晚更新世气候波动及长江阻隔对小麂皖南种群和大别山种群遗传分化与基因流模式的影响

通过对皖南山区和大别山区的101 个小麂的线粒体D-loop 区770 bp序列的分析,探讨了两个种群的遗传多样性、有效种群大小、历史种群动态和种群间的基因流模式。在101 个D-loop 区序列中共发现34 个单倍型,其中24 个分布在皖南种群,10 个分布在大别山种群,种群间无共享单倍型。皖南种群线粒体遗传多样性(h =0. 952,π = 0.016 8)明显高于大别山种群(h =0.734,π = 0. 007 7),雌性有效种群(N_E = 146830)亦大于大别山(N_E =19840)。通过歧点分布分析表明在更新世第四间冰期,小麂皖南种群经历过一次大规模的种群扩张事件(在约15. 7 万年前)。基因流的分析结果显示皖南种群和大别山种群间存在着明显不对等的基因流(M_{W N→DB} =0. 36;M_{DB→W N} =75. 00)。这种不对称的基因流模式可能反映出在晚更新世冰期循环中,作为天然地理屏障的长江在盛冰期和间冰期对物种扩散的阻隔能力上的差异。     

神农架生物圈保护区植物多样性及其保护现状的研究

对神农架生物圈保持区森林生态系统多样性、植物物种多样性、植物遗传多样性及其保护现状作了较斩研究,结果如下：１．神农架生物圈保护区海拔差异大,生态环境相当复杂,植被垂直分布差异明显。根据植被现状,其自然植被可划分为３个植被带,海拔４２０－１８００ｍ为常绿、落叶阔叶混交林带;海拔１８００－２６００ｍ为温性针叶和落叶阔叶林带;海拔２６００－３１０５．４ｍ为寒性常绿针叶林带。     

天女木兰遗传多样性微卫星标记的研究

以中国7个省份9个天女木兰种群为研究对象,采用微卫星技术(SSR)探讨天女木兰分子遗传多样性。结果显示:(1)9个天女木兰种群间存在较低的遗传多样性,种群平均Nei基因多样性指数(H)0.098 5,平均Shannon信息指数(I)0.146 8;种群间基因流为0.597 9(1),处于很低的水平。(2)天女木兰不同种群在长期进化过程中发生了一定的遗传分化,9个天女木兰种群的遗传距离为0.068 8~0.214 2,遗传相似度介于0.82~0.93之间。(3)聚类分析结果显示,9个天女木兰种群在进化上形成2个主要分枝,贵州麻江种群为一支,其他地区的种群为另一支,其中贵州麻江的天女木兰生存状况较差。(4)天女木兰的遗传多样性与种群分布的经度呈正相关。研究表明,天女木兰种群间的遗传多样性低,缺乏基因交流,可能是导致其濒危的主要遗传学机制。     

佛坪国家自然保护区地面生苔藓植物物种多样性

通过对秦岭南坡佛坪国家自然保护区地面生苔藓植物的调查,采用相似性系数、重要值、多样性指数对其进行物种多样性的研究。结果表明:29个样地内地面生苔藓植物共33科69属189种,包括苔类植物7科8属15种和藓类植物26科61属174种,其中青藓科是最优势的科。落叶阔叶栎(Quercus)林下地面生苔藓植物的物种多样性最高,其次是落叶阔叶桦(Betula)林带、竹林、针叶林和沟谷岩石,杜鹃(Rhododendron)灌丛带的最低。落叶阔叶栎林带和落叶阔叶桦林带的种相似性最高,杜鹃灌丛与其它植被带的种相似性都很低。研究表明秦岭南坡的佛坪国家自然保护区内,低山地区的落叶阔叶栎林带是该地区苔藓植物多样性的分布中心,是物种多样性保护的关键地带;亚高山地区杜鹃灌丛带的苔藓植物物种多样性虽然不高,但种类明显不同于别的地带,所以也应是苔藓植物多样性保护值得注意的地带。     

