大。     

黄龙山林区封育天然油松群落种群生态位特征

选择黄土高原气候交错带的典型地段,将封育年限作为一维资源状态,以物种的重要值作为资源位上的表征特征,对6个封育年限内的油松群落乔木层、灌木层的主要种群生态位宽度和生态位重叠进行了分析,结果表明:多数种群的生态位宽度较窄,生态位宽度较大的种群,生态位宽度排序与其重要值排序并非一致;种群间的生态位重叠较为普遍,这些结果与群落封育过程中物种对光等生态因子要求不同直接相关。研究结果有助于理解天然林封育过程中种群的生态适应性变化规律。     

岩生红豆天然林主要树种生态位研究

基于对贵州省岩生红豆(Ormosia saxatilis)天然林群落样地调查,采用定量分析方法对群落不同层次主要树种生态位宽度、生态位相似比例、生态位重叠等进行研究。结果表明:1)采用Levins和Shannon-Wiener两指数测定的生态位宽度值存在较大差异,但前几位顺序基本一致;2)在乔木层中,岩生红豆、云贵鹅耳枥(Carpinus pubescens)、朴树(Celtis sinensis)、青冈栎(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)等具有较大生态位宽度值,其B(SW)i和B(H)i值分别为0.6559、0.5113、0.3635、0.3369和0.9086、0.4545、0.4071、0.3298;3)在灌木层中,岩生红豆、圆果化香(Platycarya longipes)等也具有较大生态位宽度值;4)物种生态位宽度大小体现其对环境的适应范围,宽度越大,适应能力就越强;5)物种生态位宽度大小与生态位重叠值之间有密切关系,生态位宽度大的物种对间一般具有较大的重叠值,生态位宽度较大物种与其它物种间往往具有较大的生态位相似比例和重叠值,重叠值越大,其利用资源的相似程度就越大,竞争就会越激烈。     

西藏高寒草原苔藓植物群丛特征及其与生态因子的关系

苔藓植物独特的形态结构和生理特征，使其能够生长在极端干旱和寒冷的严酷环境中，苔藓植物是青藏高原高寒草地的植被组成成分之一，发挥着重要的生态作用。为探讨高寒草原苔藓植物的群丛特征，明确影响苔藓植物群丛分布的主要生态因子，本研究在西藏高寒草原区域共设置40个样地，通过样方调查，采集、记录苔藓植物，基于物种和样地生态因子数据，应用双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)和典范对应分析(CCA)方法对苔藓植物群丛进行数量分类与排序。共记录9科18属36种藓类植物。在科的水平，以丛藓科为主；在属的水平，以对齿藓属(Didymodon)和真藓属(Bryum)为主。优势种分别是短叶对齿藓(Didymodon tectorus)、细叶石灰藓(Barbula gracilenta)、北地对齿藓(Didymodon fallax)和密歇根对齿藓(Didymodon michiganensis)。生活型以丛集型为主，占83.33%。双向指示种分析将苔藓植物群丛分成8个类型，分别是垂蒴真藓(Bryum uliginosum)群丛、北地对齿藓+金黄银藓(Anomobryum auratum)群丛、短叶对齿藓+北地对齿...     

五鹿山国家级自然保护区油松群落优势种生态位研究

根据五鹿山国家级自然保护区油松群落57个样地调查资料,通过TWINSPIN聚类分析对该群落类型进行了划分,将划分群丛类型作为资源轴,计算了乔木和灌木树种Shannon-Wiener和Hurbert生态位宽度及Morisita重叠指数。结果表明：油松群落共划分为7个群丛。乔木层油松、辽东栎、茶条槭的生态位宽度（Shannon-Wiener和Hurbert生态位宽度）较大,LB和HB分别是1.656、1.404、1.047和0.948、0.735、0.386。灌木层水栒子、土庄绣线菊、陕西荚蒾的生态位宽度较大,LB和HB分别是1.562、1.401、1.300和0.512、0.447、0.389。乔木层生态位高度重叠的占6%(>0.8),中度重叠的占10%(0.6~0.8),小于0.6的低度重叠的占84%,灌木层高度重叠者占7%(>0.8),中度重叠者占10.39%(0.6~0.8),小于0.6的低度重叠者占82.25%。说明油松群落组成植物对当地环境具有较高的适应性和资源环境利用能力,种间竞争较小,有些物种的生态位明显趋于特化,群落处于共摊阶段。     

