沉水植物茎叶微界面及其对水体氮循环影响研究进展

沉水植物茎叶表面常富集了水中各类物质,包括有机质、泥沙、菌胶团、藻类、微生物等,形成厚度不等的附着层,形成特殊的茎叶微界面,其具有特殊的氧化-还原异质环境,并能为氮素循环细菌提供有机质,是水中氨化、反硝化及厌氧氨氧化等脱氮行为的重要基础,因此,了解沉水植物茎叶微界面组分、微环境变化特征及其对氮循环的调控作用,对于正确认识和利用沉水植物的生态调控功能、改善水环境质量具有十分重要的意义。基于此,就沉水植物茎叶微界面物质组成、微环境特征及其对水体氮循环影响研究现状进行了归纳总结,并对今后的研究方向进行了简要展望。     

淡水湖泊附着藻类生态学研究进展

附着藻类是淡水生态系统初级生产者的主要组成部分,对淡水生态系统营养盐循环及沉水植物分布具有重要的影响。本文对近年来淡水湖泊生态系统中附着藻类群落组成、生态功能以及主要影响因子进行了分析,从附着藻类种群结构入手,指出附着藻类通过改变群落中优势种的组成来适应不同的环境,阐述了附着藻类在湖泊生态系统营养盐循环中的作用及其与沉水植物之间的关系。针对淡水湖泊富营养化问题,提出了今后附着藻类生态学研究应侧重于:主要因子(如弱光、高浓度的营养盐等)的交互作用对附着藻类的影响,原位实验方法弄清楚附着藻类在湖泊生态系统碳、氮、磷生物地球化学循环中的作用,以及富营养湖泊附植藻类与沉水植物相互作用的机理。     

草型富营养化湖泊生态恢复工程技术的研究--内蒙古乌梁素海生态恢复工程试验研究

在典型草型富营养化湖泊-内蒙古乌梁素海设立试验研究基地,进行较大规模生态恢复工程试验,研究表明,实施沉水植物收割工程与芦苇园田化生态管理工程是草型富营养化湖泊生态恢复的两项重要技术措施。以机械化方式收割沉水植物能够削减湖泊内源性营养物负荷的积累和释放,减少二次污染,抑制生物填平作用,改善水体环境;采用机械化技术控制芦苇蔓延、打开芦苇区通风道和通水道,可以重建湖泊绿色自然景观,提高全湖水流循环速度。有计划、合理地运用生态恢复工程不仅可以减轻草型湖泊所面临的巨大生态压力,延缓沼泽化演化进程。而且可以在实施生态工程的同时开发利用水生植物资源,使湖泊环境与湿地综合利用得到持续发展。     

太湖藻型富营养化对水生高等植物的影响及植被的恢复

太湖的五里湖是典型的藻型富营养化湖泊,水质污染严重,水生高等植物消失。在该湖的物理生态工程围区内外,用盆吊繁殖试验、壮芽直播试验及人工水生植物群落套种栽培试验,研究藻型富营养化湖泊中影响水生高等植物生长、繁殖的主要水环境因子。结果表明,水体透明度是制约沉水植物和浮叶植物幼苗成活及生长的主要因子。在水体透明度较低、水下光照不足时,沉水植物生长受水下光照的影响大于浮叶植物,水下光照严重不足时,沉水植物的幼苗大量死亡。１９９５～１９９７年,在围区内成功地组建了包括漂浮植物、浮叶植物及沉水植物的１５个不同的水生高等植物群落。恢复和重建的水生高等植物群落能够有效地净化富营养化水体。     

沉水植物生长和腐解对富营养化水体氮磷的影响机制研究进展

沉水植物作为湖泊、河流等生态系统的主要高等植物, 在修复富营养化水体中的作用日益受到重视, 合理利用沉水植物是去除富营养化水体氮磷的有效途径。沉水植物对水体氮磷的迁移转化影响包括生长和腐解两个阶段。文章综述了沉水植物生长对富营养化水体氮、磷的净化效果和净化机制, 分析了沉水植物腐解对氮、磷迁移转化的持续影响, 并提出了今后沉水植物净化氮、磷的研究方向, 为沉水植物推广应用于修复富营养化水体提供理论基础。     