锥栗种群在鼎湖山三个群落中的遗传分化研究

采用扩增片段长度多态性（AFLP,Amplified fragmen length polymorphism)方法对锥栗（Castanopsis chinensis)在3个不同群落亚种群的遗传分化进行了研究。研究地点位于广东省鼎湖山,3个群落分别是：针叶林群落,针阔叶混交林群落,常绿阔叶林群落。采集的叶要进行DNA提取,酶切、连接、PCR扩增后进行变异性聚丙烯酰胺的凝脉电泳,银染后把所得带进行1／0标记。结果表明,四组引物对分别扩增出27,20,33,39条带,其中分别有15,15,18,26条是多态性带,说明其多样性较高。用AMOVA（Analysis of molecular variance) 分析表明75．36％的遗传变异表现在种群内,24．64％的遗传变异表现在种群间,极显著（P＜0．001）。使用Nei遗传距离进行了算术平均数的非加权成组配对法(UPGMA）。其聚类结果表明常绿阔叶林群落亚种群和针阔叶混交林群落亚种群的种群聚合在一起。上述结果说明锥栗不同亚种群有不同的遗传多样性,种群间遗传分化较大。这是种群本身遗传特性的反映,并与群落演替密切相关,即不同群落微环境对种群遗传的影响。     

梵净山国家级自然保护区叶蝉群落结构特征

为了解梵净山国家级自然保护区内叶蝉群落结构组成及其变化特征,丰富保护区昆虫物种分布数据,对该保护区不同生境和不同垂直林带的叶蝉进行初步调查.运用统计分析、聚类分析、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pieluo均匀性指数、Simpson优势度指数,研究了不同生境和林带中叶蝉类群的物种组成、相似性、多样性和均匀度.结果表明,随着植被组成变化和海拔升高,叶蝉类群在5种生境和4种林带间的分布存在较大差异,植被组成丰富和光照条件充足的环境中,叶蝉类群多样性增加,植被类型单一且密度大的环境下,叶蝉类群趋于减少.在不同生境中,类群属级阶元数量顺序为:灌丛(85属)＞林缘(61属)＞田地(49属)＞森林(44属)＞草坡(33属);在不同海拔林带中顺序为:亚高山灌丛草甸带(88属)＞常绿阔叶林带(68属)＞亚高山针阔混交林带(66属)＞常绿落叶阔叶混交林带(39属).自然环境的相似性是叶蝉群落相似性的基础,区间相似性越高,叶蝉群落越相似,不同生境和不同林带中自然环境存在的差异,导致了叶蝉类群相似性的不同.在不同生境下,灌丛和林缘的叶蝉类群组成相似性最高,生境之间关联性最强,而在不同林带下,常绿阔叶林带和亚高山灌丛草甸带相似性最高.随着生境条件和林带环境的不同,叶蝉类群的分布呈现一定的特征,类群均匀度指数和多样性指数呈正相关,优势度指数则相反.从田地到灌丛以及从常绿阔叶林带到亚高山灌丛草甸带,多样性指数逐渐增大,叶蝉类群组成在灌丛和亚高山灌丛草甸带最为丰富,各类群的数量也相对均匀,而田地和常绿阔叶林带的优势度指数最高,说明其群落内物种分布较不均匀,个体数虽最多,但优势类群突出,多样性指数相对较低.     

东南石栎种群在演替系列群落中的遗传多样性

在浙江省天台山,利用RAPD技术对东南石栎种群演替系列群落针叶林、针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林中的遗传多样性和遗传分化进行了研究。结果表明,12个随机引物在60株个体中共检测到173个可重复位点,其中多态位点152个,总多态位点百分率为87.86%,3个种群平均多态位点百分率为65.32%。采用Shannon信息指数计算的3个种群总的遗传多样性为0.4529,平均为0.3458。采用Nei指数计算的3个种群总的基因多样性为0.3004,平均为0.2320。3个种群的多态位点百分率、Shannon信息指数、Nei指数大小顺序均为针叶林种群>针阔混交林种群>常绿阔叶林种群。AMOVA分子变异显示,72.85%变异来源于种群内,27.15%变异来源于种群间。种群间的遗传分化系数为0.2277,基因流为1.6949。东南石栎这种遗传结构是其本身生物学特性的反映,同时也与群落的微环境密切相关。3个东南石栎种群间的遗传相似度平均为0.8662,遗传距离平均为0.1442。针阔混交林种群与常绿阔叶林种群的遗传相似度最高,常绿阔叶林种群与针叶林种群最低。根据Nei的遗传距离对不同种群进行非加权成组配对法(UPGMA)聚类表明,针阔混交林种群与常绿阔叶林种群先聚合,再与针叶林种群聚在一起。     