陕西周至老县城自然保护区天然林物种组成及主要种群生态位

采用样方法对陕西周至老县城自然保护区森林植物群落进行调查,运用生态位宽度(B)、生态位重叠值(L)及生态位相似比例(C)指标对主要乔木种群的生态位特征进行测定与分析,探讨植物种群在群落中的地位和作用以及彼此间的竞争关系。结果表明:(1)经调查老县城自然保护区共记录到植物物种243种,隶属于64科159属;分为3个植被型、9个群系。(2)主要乔木种群中,华山松和锐齿槲栎的生态位宽度较大,其Bi、Ba值分别为0.654、0.699和0.534、0.460;短柄枹栎和兴山榆的生态位宽度较小,其Bi、Ba值分别为0.064、0.023和0.049、0.016。(3)白桦和太白杨、糙皮桦和山杨种对的生态位重叠值和生态位相似性比例均较大,其Lij、Lji分别为0.108、0.114和0.089、0.128,Cij分别为0.939和0.744。优势种间的生态位重叠值和生态位相似比例总体较小,表明在现阶段群落演替中,植物对环境资源的竞争不激烈,物种空间异质性低。     

基于生态位理论的毛竹-桫椤群丛物种竞争共存机制

研究毛竹干扰状态下赤水桫椤国家级自然保护区毛竹-桫椤群丛主要物种的生态位特征和种间协变关系,分析物种间竞争共存机制。结果表明：群丛中木本及高大草本植物共有67种,隶属于40科53属。毛竹的重要值、Shannon生态位宽度指数(B_S)、Levins生态位宽度指数(B_L)均最大,毛竹为群丛中绝对优势种;桫椤的重要值和B_L值位列第二,B_S值位列第三。20个主要物种组成的190组种对中,毛竹与桫椤生态位重叠值最大,为0.64;136组种对生态位重叠值小于0.2(占总对数的71.6%),物种间生态位重叠程度低,生态位分化程度较大。主要物种间的总体联结呈显著正联结,群落相对稳定;主要物种间相关性不显著,联结性不强,种间独立性较强。毛竹与桫椤、罗伞、绿叶黄葛树、毛桐呈极显著正协变,毛竹与粗糠柴、云南樟、黄心树呈极显著负协变。毛竹与土著种的适合度差异和生态位差异共同影响群丛物种间的共存和竞争。控制毛竹扩张,限制与桫椤呈负协变关系物种的规模,可为桫椤营造良好的生存环境。     

Bryophytes and ecological niche theory

Classical niche theory, particularly in terms of competitive exclusion, does not appear to apply as well to bryophytes as to other organisms. Bryophyte communities, as well as those of other plants and of animals, can be thought of in terms of individual species each utilizing particular portions of various resource or habitat continua. Quantitative studies carried out since 1981, particularly those involving niche breadth and overlap, are reviewed. Special attention is given to niche diversification in Sphagnum , Splachnaceae, bryophyte communities in streams, and to ephemeral bryophyte communities. Some bryophyte communities appear to have equilibrium characteristics and to contain species with relatively narrow niche breadths and with no or only partial niche overlap. In many habitats, however, bryophyte communites have non-equilibrium characteristics and diversification of species in microhabitats is opportunistic. Do any bryophyte communities persist long enough for complete saturation by species which have realized niches determined by competitive interactions? Recent studies indicate that this is the case for at least some Sphagnum communities, but that it is the exception not the rule for bryophytes.     

