基于DNA复合条形码技术的蝗虫肠道共生真菌多样性研究

利用DNA复合条形码技术,研究了11个样本的蝗虫肠道共生真菌的多样性。结果显示:ITS在所研究的物种中鉴定了5门16纲29目40属2786 OTU真菌。肠道真菌群落组成分析结果显示:所有物种肠道真菌类群中含量最高的是木耳菌目和银耳目,其中斑翅蝗科的真菌类群多样性相对最高,斑腿蝗科的真菌类群多样性相对最低,表明各蝗虫肠道之间存在着明显的菌群多样性变化。α多样性分析结果显示:斑翅蝗科的共生真菌群落丰富度和多样性最高,斑腿蝗科的则最低。β多样性分析结果显示:(1)同科的各个种的肠道真菌群落结构差异性较小,不同科的种的肠道真菌群落结构差异性较大;(2)剑角蝗科的肠道真菌群落结构与其他物种的相似性均相对较低,而且在两个不同取样地得到的中华剑角蝗的真菌群落结构相似性也相对较低。聚类分析结果显示:(1)同科的蝗虫肠道真菌首先聚到一起,且群落相似性也相对较高;(2)布勒掷孢酵母属、内疣衣属和外瓶霉属3个属在蝗虫肠道真菌中是优势菌属。     

东北黑土区耕作措施对地表节肢动物多样性的影响

【目的】调查不同耕作措施下东北黑土地表节肢动物群落类群多样性以及营养功能群结构, 有利于揭示地表节肢动物多样性对土地管理措施的响应。【方法】本研究于2012年7－9月在黑龙江海伦中国科学院海伦农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站采用陷阱法对东北典型黑土区免耕、 少耕、 平翻、 旋耕和组合5种耕作措施长期定位试验区的地表节肢动物群落组成、 类群多样性以及功能群结构进行调查, 计算各处理地表节肢动物类群相对多度、 类群丰富度、 Shannon Wiener多样性指数、 Pielou均匀度指数、 Simpson优势度指数、 Cody指数和Srensen指数。【结果】本次调查共收集黑土农田地表节肢动物个体数为2 942, 隶属7目18科。免耕样地收集节肢动物15科, 占所有类群83.34%; 少耕和组合样地均为11科, 占61.12%。所有耕作措施下鞘翅目和蜘蛛目类群相对多度最高, 步甲科为黑土农田优势地表节肢动物类群。免耕样地节肢动物类群丰富度和多样性指数最高, 少耕样地最低。除旋耕样地外, 其他耕作样地地表节肢动物功能群均以捕食性为主。群落相似性指数分析表明, 不同耕作措施间群落相似性不同, 免耕与组合之间相似性较高, 而平翻与组合之间较低。【结论】步甲科是黑土农田地表节肢动物群落中的优势类群。不同耕作措施影响近地表土壤以及植被微生境, 进而影响地表节肢动物群落组成、 数量和营养功能群。免耕样地具有较高节肢动物类群丰富度和捕食性动物类群, 有利于维持黑土农田地表节肢动物多样性。     

陕西延安万花山枣园土壤动物群落结构与组成

2006年3月和11月分别选取陕西延安万花山不同林龄枣园,对枣园土壤动物群落进行调查。两次共采集40个土壤样品,通过手拣方法、干漏斗法和湿漏斗法获得463只土壤动物,隶属于3门7纲18目,其中鞘翅目9科。结果表明,弹尾目、蜱螨目和蜘蛛目为优势类群;膜翅目蚁科、鞘翅目幼虫、鞘翅目成虫、鳞翅目幼虫、双翅目幼虫、石蜈蚣科、正蚓目、柄眼目为常见类群。通过群落多样性指数分析,2号样地(树龄7年)的优势度指数较小,而多样性和均匀性指数较高,其个体数和类群数都多于1号样地(树龄5年)。     

