湖泊生态恢复的基本原理与实现

当前我国湖泊污染及富营养化问题非常严重。湖泊治理的一个有效途径就是恢复水生植物,通过草型湖泊生态系统的培植来达到控制富营养化和净化水质的目的。但是,迄今为止,只有在局部水域或滨岸地区获得成功,恢复的水生植物主要是挺水植物或漂浮植物。鲜有全湖性的水生植物恢复和生态修复成功的例子。原因是对湖泊生态系统退化及其修复的机理了解甚少。实际上,环境条件不同决定了生态系统类型的不同,只有通过环境条件的改变才能实现生态系统的转变。利用草型湖泊生态系统来净化水质,其实质是利用生态系统对环境条件的反馈机制。但是,这种反馈无法从根本上改变其环境条件,因此其作用是有限的,不宜过分夸大。以往许多湖泊生态修复的工作之所以鲜有成功的例子,原因就是过于注重水生植物种植本身,而忽视了水生植物生长所需的环境条件的分析和改善。实施以水生植物恢复为核心的生态修复需要一定的前提条件。就富营养化湖泊生态恢复而言,这些环境条件包括氮磷浓度不能太高,富含有机质的沉积物应该去除,风浪不能太大以免对水生植物造成机械损伤,水深不能太深以免影响水生植物光合作用,鱼类种群结构应以食肉性鱼为主等等。因此,在湖泊污染很重或者氮磷负荷很高的情况下,寻求以沉水植物为核心的湖泊生态恢复来改善水质是不切实际的。为此,提出湖泊治理应该遵循先控源截污、后生态恢复,即先改善基础环境,后实施生态恢复的战略路线。     

长江中下游浅水湖泊水生植被生态恢复种的筛选与应用研究

湖泊富营养化是全球性的生态学问题。长江中下游浅水湖泊群作为我国八大湖泊群之一, 近30年来水体富营养化以及生态系统功能退化极为严重, 亟待系统性修复。水生植物生态修复技术则是面向富营养化浅水湖泊生态治理的重要技术。然而, 选择合适的水生植物恢复种来保证恢复效果以及长期的生态安全与稳定性仍是目前恢复工程中的重要且薄弱环节。结合长江中下游湖泊中水生植物的生长、分布、繁殖、来源及污染耐受性等提出了以乡土物种操控为理念适合该区域湖泊的生态恢复先锋物种建议名录, 并依据所筛选的物种特性和淡水生态学相关理论, 提出不同的优化组合方案来指导长江中下游不同类型湖泊的水生植物生态恢复。     

太湖藻型富营养化对水生高等植物的影响及植被的恢复

太湖的五里湖是典型的藻型富营养化湖泊,水质污染严重,水生高等植物消失。在该湖的物理生态工程围区内外,用盆吊繁殖试验、壮芽直播试验及人工水生植物群落套种栽培试验,研究藻型富营养化湖泊中影响水生高等植物生长、繁殖的主要水环境因子。结果表明,水体透明度是制约沉水植物和浮叶植物幼苗成活及生长的主要因子。在水体透明度较低、水下光照不足时,沉水植物生长受水下光照的影响大于浮叶植物,水下光照严重不足时,沉水植物的幼苗大量死亡。１９９５～１９９７年,在围区内成功地组建了包括漂浮植物、浮叶植物及沉水植物的１５个不同的水生高等植物群落。恢复和重建的水生高等植物群落能够有效地净化富营养化水体。     

硅酸盐矿物麦饭石对沉水植物生理生态的影响

沉水植物的稳定生长是重建健康湖泊生态系统重要环节, 底质条件是沉水植物生长的关键因素。研究通过观测沉水植物生理生态的变化来探讨麦饭石对其影响及作用机理。研究结果表明, 与湖泥组相比, 麦饭石可明显促进沉水植物苦草生长, 覆盖1 cm厚度麦饭石的苦草植株高度、单株生物量优于湖泥组(P<0.05); 改性麦饭石组的苦草株高、单株生物量高于麦饭石原石组(P<0.05)。麦饭石组中两种植物苦草和轮叶黑藻的光合色素、根系活力、丙二醛、过氧化物酶活等指标在一定程度上均优于湖泥组。检测发现麦饭石中含有丰富的植物生长所需的常量和微量元素, 可以明显促进沉水植物生长。可见麦饭石有益于沉水植物生长, 可进一步作为底质改良材料应用于湖泊生态修复工程。     