Temporal variation in spatial organization of a rodent community in the southwestern Kyzylkum desert (Middle Asia)

The distribution of niches in resource space and the niche patterns of a 14-species community of Middle Asian desert rodents were studied during two years - at low and high rodent density - using discriminant function analysis Nineteen quantitative environmental parameters (soil structure and vegetation), measured in 550 plots within 22 1 -ha grids, were considered The first three canonical axes of resource space account for 72% of the variance The first two axes represent complex environmental gradients the first axis represents a general landscape gradient from sand to clay soils, the second axis reflects a gradient of in creasing productivity The third axis reflects with in-habitat environmental variation All community parameters, as well as parameters of individual species niches, were unstable between years At the same time, different parameters vary in different extent Position of niche centroids along macro-habitat axes, as. well as macrohabitat niche breadth, were relatively stable between years, but these parameters for microhabitat axis and values of niche overlap were much more variable A strong correlation between changes m relative between-habitat niche breadth and differences in average niche overlap with relative changes in species abundances indicate density dependence of these parameters Changes in niche overlap is a consequence of between-year differences in guild patterns Guild structure was pronounced at high density when the level of niche overlap was intermediate At low density, when the level of niche overlap decreased, guild structure was incon-spicous Different levels of diversity differed in their sensitivity to density changes α-diversity was relatively constant as a result of between-year stability of niche centroid positions However level of ß-diversity varied significantly between years reflecting changes in the level of niche overlap, because a decrease in niche overlap leads to an increase in the rate of species turnover     

Bryophyte biomass and species richness on the Park Grass Experiment,Rothamsted, UK

The relationships between bryophyte biomass and species richness and soil pH, nutrient applications and vascular plant biomass and species richness were analyzed for the Park Grass Experiment (Rothamsted, UK). The study examined the abundance of bryophytes in relation to long-term fertilizer and lime application and to fertilizer treatments recently being ceased on some plots. The probability of bryophytes being present on a plot increased with increasing soil pH, and on plots at soil pH 3.3–4.5, the lowest values in this experiment, there were virtually no mosses present. Total bryophyte biomass decreased with increasing vascular plant biomass and vascular plant richness. Both bryophyte biomass and species richness showed a curvilinear response to soil pH. Bryophyte biomass was markedly increased on plots where nitrogen (N) fertilization had recently been ceased. The abundance of the common bryophyte species showed individualistic responses to treatments. N had a negative effect on the abundance of Brachythecium rutabulum. Increasing soil pH, and the application of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizer together, had a positive effect on Eurhynchium praelongum. This species was also negatively affected by N, but tolerated larger amounts of it (100–150 kg ha^–1 N) than B. rutabulum. An ephemeral moss, Bryum subapiculatum, had a unimodal response to soil pH but showed no response to N, P, K or other explanatory variables.     

Assemblages of native bryophytes in secondary forests with introduced Quercus rubra

We have studied the diversity of bryophytes in planted Polish post‐agricultural forests dominated by the native Scots pine Pinus sylvestris and the alien (North American) red oak Quercus rubra. The planted sites would be suitable for a mesic coniferous forest (abbreviation: CFS) or mesic broadleaved forest (abbreviation: BFS). We analysed the structure and composition of the bryophyte assemblages in relation to forest site and substrate availability. Special attention was paid to the introduced Q. rubra as a host species for native bryophytes. A total of 54 bryophyte species (9 liverworts and 45 mosses) were found in the 90 plots ( = phytosociological relevés, 10 × 10 m in area; 45 at each forest site) studied. DCA analysis showed that the bryophyte assemblages of the P. sylvestris–Q. rubra secondary forest community differed significantly between CFS and BFS sites; the similarity of the composition of bryophyte species was 36.8%. The substrate preferences (epigeic, epixylic, epiphytic), as well as the growth form and life form of the recorded bryophytes, also differed between CFS and BFS, while the proportion of bryophytes that had a particular life strategy was very similar. The introduced Q. rubra was inhabited by 28 bryophyte species, including two liverworts. This tree hosted 64% of the CFS and 47% of BFS bryophyte flora and as a host for epiphytes the species successfully fulfilled the functional role of the native oaks (Q. robur and Q. petraea). Thus, the introduction of Q. rubra may contribute to the restoration of post‐agricultural forests and to the conservation of epiphytic bryophyte species. On the other hand, the negative impact of Q. rubra observed on the ground flora (including bryophytes) puts the benefits of Q. rubra for the conservation of native biodiversity in general in question.     