拉萨半干旱河谷植被对地表节肢动物多样性的影响

调查不同植被恢复措施下拉萨半干旱河谷地表节肢动物类群多样性以及群落结构,为揭示地表节肢动物多样性对植被恢复措施的响应具有重要意义。采用陷阱法对青藏高原半干旱河谷砂生槐灌丛、人工杨树林和藏沙蒿灌丛样地地表节肢动物群落组成、类群多样性以及功能群结构进行调查,计算各处理地表节肢动物类群相对多度、类群丰富度、多样性指数、Cody指数和S9rensen指数。共采集半干旱河谷地表节肢动物个体数738,隶属5纲15目51科。砂生槐灌丛样地收集节肢动物40科,占所有类群78.4%,杨树人工林和藏沙蒿灌丛样地调查到土壤节肢动物类群为30和23科,分别占总科数的58.8%和45.1%。各植被恢复类型在目的分类单元下,双翅目、膜翅目和弹尾目类群相对多度较高,而在科的分类单元下,驼跳科、蚁科和漏斗网蛛科为拉萨半干旱河谷优势地表节肢动物类群。砂生槐灌丛节肢动物类群丰富度和多样性指数最高,人工杨树林最低。砂生槐灌丛和藏沙蒿灌丛地表节肢动物营养功能群均以捕食性为主。不同植被群落间群落相似性也有差异,砂生槐与藏沙蒿灌丛间相似性较高,而人工杨树林与藏沙蒿之间较低。不同植物群落组成和结构影响土壤理化特性、地表凋落物数量、质量和微生境条件,进而影响地表节肢动物群落组成、数量和营养功能群。砂生槐灌丛样地具有较高节肢动物类群丰富度和捕食性动物类群,有利于拉萨半干旱河谷地区地表节肢动物多样性维护。     

贵州龙洞和万家洞内部分环境因子与动物群落结构的相关性

分别在2005年的10月和2006年的2月赴遵义龙洞和万家洞对肉眼见到的软体动物、节肢动物和脊索动物进行了观察和采集,在龙洞共获标本454号,隶属3门6纲13目20科29种或类群;在万家洞共获标本1726号,隶属3门7纲11目18科22种或类群。根据两洞内各光带中动物种类和数量组成不同,将其划分为6个动物群落,经群落多样性分析,物种丰富度、群落多样性、最大多样性、均匀度、优势度和相似性指数最高的分别是群落A(3.1932)、C(2.0788)、A(2.8332)、B(0.7828)、E(0.3789)和B-E(1.7854)。此外还研究了部分环境因子与群落多样性的相关性。结果显示,土壤中有机质的含量与群落多样性指数呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.828(双尾显著性检验≤0.05);空气中CO2的含量与物种数、物种丰富度指数、群落多样性指数、群落最大多样性指数和群落优势度指数都成不显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.160、-0.263、-0.072、-0.117和-0.031。由此证明土壤有机质的含量和空气中CO2的含量是影响洞穴动物群落变化的重要因子。     

九龙江河口区nirS型反硝化细菌多样性及系统发育学分析

【目的】结合16S rRNA基因克隆文库和nirS基因克隆文库的分析,揭示九龙江河口区nirS型反硝化细菌多样性。【方法】选取九龙江河口区一富营养化采样点,分别采集水样及沉积物样品,进行理化因子的测定并提取细菌总DNA。以水样DNA构建16S rRNA基因克隆文库,以沉积物DNA构建nirS基因克隆文库,分析微生物群落结构的多样性并构建系统发育树。【结果】从16S rRNA基因克隆文库中获得86条有效序列,按97%的序列相似性划分为53个OTU,分别属于Proteobacteria门、Planctomycetes门、Bacteroidetes门、Actinobacteria门、Firmicutes门和Chloroflexi门。其中属于Proteobacteria门OTU的克隆子占克隆数的62.9%,是最优势的类群,分属于Alphaproteobacteria、Betaproteobacteria、Gammaproteobacteria和Deltaproteobacteria纲等。从nirS基因克隆文库中获得190条有效序列,翻译为氨基酸序列后,按82%的序列相似性划分为60个OTU,并定位到属的水平。其中Proteobacteria门是最优势的类群,占文库克隆子总数的71.6%,包括Alphaproteobacteria纲(5.8%)、Betaproteobacteria纲(49.0%)和Gammaproteobacteria纲(16.9%)。nirS基因克隆文库中丰度最高的OTU与GenBank中的一株可培养反硝化菌Thauera sp. R-26906具有100%的序列相似性。【结论】九龙江河口区的微生物以及亚硝酸盐还原酶基因(nirS)具有丰富的多样性。大部分NirS序列在GenBank中的最相似序列来源于河口、海湾等相似的环境。     

木论喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林土壤细菌多样性及其最优采样数

土壤微生物在森林生态系统中起着重要作用。为了了解木论喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林土壤细菌的多样性,明确采样数对多样性的影响,采用Illumina Hiseq高通量测序技术对木论喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林土壤细菌多样性进行了初步研究,发现:在82个采样点内,随着采样点增加,不同分类水平的土壤细菌类群数量有增多趋势;当采样点达到82个时,检测出的土壤细菌类群达44门99纲180目356科630属和269822个OTU;82个土壤样品中所检测出的细菌类群平均有28.8门60.9纲108.1目206.8科239.6属和3290.5个OTU,其中门、纲、目分类水平上优势类群所占比例分别为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)(34.51%)、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)(18.43%)、根瘤菌目(Rhizobiales)(12.50%)。取样数量对检测出的土壤细菌类群数量有显著影响:在门、纲、目、科的分类水平上,36个、57个、72个、78个样品基本上可代表82个样品监测出来不同分类水平的细菌多样性信息;在属和OTU的分类水平上,当样品数量达到82个时检测出来的相应细菌类群数仍在不断地增加。这些初步的研究结果显示木论常绿落叶阔叶混交林土壤在一定程度上有着较高的细菌多样性水平,该研究为细菌多样性与植物多样性的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