菹草茎叶微界面O2时空动态

采用高分辨率光纤氧微电极测定了富营养化水体中沉水植物菹草(Potamogeton crispus)茎叶微界面(0—2.0 mm)氧(O_2)。菹草叶微界面O_2浓度梯度具明显的时空变化。时间上,菹草叶微界面O_2浓度具有明显的生长阶段变化和昼夜变化。幼苗期和快速生长期微界面O_2浓度增加幅度较小,稳定期叶表O_2浓度梯度增加幅度最大,衰亡期叶微界面O_2浓度受附着物影响具明显的空间梯度。菹草叶微界面O_2表现为昼高夜低的单峰变化模式,主要受光照和温度的影响。空间上,越接近茎叶表面,O_2浓度越高。顶部幼叶微界面O_2浓度梯度增加较平缓,中部成熟叶微界面O_2浓度梯度变化最陡,波动幅度最大,中部茎和基部衰老叶微界面O_2浓度梯度由于受密集附着物的影响,在附着物表面达到最大值,进入附着层后略有下降。结果表明,菹草茎叶微界面O_2时空变化主要受附着物和植物光合放氧能力的影响。光纤微电极是一种分析植物叶微界面氧时空分布的理想工具,对深入研究植物微界面在富营养化水体中养分的迁移转化具有重要意义,可为水生植物生理生态研究提供有力工具。     

贝加尔湖沿岸带不同生境底栖动物群落研究

大型底栖动物是湖泊生态系统的关键类群,是湖泊食物网的重要环节,是重要的碎屑消费者,是鱼类和鸟类的食物来源;它们能促进营养物质的矿化、调节泥水界面物质交换及促进水体自净,在生态系统物质循环和能量流动中起着重要作用14。而在生物环境中,水草是影       

东洞庭湖鱼类稳定同位素的季节变化

水位波动是影响湖泊、河流等水体生态系统功能的主要因子, 对湖泊沿岸带及水体与陆源间的物质和能量交换起着重要作用1, 因而也是湖泊生态恢复和生态管理中备受关注的重要问题之一。水位的变化可引起水体的理化性质及生活其中的生物种群结构发生变化, 从而导致食物网结构在高水位和低水位时期表现不同的差异。       

生物操纵理论与技术在富营养化湖泊治理中的应用

近年来,全球范围内湖泊富营养化问题日趋严重。以生物操纵理论为指导,采用水生食物网调控、改善水质、抑制藻类的生物修复方法,为解决这一问题提供了可行的途径。论文综述了生物操纵理论的产生、发展和应用,阐述了富营养化水体生态系统中肉食性鱼类、滤食性鱼类、浮游动物、沉水植物和细菌等的作用,并针对当前生物操纵技术应用中存在的差异性问题,提出了不同湖泊应根据其特性采取不同的组合技术并重点采取相应措施的建议。     

富营养化水体生物净化效应的研究进展

水体富营养化治理已成为当今世界性难题,解决水体富营养化问题的关键是调控水生生态系统结构,使其恢复自然、健康和稳定的水生生态系统功能,提高水生生态系统的生物净化能力,水生高等植物及水生植被是水生生态系统中最重要的初级生产者,它们个体大、生长周期长、吸取和储存营养物质的能力强,保持和恢复一定数量的水生植物种群可抑制浮游植物的生长,提高系统的生物多样性,使水生生态系统结构更加稳定,水生动物在水生生态系统物质和能量循环中处于十分重要的地位,浮游动物和底栖动物可直接捕食浮游植物,控制浮游植物的数量;而改变鱼类种群结构可提高浮游动物的生物量,从而间接控制浮游植物的大量繁殖,达到治理水体富营养化的目的,我国的生物净化研究还处于起步阶段,今后在水生高等植物及水生植被生物净化的关键技术及优化水产养殖新模式技术研究方面有待提高,这将对我国水体富营养化治理及水体可持续利用有着重要的意义。     