在太湖中栽种沉水植物能使水变清吗？

浅水湖泊富营养化修复是环境科学领域的前沿研究.在富营养化的太湖中栽种沉水植物能使水变清,进而"向后跃变"为"草型湖泊"吗?回答是几乎不可能.原因在于藻类和沉水植物之间存在着竞争.在湖泊中决定沉水植物能否生长的关键是水体的光照条件.在富营养化的湖泊中,藻类对沉水植物有明显的"遮光效应",从而降低了它的竞争能力.另一种情况,枝角类的消失或者数量减少对藻类有利."下行效应"在浅水湖泊中可能更为重要,因此浅水湖泊中滤食性鱼类对浮游动物的捕食控制可能更强,导致枝角类几乎不可能通过牧食控制藻类的生长.在这样的状况下,沉水植物的恢复几乎是不可能的.如果沉水植物再遭受其它的损害或者恶劣的天气,就会突然一下子全部消失.因此在富营养化的湖泊中栽种沉水植物的成活率是很低的.这与浅水湖泊二种替代性稳定状态概念是相一致的.     

沉水植物菹草对富营养化水体中TN 生态效应及模型研究

通过室内模拟构建水体营养盐和菹草生物量正交试验, 研究菹草从石芽萌发至菹草植株衰亡腐烂整个生命周期中, 对水体中TN 的生态效应, 并以此为依据建立菹草对富营养化水体生态效应模型。研究表明: 在不同生物量菹草作用下, 富营养化水体中TN 含量是先下降后上升的一个周期式过程; 在相同营养水平条件下, 菹草对TN 的吸收量随菹草生物量的增大而依次递增, 而在相同生物量的前提下, 菹草对TN 的修复力存在一个最佳营养水平范围, 即13.95-20.56 mg·L–1 之间; 菹草对富营养化水体生态效应模型分两部分: 菹草对富营养化水体中TN 与时间关系模型以及菹草生态修复水体TN 限度理论模型, 通过这两个模型的构建可以为生产实践中菹草在生态修复富营养化水体的投放量和菹草的最佳收割时间提供有力依据, 为工程实践提供有效保障。     

长江中下游浅水湖泊水生植被生态修复种的筛选与应用研究

湖泊富营养化是全球性的生态学问题。长江中下游浅水湖泊群作为我国八大湖泊群之一,近30年来水体富营养化以及生态系统功能退化极为严重,亟待系统性修复。水生植物生态修复技术则是面向富营养化浅水湖泊生态治理的重要技术。然而,选择合适的水生植物恢复种来保证恢复效果以及长期的生态安全与稳定性仍是目前恢复工程中的重要且薄弱环节。结合长江中下游湖泊中水生植物的生长、分布、繁殖、来源及污染耐受性等提出了以乡土物种操控为理念适合该区域湖泊的生态恢复先锋物种建议名录,并依据所筛选的物种特性和淡水生态学相关理论,提出不同的优化组合方案来指导长江中下游不同类型湖泊的水生植物生态恢复。     

沉水植物生态化学计量学特征的区域差异以及生态修复的影响

为深入了解沉水植物生态化学计量学特征在西南高原地区和长江中下游平原地区湖泊中的差异, 以及生态修复的影响, 于2010年—2016年的夏季(6—9月)调查了36个湖泊的沉水植物。结果表明: (1)高原湖泊沉水植物群落的碳(C)含量显著高于平原湖泊, 氮(N)含量显著低于平原湖泊, 磷(P)含量高于平原湖泊但差异不显著; 高原湖泊沉水植物群落的C/N和C/P的比值显著高于平原湖泊, N/P显著低于平原湖泊; 在平原湖泊和高原湖泊共有的金鱼藻、苦草、穗花狐尾藻、微齿眼子菜和伊乐藻中, 仅有伊乐藻的N含量和金鱼藻的P含量与群落的差异性不一致。(2)在长江中下游平原地区生态修复后的水域中, 沉水植物群落的C和P含量显著高于未修复区, N含量低于未修复区但差异不显著; 修复区沉水植物群落的C/P和N/P显著低于未修复区, C/N显著高于未修复区; 修复区和未修复区共有的金鱼藻、苦草、穗花狐尾藻和竹叶眼子菜的C和P含量都跟群落的差异性一致。以上结果说明, 在清澈的水体中, 沉水植物的C和P含量高而N含量低; 湖泊富营养化会导致沉水植物N含量升高。因此, 在湖泊生态修复过程中, 应注重提高水体的透明度, 这将会提高沉水植物中C和P的含量, 从而有利于促进沉水植被区成为湖泊的C和P库。     