南极普利兹湾夏季海冰不同层次细菌丰度及多样性

[目的]为了解南极普利兹湾夏季海冰不同层次中细菌群落丰度及组成.[方法]利用荧光原位杂交技术对海冰不同层次中细菌进行定量研究,通过构建16S rRNA基因文库对海冰不同层次中细菌进行多样性分析,并结合环境因子进行相关性分析.[结果]荧光原位杂交结果表明,细菌占海冰总细胞数比例随着海冰层次下降呈现上升趋势,初步推断可能受海冰中总有机碳,总有机氮以及磷酸盐影响所致.16SrRNA基因文库分析结果表明,上、中、底3个海冰分层样品获得的16S rRNA基因序列归属于γ-变形细菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria),α-变形细菌纲(α-Proteobacteria)以及拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),多数16S rRNA基因序列与分离培养自海洋环境、南北极海冰菌株的16S rRNA基因序列相似性较高(90％-99％);在海冰底部样品中未检测到拟杆菌门;海冰不同层次中,细菌组成呈现些微的差异性,可能由铵离子在海冰不同层次的分布造成.[结论]海冰底部细菌数量最丰富.在海冰中,γ-变形细菌纲为优势类群.     

核糖体小亚基V4和V9区引物扩增大亚湾真核浮游生物的比较研究

对大亚湾水体的环境DNA分别进行18S rDNA的V4和V9区的引物扩增,通过高通量测序技术进行测序,并比较分析二者浮游真核生物基因多样性和相对丰度。18S rDNA V4区引物扩增共检测出浮游动物56纲, 101目,浮游植物52纲, 69目; 18S rDNA V9区引物扩增共检测出浮游动物47纲, 81目,浮游植物56纲, 101目。两对引物对浮游真核生物扩增都具有较高覆盖度,在纲级别上二者的结果相近:颚足纲(Maxillopoda)是浮游动物优势类群;甲藻纲(Dinophyceae)、圆筛藻纲(Coscinodiscophyceae)、小豆藻纲(Mamiellophyceae)是浮游植物优势类群,其中甲藻纲多样性与丰度的结果相近,而18S rDNA V9区引物扩增得到的圆筛藻纲丰度高于18S rDNA V4区引物。分析结果表明, 18S rDNAV4区引物扩增的浮游动物多样性比18SrDNAV9区引物高,而18SrDNAV9区引物扩增的浮游植物多样性比18S rDNA V4区引物高。同时,通过高通量测序技术首次确定大亚湾海区大量存在着寄生型甲藻(Syndiniales),小豆藻目...     

DNA复合条形码在太白山土壤动物多样性研究中的应用

DNA复合条形码技术(metabarcoding)将DNA条形码与高通量测序技术相结合,快速便捷地鉴定群落混合样本中的物种,成为监测群落中物种组成和丰富度的可靠方法。采用这一方法分析了秦岭太白山5种不同生境的中小型土壤动物多样性,共得到土壤动物3门9纲28目199科。群落组成分析显示生境的变化对土壤动物群落组成有一定的影响。α多样性分析显示土壤动物群落丰富度指数最高的生境为针叶林,最低的为农田;土壤动物群落多样性指数最高的生境为针叶林,最低的为落叶小叶林。群落相似性分析显示高山草甸、针叶林和农田3种生境的土壤动物群落组成相似性较高,落叶小叶林和落叶阔叶林的土壤动物群落组成与这3种生境的差异较大,落叶小叶林与落叶阔叶林的土壤动物群落组成差异也较大。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan     

On the Dependence of the Quadratic Risk of the Classical Predictor and the Prediction-Horizon

When constructing predictors on the basis of the linear model of time series of various indicators often the question arises on the dependence of forecasting accuracy and the changing prediction horizon. The dependency of the quadratic risk of the classical predictor and the time horizon is considered.     

中国植物区系与其它地区区系的联系及其在世界区系中的地位和作用

基于吴征镒将中国全部种子植物３２３８个属的分布区划分为１５个大类型和３４个变型的基础上,简要地讨论了中国植物区系与其它地区区系的联系,以及它在被子植物起源方面的作用。主要论点如下：（１）与热带亚洲区系的联系。这种联系主要通过第７类型（热带亚洲分布）及其５个变型来体现的。本文列举了１０个科,龙脑香料、狭义隐翼科、交让木科、五隔草科、五列木科、肉实树科、心翼果科、八宝树科、兰花蕉科和四数木科,来说明这