O2, pH,and Redox Potential Microprofiles around Potamogeton malaianus Measured Using Microsensors

This study aimed to elucidate the effects of periphyton on the microprofiles of oxygen (O₂), pH, and oxidation-reduction potential around the stems and leaves of a submerged macrophyte Potamogeton malaianus and on the plant growth in the eutrophic shallow Taihu Lake, China. The microprofiles were measured using a motorized microprofiling system equipped with microsensors. The leaf age of the macrophyte and periphyton exerted significant effects on the microprofiles of O₂, pH, and oxidation-reduction potential. O₂ concentration and pH increased whereas the oxidation-reduction potential decreased with decreasing distance to the stem/leaf surface. The fluctuation amplitudes of O₂, pH, and oxidation-reduction potential were the largest in the microprofiles of mature leaves and the lowest in senescent leaves. The periphyton increased the thickness of the broad diffusive boundary layer and fluctuation amplitudes of O₂, pH, and oxidation-reduction potential. When the periphyton was removed, the thickness of the broad diffusive boundary layer in the microprofiles of stems, senescent leaves, and mature leaves reduced by 29.0%, 49.72%, and 70.34%, and the O₂, pH, and oxidation-reduction potential fluctuation amplitudes also declined accordingly. Our results suggest that a thick periphyton exerted negative effects on the growth of macrophytes by providing extensive shading and creating a barrier that hindered the transport of dissolved substances such as O₂, and led to premature decline in macrophytes in the eutrophic Taihu Lake. The consequent implications can help to elucidate the control mechanism of the broad diffusive boundary layer around macrophytes on nutrient cycling in eutrophic waters and to better understand the role of this layer in the Taihu Lake and other similar eutrophic waters.     

The response of two submerged macrophytes and periphyton to elevated temperatures in the presence and absence of snails: a microcosm approach

Global warming may affect snail–periphyton–macrophyte relationships in lakes with implications also for water clarity. We conducted a 40-day aquaria experiment to elucidate the response of submerged macrophytes and periphyton on real and artificial plants to elevated temperatures (3°C) under eutrophic conditions, with and without snails present. With snails, the biomass and length of Vallisneria spinulosa leaves increased more at the high temperature, and at both temperatures growth was higher than in absence of snails. The biomass of periphyton on V. spinulosa as well as on artificial plants was higher at the highest temperature in the absence but not in the presence of snails. The biomass of Potamogeton crispus (in a decaying state) declined in all treatments and was not affected by temperature or snails. While total snail biomass did not differ between temperatures, lower abundance of adults (size >1 cm) was observed at the high temperatures. We conclude that the effect of elevated temperature on the snail–periphyton–macrophyte relationship in summer differs among macrophyte species in active growth or senescent species in subtropical lakes and that snails, when abundant, improve the chances of maintaining actively growing macrophytes under eutrophic conditions, and more so in a warmer future with potentially denser growth of periphyton.     

Snail–periphyton interactions in a prairie lacustrine wetland

This study examined the effects of nutrients and macrophytes on snail grazers and periphyton in a prairie wetland food web. Snails (Gyraulus circumstriatus) and periphyton in large enclosures in a lacustrine wetland, Delta Marsh, MB, Canada were subjected to two experimental treatments, nutrient addition (nitrogen, phosphorus) and macrophyte exclusion (using a porous geotextile carpet) during July and August. Snail biomass and periphyton biomass (on both artificial substrata and submerged macrophytes) increased over time in all treatments, representing seasonal growth. Snail biomass was three times higher on macrophytes than on artificial substrata. In response to nutrient addition, snail biomass was significantly elevated over time on macrophytes but not on artificial substrata. Conversely, periphyton biomass was higher on artificial substrata but not on macrophytes in response to nutrient addition. Snail biomass and periphyton biomass on artificial substrata showed no response to macrophyte exclusion. Snail biomass on all substrata was inversely correlated with turbidity, whereas periphyton biomass showed no relationship with turbidity. Timing of nutrient additions to wetlands may influence whether the response occurs primarily in phytoplankton or in periphyton and macrophytes.     