洮河自然保护区大峪沟林区紫果云杉群落木本植物种群生态位特征

基于群落调查数据,以样地代表多种资源的综合状态,物种重要值作为生态位的计测指标,利用Levins和Shannon生态位宽度,Schoener生态位相似和Pianka生态位重叠对洮河自然保护区大峪沟林区的紫果云杉群落木本植物种群生态位进行定量研究。结果表明：紫果云杉群落乔木层共有树种8种,隶属于4科6属,紫果云杉占绝对优势,岷江冷杉为次优势种;灌木层共有植物50种,隶属于16科25属,忍冬科的蓝靛果、葱皮忍冬和唐古特忍冬等以及蔷薇科的峨眉蔷薇和银露梅等构成了灌木层的主体,紫果云杉幼苗优势不明显,但生态位宽度最大。本研究表明,生态位宽度受物种生态特性及其分布和生境共同影响,重要值大的物种生态位宽度一般较大,生态位宽度大的物种之间生态位相似性和重叠性一般较大,并与其它物种重叠的概率高、重叠程度大,生态位宽度小的物种集中出现时也会出现较大的生态位重叠,同科或同属的物种间常有较大生态位相似和重叠。生态位宽度反映着种群的扩散潜力,生态位相似反映着群落的稳定性,生态位重叠反映着物种间存在或潜在的竞争程度。紫果云杉在乔、灌木层均有最大的生态位宽度,生态适应性最强,群落结构稳定,具有进一步扩散的可能。     

Foraging niche dynamics and overlap in a guild of passerine birds in a south Swedish coniferous woodland

Summary Three foraging niche dimensions were measured at four seasons in six passerine bird species in a pine-dominated woodland. Total niche size increased in the order Certhia familiaris. In the first two species niche sizewas relatively constant at all seasons in spite of fluctuations in separatedimensions suggesting intraspecific complementarity between dimensionbreadths. Diffuse niche overlap was much lower in summer than at otherseasons in all species. Generally, this was due to movements of exploitationcurves along resource axes away from zones of interspecific overlap andto enlargement of total guild niche size, rather than to a reduction in totalniche size of the species. In some species a positive correlation was indicatedbetween breadth of niche dimension and diffuse overlap in the same dimension.Total niche size was correlated with total diffuse overlap up to acertain overlap value. Interspecific niche size complementarity was stronglysuggested by total guild niche being much less variable between seasons thanthe separate niche size of each species. The narrow niche of P. major, usuallyregarded a generalist, may be due to it being primarily adapted to broadleavedrather than coniferous woodland.     

Seasonal dynamics of resource partitioning among foliage-gleaning passerines in northern Finland

Summary The five most abundant species were included in a year-round study with respect to six foraging niche dimensions. Approximately full multidimensional utilization functions were used for niche metrics. During summer foraging overlaps were invariably high, but in other seasons periodically lower. Foraging site breadth was lower in winter, when fewer sites are profitable for foraging than in summer. Feeding posture versatility, by contrast, was highest in winter. Seasonal foraging shifts were very prominent, as great in fact as between-species differences. Often seasonal trends were parallel in different species. Niche axes of macrohabitat-type (e.g. tree) were more open for foraging variation and axes of microhabitat-type (tree part) more rigid. Among the resident species seasonal variation in foraging was greatest in Regulus regulus and Parus cristatus, whereas the foraging behaviour was more stable for P. montanus (an abundant species with broad niche), perhaps owing to greater intraspecific competition. In these northern forests foliage-gleaners must be versatile generalists to cope with the unpredictable resources, and thus they overlap broadly in their general resource niches which are determined by their genetically fixed cost and benefit relations to each resource type. Anyhow, presumably during periodical food shortage, the actual resource uses adjusted by resource availability and competition may overlap narrowly.     