缙云山川鄂连蕊茶在不同群落类型中的RAPD分析

采用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)对常绿阔叶林灌木层广布种川鄂连蕊茶(Camellia rosthorniana)在缙云山3个群落类型(毛竹林、针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林)中的遗传结构和DNA多样性进行了研究。10个引物共扩增出138个产物,其中115个是多态性的,多态位点比率为83．33％。Shannon指数估算的3个种群的遗传多样性为常绿阔叶林0．3345,毛竹林0．3148,针阔混交林0．3085,遗传分化为8．12％;Nei指数计算的3个种群的基因多样性为常绿阔叶林0．2095,毛竹林0．1981,针阔混交林0．1934,遗传分化为7．51％。种群间遗传距离在0．0177～0．0393之间。川鄂连蕊茶在3个群落中的种群大小和生长状况不同,各种群遗传多样性的高低可能是对所处群落生境的适应。     

社鼠繁殖情况调查初报

社鼠是卧龙自然保护区小形啮齿类的优势种。1986年3—10月,根据该区植被垂直带及社鼠分布情况,分别在常绿阔叶林带、常绿落叶阔叶林带及针阔叶混交林带采用踏板式铁制鼠铗捕鼠(每带每月300铗日)进行社鼠繁殖情况调查,结果如下。一、共捕获社鼠251只。雄性126只、雌性125只,雌雄性比为1:1。有雄性成体99只,雌性成体63只,其中孕鼠和带子宫斑鼠各15只(各占雌性成体数的23.8%)。孕鼠怀胎仔数3—9只,平均5.3只,子宫斑数2—13个,平均6个。从常绿阔叶林带、常绿落叶阔叶林带和针阔叶混交林带所捕获孕鼠的平均怀胎仔数分别为4.8只、5.8只和5.7只。二…     

价值和利用

猫儿山具有较大面积的东亚湿润亚热带特有植被类型。保护区范围从海拔300米一直到最高峰,植被垂直分带明显,从常绿阔叶林带,到山地常绿、落叶阔叶混交林带,再到常绿、落叶阔叶混交矮林和灌丛带,依次出现,各个植被带都有面积大小不等的一些演替类型出现,生物多样性丰富多彩。猫儿山同时也是漓江,资江和浔江三大水系的主要发源地。特别是漓江的水量和水质与猫儿山地区森     

Genetic variation in Hawaiian Drosophila. VIII. Heterozygosity and genic changes in isolated populations of D. engyochracea

Drosophila engyochracea, an endemic Hawaiian fly found only in two, finite populations in Volcano National Park, has extensive electrophoretic heterozygosity on a par with that found in species with much wider distributions. A study of six polymorphic loci in both populations over an 18-month period revealed that the population in the more xeric environment is more dynamic genetically as well as more variable. In addition, genetic changes at one locus, Pgm, are correlated to changes in an environmental moisture parameter. These findings confirm that migration is not necessary to maintain genetic variation in isolated populations and demonstrate that D. engyochracea gene pools are susceptible to errors in Hardy-Weinberg equilibria during specific seasonal periods.Portions of this article were submitted in partial fulfillment for a Doctor of Philosophy degree in Genetics awarded to W. W. M. Steiner by the Department of Genetics, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Research was supported by NSF Grants GB-23230, GM-27586, and GB-29288.     

野生毛樱桃SSR遗传多样性和遗传结构分析

利用11对SSR多态性引物对秦岭山脉5个居群11个亚居群104份野生毛樱桃材料进行遗传多样性和遗传结构分析,以明确中国樱桃的种质资源,为樱桃育种以及生产中改良樱桃砧木提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)11对引物共检测出110个等位位点,各引物扩增的多态性条带在5~13个之间;观察到的平均等位基因数(A)为10,有效等位基因数(Ae)为7.586 3。(2)秦岭山脉天水居群的多态性比率(PPB)为69.55%、长安居群为76.53%、太白居群为81.36%、华阴居群为85.00%、眉县居群为92.17%,5个居群总的多态性比率为81.62%,各位点平均期望杂合度(He)为0.864 0。(3)秦岭山脉野生毛樱桃各居群的基因分化系数(Gst)为0.081 2,居群内的遗传分化占91.88%,居群间的遗传分化占8.12%;基于Gst测得基因流(Nm)为2.827 3,秦岭山脉Nei遗传距离为0.489 7,香农信息指数为2.101 9。研究认为,秦岭山脉野生毛樱桃的遗传多样性水平较高,遗传分化主要存在于居群内,且基因交流没有受到阻碍,居群内现存的遗传多样性水平对遗传漂变不敏感,但居群间存在适中的基因交流可能会降低整个种群的再分化。     