Number,biomass, and activity of bacteria in the water of overgrowths and periphyton on higher aquatic plants

The results of studies on the production-destruction processes in the water of overgrowths and periphyton of higher aquatic plants in the Volzhskii Reach of the Rybinsk Reservoir are presented. The studied aspects included the level of quantitative development and the activity of bacterioplankton of various ecological groups of macrophytes. It was revealed that the processes of destruction of organic matter under the impact of bacteria in the macrophyte periphyton prevail over the rate of primary production in algal periphyton. The production of periphyton and planktic bacteria per 1 m² of macrophyte overgrowth is calculated.     

Effects of contrasting omnivorous fish on submerged macrophyte biomass in temperate lakes: a mesocosm experiment

1. Freshwater fish can affect aquatic vegetation directly by consuming macrophytes or indirectly by changing water quality. However, most fish in the temperate climate zone have an omnivorous diet. The impact of fish as aquatic herbivores in temperate climates therefore remains unclear and depends on their dietary flexibility. 2. We tested the effects of a flexible omnivore and an herbivore on aquatic vegetation by comparing the effects of rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus, the most herbivorous fish in temperate climates) with grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in a mesocosm pond study. Exclosures distinguished herbivorous effects of fish on submerged macrophytes from indirect effects through changes in water quality, whereas stable isotope food‐web analysis provided information on fish diets. 3. We hypothesised that rudd, with its flexible diet and preference for animal food items, would only indirectly affect macrophytes, whereas grass carp, with its inflexible herbivorous diet, would directly affect macrophyte biomass. 4. Only grass carp significantly reduced macrophyte biomass through consumption. Rudd had no effect. Food‐web analysis indicated that rudd predominantly consumed animal prey, whereas grass carp included more plants in their diet, although they also consumed animal prey. Grass carp significantly affected water quality, resulting in lowered pH and increased N‐NH₄ concentrations, whereas more periphyton growth was observed in the presence of rudd. However, the indirect non‐herbivorous effects of both fish species had no effect on macrophyte biomass. 5. Both fish species should be considered as omnivores. Despite the fact that rudd is the most herbivorous fish in the western European climate zone, its effect on submerged macrophyte biomass is not substantial at natural densities and current temperatures.     

Consumer-driven nutrient release to the water by a small omnivorous fish enhanced ramet production but reduced the growth rate of the submerged macrophyte Vallisneria denseserrulata (Makino) Makino

Small fish are highly associated with submerged macrophytes but may potentially hamper their growth due to nutrient excretion that stimulate growth of phytoplankton and periphyton growth. We conducted a mesocosm experiment to elucidate the effects of the small omnivore Chinese bitterling Acheilognathus macropterus on the growth of phytoplankton, periphyton and the submerged macrophyte Vallisneria denseserrulata. The treatments were fishless as well as low (LF) and high (HF) fish density. We found that the concentrations of nutrients and the phytoplankton biomass increased substantially in both fish treatments, leading to a significantly higher light attenuation compared with the control. Moreover, bitterling substantially enhanced the biomass of periphyton on plant leaves. Consequently, the relative growth rate (RGR) of V. denseserrulata was significantly suppressed in HF, while RGR in the LF treatment did not differ significantly from the controls. However, the bitterling also stimulated the ramet production of V. denseserrulata, significantly. Our results indicate that Chinese bitterling reduce the RGR of V. denseserrulata under high fish density condition. Therefore, the density of Chinese bitterling should be kept low in order to reduce the negative effects of the fish on the RGR of submerged macrophytes (e.g. V. denseserrulata), when restoring lakes by plant transplantation.