干旱荒漠区植物生态位对水盐的响应

全球气候变化对生态系统功能的影响决定着种群地位和群落演替,由于干旱区的特殊性成为研究生物响应环境变化的热点地区。为探索艾比湖流域荒漠区植物生态位对土壤水盐梯度的响应,在研究水、盐含量和植物生态位特征的基础上,应用变系数模型,分析了土壤水盐梯度下的群落组成和生态位响应趋势。结果显示:(1)随土壤水盐梯度的降低,艾比湖流域群落的物种组成呈倒"V"型分布,说明土壤水盐交互作用影响着植被分布和群落类型。(2)高水盐环境下,胡杨(Populus euphratica)、琵琶柴(Reaumuria soongorica)和梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)等生态位宽度值(B_i)较大,柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)、骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia)和甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis)等B_i较小;中水盐环境下,白刺(Nitraria schoberi)和琵琶柴的B_i较大,铃铛刺(Halimodendron halodendron)、甘草和盐节木(Halocnemum strobilaceum)的B_i较小;低水盐环境下,梭梭、花花柴(Karelinia caspica)和琵琶柴等B_i较大,盐节木的B_i较小;说明土壤水盐环境和物种生态学特性是影响B_i的重要因素。(3)物种水平上,B_i较大的种群与其他物种的生态位重叠(O_(ij))一般较大,但B_i较小的物种间的O_(ij)不一定小(例如:高水盐土壤环境下柽柳和骆驼刺的O_(ij)为1);群落水平上,B_i与O_(ij)具有一定的正相关性;说明由于资源纬度的相似性增大了低B_i物种间的O_(ij),并且B_i和O_(ij)由物种向群落尺度转换时,两者之间的关系存在冗余。(4)土壤水盐梯度与群落生态幅呈现一种非线性相关特征,高水盐格局对群落B_i有一定的促进效应,而低水盐模式对B_i具有一定的限制作用,表明土壤水盐的协同效应影响着物种在群落的地位,并在一定程度上决定了群落向正负两极演替的方向。     

岩溶穴居性陆氏石山苣苔群落物种组成与生态位分析研究

根据对陆氏石山苣苔模式产地的实地调查与取样,采用定量分析的方法,研究了其模式产地草本植物群落中重要值排名前20的物种优势度、生态位宽度、生态位重叠值以及环境土壤肥力值。结果表明:(1)陆氏石山苣苔在其模式产地中具有明显的优势度,且在Levins、Hurblert生态位宽度指数测度下均排位第二,表明对原生环境中资源的利用程度高,但Pianka生态位重叠显示当产生竞争关系时陆氏石山苣苔总是处于竞争劣势,竞争能力薄弱。(2)岩溶洞穴环境中不同空间上的环境资源存在明显差异,导致物种间的生态位重叠值与种间关系的复杂性,需依据物种的生物学特性和对环境的需求进行区别研究。(3)陆氏石山苣苔模式产地的资源环境因素彼此之间存在一定的相互关系,这构成了一种保护机制,从而缓解了陆氏石山苣苔因其自身竞争力薄弱产生的生存压力,建议后期工作中应优先加强对其环境的保护。     

入侵植物藿香蓟与常见伴生杂草的生态位特征

基于传统生态位理论的生物入侵机制假说认为外来种和土著种生态位的差异是决定入侵成功与否和危害程度的关键。藿香蓟(Ageratum conyzoides L.)是一种在我国南方快速蔓延的恶性入侵种。为了了解藿香蓟与其他杂草在群落中的生态关系,探究造成藿香蓟成功入侵的可能机制及危害,在浙西南的丽水市开展了杂草群落调查,计算了藿香蓟和16种常见本地杂草的生态位宽度、生态位重叠和种间相关系数,并对主要物种进行典范对应分析(CCA)排序。结果表明(1)藿香蓟与常见本地杂草间的生态位重叠度显著高于本地杂草间的生态位重叠度,这与藿香蓟具有最大的生态位宽度有关;(2)藿香蓟与常见本地杂草的Pianka生态位重叠指数介于0.04-0.296之间,重叠度处于中下水平;(3)常见本地杂草对于藿香蓟的n-维超体积生态位重叠值显著高于藿香蓟对于常见本地杂草的n-维超体积生态位重叠值;(4)藿香蓟在CCA排序图上处于较中心的位置,说明其具有较高的中生性;不仅如此,外来杂草和本地杂草在排序图上充分混杂,说明外来种相对于本地种并无明显特化;(5)群落中大多数常见杂草间未出现显著种间负相关,仅7个种对显著正相关,大多数种对不相关。总的来说,丽水农村的杂草群落稳定较差,资源相对充足,种间生态位重叠较低,本地植物对于藿香蓟的竞争阻抗较小,加上藿香蓟本身较大的生态位宽度,导致了藿香蓟在本地区广泛而严重的入侵。