Isolation and characterization ofAcinetobacter sp. mutants defective in exopolysaccharide biosynthesis

Nitrosoguanidine-induced mutants ofAcinetobacter sp. defective in exopolysaccharide biosynthesis did not differ from the parent strain in distinguishing physiological and biochemical properties, such as requirements for growth factors, utilization of mono- and disaccharides, and resistance to antibiotics. The genetic relation of parent and mutant strains was shown by 16S rRNA PCR analysis. The comparative study of parent and mutant strains with respect to resistance to unfavorable environmental factors confirmed our hypothesis thatAcinetobacter sp. exopolysaccharides perform protective functions. Hybridization experiments revealed the conjugal transfer of plasmid R68.45 fromPseudomonas putida BS228 (R68.45) to mutant but not to the parentAcinetobacter sp. strains. The role of theAcinetobacter sp. exopolysaccharides in providing the genetic stability of this bacterium is discussed.     

同域分布垂穗披碱草和达乌力披碱草遗传多样性和遗传结构分析

披碱草属(Elymus L.)是禾本科(Poaceae)小麦族(Triticeae)中的一个多年生属,该属在青藏高原地区有广泛分布,多数物种是草原和草甸的组成成分,许多种类为品质优良的牧草。垂穗披碱草(E.nutans)和达乌力披碱草(E.dahuricus)同为禾本科小麦族披碱草属异源六倍体物种,染色体组组成皆为StYH。为探究垂穗披碱草遗传多样性形成的内在机制,该研究利用微卫星(SSR)分子标记,对采自青藏高原地区同域分布的垂穗披碱草和达乌力披碱草两个居群共58个个体进行遗传多样性和遗传结构分析。结果表明:8对引物在垂穗披碱草和达乌力披碱草扩增条带分别为163条和124条,多态性位点百分率(PPB)分别为89.71%和76.07%,多态性信息含量(PIC)分别介于0.583~0.929和0.524~0.830之间。垂穗披碱草遗传多样性(H_e=0.69,I=1.34,P_p=100%)高于达乌力披碱草(H_e=0.53,I=0.80,P_p=93.75%);同域分布的垂穗披碱草和达乌力披碱草居群,垂穗披碱草呈现出更高的遗传多样性。AMOVA分子变异显示,两个物种居群内遗传变异分别80.92%和63.62%,但居群间遗传分化水平较低。遗传结构分析揭示两个物种间有基因流存在。综合分析结果认为,该地区种间杂交基因渗透引起的种内遗传分化,在这两个物种多样性形成中可能起着重要作用。     

Expression instability and genetic disorders in transgenicNicotiana plumbaginifolia L. plants

The ease of integrative transformation with foreign genes and the extent of their expression and stability in successive generations determine the applicability of direct gene transfer. InNicotiana plumbaginifolia, one to ten copies of foreign DNA were integrated into the plant genome, resulting in simple to complex patterns of integration. Genetic analysis showed that in more than 50% of the cases, this DNA inserted at two or more loci in the genome. Of the 156 crosses performed between F₁ monogenic transformants, only eight combinations showed linkage of the inserted neomycin phosphotransferase genes (npt). The following instability events were registered: physical loss, alterations in the initial segregation rates in successive meiotic generations observed in either selfing or crossing (reduction or increase in number of segregating loci) and genomic disorders in crosses between transformants. Among them of particular interest were the discordant segregation values observed between corresponding R₁ and F₁ progenies in up to 9% of the evaluated transformants. In addition, 5% of the transformants showed a phenotypic loss of resistance. In the F₃ generation, 5 out of 15 transformants exhibited instability, which was transmitted to the F₄ generation. Further increases in instability rates were observed with higher numbers of insertion loci and in crosses between independent transgenic plants, reaching 100% when a trigenic partner was involved.N. plumbaginifolia exhibited more instability thanN. tabacum under equivalent experimental conditions. The molecular bases of such instability events are discussed in relation to DNA methylation, co-suppression and genomic imbalance.     