     

A comparison of algal periphyton composition on eleven species of submerged macrophytes

Summary The composition of algal periphyton was examined on eleven species of submerged macrophytes collected at a depth of 0.25 m in Sewell Lake, southwestern Manitoba, a shallow nitrogen and phosphorus rich lake. There were substantial differences in the periphyton on all macrophyte species. Diatom subcommunities were the most similar, while the green algal subcommunities were the most dissimilar on different plant hosts.Potamogeton zosteriformis differed the most from all other macrophytes with respect to the composition of its periphyton. These results and a comparison of the literature suggest that the composition and structure of periphyton communities on living substrates is a product of the interaction of many variables, determined by the characteristics of the host plant, the external environment and the algae themselves. Studies of periphyton at a given site must take into account the various substrates available.     

Submerged Macrophytes Mitigate Direct and Indirect Insecticide Effects in Freshwater Communities

Understanding how ecological interactions mitigate the impacts of perturbations such as pesticides in biological communities is an important basic and applied question for ecologists. In aquatic ecosystems, new evidence from microcosm experiments suggests that submerged macrophytes can buffer cladocerans from pulse exposures to the widely used insecticide malathion, and that mitigation increases with macrophyte density. However, whether these results scale up to more complex aquatic communities where ecological interactions such as competition can alter toxicity is unknown. Further, macrophyte abilities to mitigate different insecticide exposure scenarios (i.e. single versus repeated pulses) have never been tested. To address these gaps, we performed a factorial mesocosm experiment examining the influence of four macrophyte treatments (0, 10, 50, or 100 Elodea Canadensis shoots planted per mesocosm) crossed with three malathion exposure scenarios (no insecticide, single pulse, repeated pulses) on aquatic communities containing zooplankton, phytoplankton, periphyton, two snail species, and larval amphibians. In the absence of macrophytes, single malathion pulses caused short-term declines in cladoceran abundance followed by their rapid recovery, which precluded any indirect effects (i.e. trophic cascades). However, repeated malathion pulses caused cladoceran extinctions, resulting in persistent phytoplankton blooms and reduced abundance of one snail species. In contrast, with macrophytes present, even at low density, malathion had no effect on any taxa. We also discovered novel effects of macrophytes on the benthic food web. In the two highest macrophyte treatments, we observed trends of reduced periphyton biomass, decreased abundance of one snail species, and decreased amphibian time to and mass at metamorphosis. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of negative submerged macrophyte effects on amphibians, a taxa of global conservation concern. Our findings suggest that facilitating macrophytes could be an important strategy for buffering freshwater communities from insecticides, though consideration of their impacts on animal species is necessary.     

Latitudinal differences in fish community trophic structure,and the role of fish herbivory in a Costa Rican stream

Synopsis We experimentally manipulated fish grazing pressure to determine whether fish herbivory played an important role in the structure of a Costa Rican stream. Non-planktonic plant matter represented a significant percentage ( 25%) of the diet of 77% of the 17 fish species in the community. We prevented fish grazing on macrophytes, tree leaves, and periphyton using fish exclusion cages. Fish grazedPanicum sp., used as a generalized aquatic macrophyte, to the stems after 6 days in control areas, and consumed all or much ofFicus insipida andMonstera sp. leaves when placed in the stream after 48 hours. Plants and leaves experimentally protected by cages remained intact. In periphyton studies, fifty percent more ash free dry weight occurred on 25 × 25 cm floor tiles protected from fish grazing by cages than on tiles in roofless controls exposed to fish grazing for 19 days, suggesting a reduction in periphyton biomass. These results demonstrate that fish herbivory affects macrophyte abundance, and impacts the amount of leaf litter in the stream. Fish herbivory may also have an important effect on overall periphyton biomass. Herbivorous fish species generally represent a larger proportion of the total fish community in tropical compared to temperate streams; thus fish grazing is more likely to have an important influence on plant and animal abundances and distributions in tropical streams.