浅水富营养化湖泊生态修复过程中大型沉水植物群落结构变化以及对水质影响

实现富营养化浅水湖泊生态修复的根本途径是一个完善的生态系统的建立,而实现这一途径的核心则是沉水植物群落的恢复。因此,研究生态修复过程中沉水植物群落结构变化以及水质变化,对富营养化浅水湖泊的生态修复具有重要意义。本研究从2007年12月至2008年7月,对惠州西湖南湖生态修复过程中沉水植物群落结构变化以及对水质的影响进行了研究,以期为富营养化浅水湖泊生态修复提供重要的理论依据和实践指导。研究结果表明:5月份之前,南湖中黑藻比例明显高于苦草,分别为65%和30%左右;之后,在鱼类调控以及人为干扰等措施下,黑藻比例急剧下降,降至约5%以下;而苦草则大幅增到95%左右。沉水植物覆盖率也从40%增加到约95%左右。由此可见,南湖已由先锋物种黑藻为主的生态系统逐步过渡到以苦草为主生态系统。在沉水植物群落结构变化过程中,水中TN、TP以及chl a浓度变化趋势基本一致。在群落结构变化之前都保持较低水平,在5月份达最大值后迅速降低。其可能原因是沉水植物群落转变过程中,生态系统内部各因子变化剧烈,由原来以吸收水体中营养为主的黑藻生态系统逐步过渡到以底泥中营养为主的苦草生态系统,加之鱼类搅动及此过程中人为、降雨等因素干扰,导致营养盐水平和chl a浓度增加,但随着生态系统的逐步稳定,经过大型沉水植物对营养盐的竞争、悬浮物抑制以及克藻效应等因素,水体质量又逐步得到改善,TN、TP 浓度迅速降到0.840mg·L^-1和0.028 mg·L^-1L,chla则降到2.562μg·L^-1左右,透明度增加到120cm。由此可见,南湖已由修复前浮游植物主导的混浊态,经过一个短暂的黑藻为主的生态系统,逐步过渡到已苦草为主且较稳定的清水态生态系统。     

利用人工围隔研究沉水植被恢复的生态效应

近几十年来,随着水体富营养化加剧和其它人类活动影响,一些湖泊,尤其是我国长江中下游地区浅水湖泊中,沉水植被锐减甚至消失。如武汉东湖,６０年代十分繁茂的沉水植被现已濒临灭绝。沉水植被作为主要初级生产者,在水生态系统中起着一定的作用。在退化湖泊生态系统重建与恢复中,重建沉水植被是关键性的步骤。本研究利用人工围隔,在富营养化水体中重建沉水植被,通过与近旁无沉水植被的湖区对照,从水体理化性质、浮游植物叶绿素ａ含量以及原生动物群落结构与多样性几个方面,研究沉水植被恢复的生态效应,以期为退化湖泊生态系统的重…     

巢湖崩岸湖滨基质-水文-生物一体化修复

湖滨带生态修复不是简单的水生植物移种,还必须提供其适于生存的基质、水文等外部物理条件。基质作为水生植被的载体,既需要适宜的柔度,也要求一定的刚度。在巢湖崩岸湖滨综合调查的基础上,系统分析了崩岸湖滨带生态退化的成因,研发了基质、水文、生物一体化修复技术,解决了水生植物在恢复生长时期受基质流失和水力切割影响的问题,为水生植物营造了适宜的水生环境。通过西北岸万年埠湖滨的示范工程建设,取得了良好的治理效果,为巢湖崩岸湖滨的生态修复提供一种生态型的、可工程化实施的技术方法。     

In-lake algal bloom removal and submerged vegetation restoration using modified local soils