MITE转座子在不同甘蓝型油菜品种中的多态性研究

微型反向重复转座因子(MITE)在真核生物基因组中普遍存在,其活动能够在物种内形成丰富的多态性,在基因组进化和基因调控中均发挥重要作用。该研究利用286对不同MITE家族侧翼序列筛选的特异引物,对101个中国油菜、27个加拿大油菜和29个合成油菜品系(共157个品系)的基因组DNA进行多态性研究,以明确MITE家族的插入/缺失多态性以及在不同油菜品种之间插入的遗传多样性,进而探讨他们之间的亲缘关系。结果显示：(1)286对引物中筛选出60对条带清晰重复性高的多态性引物,多态性比例21.0%;其中Stowaway like家族和Tourist like家族特异引物的多态性比例分别为24.6%和20.0%。(2)PCR扩增结果显示,60对多态性引物对中国、加拿大、合成油菜品系的基因组DNA分别扩增出4 029、1 044、1 087条清晰可辨的条带。(3)UPGMA聚类显示,中国油菜品种间遗传相似系数在0.59~0.95,加拿大油菜品种间遗传相似系数在0.73~0.95;合成油菜品种间遗传相似系数值在0.64~0.93。研究表明,MITE在基因组中大量随机插入,形成种内丰富的多态性,利用MITE家族引物检测不同地区的油菜种质资源的多态性,可为油菜的育种找到许多尚未被开发的遗传变异。     

直立百部遗传多样性的ISSR分析

利用ISSR分子标记,对直立百部4个居群的84个样本进行遗传多样性研究,探讨山东百部种的地位。结果表明:(1)15个引物共检测到184条清晰的谱带,其中多样性条带153条;直立百部的遗传多样性水平较高,其物种水平多样性条带百分率(PPF)为83.15%,有效等位基因数(Ae)为1.425,Shannon多样性指数(I)为0.388,Nei’s多样性指数(Hpop)为0.254。(2)居群平均水平上多样性条带百分率为63.04%,有效等位基因数为1.351,Shannon多样性指数为0.310,Nei’s多样性指数为0.206。(3)AMOVA分析显示直立百部居群间遗传分化水平(ΦST)为0.126 3,POPGENE分析显示居群间的遗传分化系数(GST)为0.191 1,二者均表明居群内变异大于居群间变异;直立百部居群间的基因流(Nm)为2.116 6,说明居群间的基因交流较频繁。(4)聚类及主成分分析显示,直立百部4个居群聚为两支,其中泰山居群与其他居群关系较远,以蔓生百部和大百部为外类群分析的结果支持将山东百部作为直立百部的异名,Mental检测显示居群间遗传距离与地理距离间没有显著相关性。     

Genetic variation in two sympatric European populations of Bosmina spp. (Cladocera) tested with RAPD markers

We used RAPDs (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) to test genetic divergence between two populations of Bosmina spp. in Lake Östersjön, Sweden. Previous taxonomic studies on European species within the genus Bosmina have been based on morphological characters alone. RAPD markers distinguished the two populations and supported the specific status of B. coregoni and B. longispina based on morphological characters. Furthermore, juveniles with a long antennule and a mucro were classified as B. coregoni. RAPDs also revealed genetic differences among the tested individuals, suggesting several clones within each species.     

Transformation of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) — an experimental survey

The paper compares different approaches for the genetic transformation of cauliflower (Agrobacterium-mediated, PEG-mediated and/or electroporation). Transient expression of the neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) gene could be detected after direct gene transfer. Stable transformation was achieved using both Agrobacterium-mediated and direct gene transfer. Expression as well as incorporation of the NPTII sequence could be demonstrated.     

Genetic variation and population structure inOryza malampuzhaensis Krish.et Chand. endemic to Western Ghats, South India

Oryza malampuzhaensis Krish.et Chand. (2n = 4x = 48; Poaceae,Oryza) is endemic to Western Ghats, South India, and shows a highly localized distribution over a small geographical area in this region. This is the most poorly understood taxon in genusOryza and is often misidentified asO. officinalis owing to their close morphology. We assessed the nature and distribution of genetic variation among 11 populations ofO. malampuzhaensis using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers. The analysis revealed low genetic variation inO. malampuzhaensis. Cluster analysis of pairwise genetic distances of populations revealed three distinct clusters and the grouping of populations largely corresponded to their geographical proximity. Restricted gene flow and a geography-dependent differentiation were evident among populations. The altitude-influenced differences in ecological factors among the natural habitats of the populations seem to be the cause of the geography-dependent differentiation. Genetically isolated smaller populations and a narrow genetic base inO. malampuzhaensis point to its vulnerability to genetic drift and genetic depauperation. ThusO. malampuzhaensis appears to be under the threat of extinction and needs to be conserved by use of suitable methods. The present study also identified molecular markers diagnostic forO. malampuzhaensis.