A “modified local soil induced ecological restoration” (MLS-IER) technology was developed for the restoration of degraded shallow lakes. Modified local soils that mixed with macrophyte seeds were used to flocculate the algal blooms and sink them down to the bottom of the lake. The increased water clarity and the improved sediment quality due to the covering of clean modified local soils make it possible for a quick restoration of submerged macrophytes in eutrophic shallow lakes. The MLS-IER technology was tested in the whole bay of Liaoyangyuan (0.1 km²) in Lake Tai (Wuxi, China) in August 2006. The whole bay was fully covered by more than 1 cm cyanobacterial bloom since June, which caused massive killing of fish and aquatic vegetations. Some 4 tons of chitosan-modified local soils were sprayed over the whole bay and the severe bloom was successfully removed within one day. The secchi depth was increased from 0 cm to 30 cm, and the chlorophyll-a, total-P, and total-N were all reduced by more than 86% within one day's time. Four months after the treatment, submerged macrophytes were successfully restored within the whole bay. Cyanotoxin microcystins RR and LR were reduced by 50% and 40%, respectively, compared to those outside the bay 4 months later. The biodiversity index of zoobenthos and that of phytoplankton inside the bay became higher than that outside the bay, while zooplankton diversity index remained relatively unchanged. This field trial study indicated that restoration of submerged macrophytes in shallow lakes could be significantly accelerated by using MLS-IER technology. The long-term ecological response and the transition mechanism between algal cells and submerged macrophytes in the sediment need to be further studied in controlled whole lake experiments.     

Growth and nutrient absorption of two submerged aquatic macrophytes in mesocosms, for reinsertion in a eutrophicated shallow lake

Aquatic macrophytes play a central role in preserving the ecological equilibrium of shallow lakes and in the restoration of eutrophic lakes that have switched to phytoplankton-dominated turbid water. Massaciuccoli Lake, a shallow lake located along the Tuscan coast in Italy, has shown a constant and progressive simplification of the submerged plant community, for anthropogenic reasons, leading, in recent years, to turbid water. The growth and nutrient absorption capability of two macrophyte species, Myriophyllum verticillatum L. and Elodea canadensis Michaux, in the lake was investigated, with the prospect of a future lake restoration programme centred on their replacement. Mesocosm experiments were conducted to monitor the plant growth and nutrient (NO₂⁻, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, Ntot, PO₄³⁻, Ptot) content in the plant dry matter and water at the beginning and at the end of the trial. Bacterial activity was analysed in the water in order to verify the possible nutrient absorption contribution by organisms other than plants. Both M. verticillatum and E. canadensis showed satisfactory growth and nutrient reduction in the water body. Moreover, their different growth patterns suggested that optimal replacement can be performed with their introduction in two steps, starting with M. verticillatum, which shows the best capacity to colonise the aquatic environment, due to its tendency towards lengthening.     

Community collocation of four submerged macrophytes on two kinds of sediments in Lake Taihu, China

To explore a method for rapid restoration and artificial regulation of submerged macrophytes in large-scale restoration of eutrophic lakes, the succession and the biodiversity changes of four communities composed of four native, common submerged macrophytes, Hydrilla verticillata, Potamogeton malaianus, Vallisneria spiralis and Najas marina, on two kinds of sediments were investigated. Under low light intensity (reduced by 99%), the plant biomass changed with seasonal changes, plant competition, and environmental stress. The competitive capability for light differed in the four species due to different shoot height and tiller number. After 405 days of transplantation, H. verticillata became dominant in all communities. The biomass of H. verticillata, with strong ability to endure low water light environment, accounted for more than 90% of the total community biomass, and P. malaianus had only weak growth, while V. spiralis and N. marina almost disappeared. Based on livability and biomass of submerged macrophytes on two sediment types, brown clay sediment appeared to be more favorable for the settlement of the plants, while fertile sludge sediment was suitable for vegetative growth. In conclusion, the improvement of habitats and the selection of appropriate plant species are of the greatest importance for ecological restoration of the aquatic ecosystem.     

Phytoplankton biomass in Lake Xolotlán (Managua): Its seasonal and horizontal distribution

Some well-documented studies on restoring eutrophic lake systems in The Netherlands by fish stock management have been evaluated with the emphasis on the role of macrophytes. Furthermore, the factors determining the light climate for submerged macrophytes in a large shallow eutrophic lake (Lake Veluwe) have been assessed and the potential success of biomanipulation in large scale projects is discussed. Today relatively little attention has been paid to macrophyte management although the importance of macrophytes in lake restoration has been recognized regularly. The biomanipulation strategy was successful in small scale projects. In a large scale project, however, wind-induced resuspension may largely determine the underwater light climate through attenuation by the water column and periphytic layer. Therefore, restoration of relatively large waterbodies by fish stock management only is expected not to lead to any noteworthy improvement of the light climate for submerged macrophytes. Additional measures aimed at reducing wind-induced resuspension of sediment particles and reestablishing of the macrophyte stands are required for successful biomanipulation strategies. Water quality managers should pay more attention to macrophyte stands in biomanipulation projects because macrophytes enhance a more stable and diverse ecosystem. Restoration objectives and the methods of their achievement must be carefully planned since an abundant submerged macrophyte vegetation may have undesirable effects as well.     

基于GIS的长江三峡水库消落带生态类型划分及其特征

利用GIS技术,以水位高程变化、库岸坡度和小尺度地形地貌特征为依据,在数字地形图上,制作水位高程-坡度图和小尺度地形地貌图,通过图形叠加分析,对长江三峡水库消落带进行生态类型划分。结果表明:三峡水库消落带生态类型可划分为经常性水淹型(缓坡型、陡坡型)、半淹半露型(缓坡型、陡坡型)、经常性出露型(缓坡型、陡坡型)、岛屿型(常淹型、出露型)、湖盆-河口-库湾-库尾型(湖盆型、河口型、库湾型、库尾型)、峡谷型等6大类12个亚类;半淹半露型、经常性出露型和湖盆-河口-库湾-库尾型,占消落带总面积的82.2%,应以人工生态修复为主、自然恢复为辅;而经常性水淹型、岛屿型和峡谷型占17.8%,应以自然恢复为主、人工生态修复为辅。     

芦苇型湿地生态系统的潜水水质状态研究

以白洋淀芦苇滩地为实验地,研究了湿地生态系统中潜水的水质状况.苇地潜水运动受到芦苇根孔的强烈影响.受芦苇根区生物呼吸作用的影响,潜水pH值(6.94士0.14)显著低于淀水(9.17).潜水中CO2分压约为淀水的85～1039倍.潜水水质类型在离淀2.7至6.7m发生变化,逐渐由ClN3转变为CCa.自苇地边缘至中央,HT(总硬度),Ar(总碱度)与∑C(主要离子总量)逐渐升高.潜水中Mg2+/Ca2+的平均摩尔比值为0.60,明显低于淀水(1.31).淀水和潜水Cl-,SO2-,Na++K+含量无显著差异,平均值分别是176,116和112mg/L.苇地濒水区为一过渡带,对磷氮污染物具备首先的过滤作用.在离淀0.7m处TN,TP和活性磷酸盐的减少量分别为63.3%,84.6%,80.8%.     

Maximum growing depth of macrophytes in Loch Leven,Scotland, United Kingdom,in relation to historical changes in estimated phosphorus loading

Eutrophication is common in shallow lakes in lowland areas. In their natural state, most shallow lakes would have clear water and a thriving aquatic plant community. However, eutrophication often causes turbid water, high algal productivity, and low species diversity and abundance of submerged macrophytes. A key indicator of the ecological state of lake ecosystems is the maximum growing depth (MGD) of aquatic plants. However, few studies have yet quantified the relationship between changes in external phosphorus (P) input to a lake and associated variation in MGD. This study examines the relationship between these variables in Loch Leven, a shallow, eutrophic loch in Scotland, UK. A baseline MGD value from 1905 and a series of more recent MGD values collected between 1972 and 2006 are compared with estimated P loads over a period of eutrophication and recovery. The results suggest a close relationship between changes in MGD of macrophytes and changes in the external P load to the loch. Variation in MGD reflected the ‘light history’ that submerged macrophytes had been exposed to over the 5-year period prior to sampling, rather than responding to short term, within year, variations in water clarity. This suggests that changes in macrophyte MGD may be a good indicator of overall, long term, changes in water quality that occur during the eutrophication and restoration of shallow lakes.     

Biomanipulation-induced reduction of sediment phosphorus release in a tropical shallow lake

Biomanipulation via fish regulation combined with submerged plant introduction is an effective measure to restore eutrophic shallow lakes. Improved water quality and clarity promote growth of benthic algae, which with submerged plants may limit sediment phosphorus (P) release, thereby reinforce lake recovery. Our study sought to evaluate the effect of such a biomanipulation on water quality, benthic algal development and sediment P release in a shallow, tropical lake by (1) comparing porewater and lake water quality, light intensity and benthic algal development in restored and unrestored sections; (2) conducting a ³²P radiotracer experiment to track P release from sediment cores sampled from both sections. The biomanipulation led to lower total P, total dissolved P, and soluble reactive P concentrations in lake water, lower phytoplankton biomass, and increased light intensity at sediment surface, stimulating benthic algal development. Moreover, sediment ³²P release was lower in the restored than unrestored section. Concurrently, dissolved oxygen levels in upper layers of the sediment cores were higher in the restored section. Our study indicates that the biomanipulation improved water quality and enhanced growth of benthic algae, thereby reducing sediment P release, which may be one of the main mechanisms to create successful restoration.