植物对硼元素的吸收转运机制

硼是植物生长发育所必需的微量元素,但是在世界范围内,土壤中硼含量过高或者过低都会对植物生长产生影响,是农业生产上的主要问题.近来人们对硼的吸收转运机制的研究取得了突破性进展,鉴定了一些硼的转运通道和转运蛋白,例如：NIP5;1、NIP6;1、BOR1和BOR4,并对它们的转运机制有了一些了解.植物在硼缺少的情况下首先通过转运通道NIP5;1把硼吸收到共质体,然后通过转运蛋白BOR1运入中柱;在高硼毒害时,通过转运蛋白BOR4把过多的硼转出植物体,同时在植物中增加糖醇的含量,过表达BOR1或BOR4都能改变植物对硼含量变化的耐受性.因此,对植物中硼吸收转运机制的研究将有利于人们通过生物学手段提高作物对土壤中硼过高或过低的抗性.     

硅缓解植物镉毒害的生理生态机制

镉是对生物毒性最强的污染物之一。过量的镉能够抑制植物的生长和光合作用,干扰矿质代谢并诱发氧化胁迫。硅作为一种有益元素,主要以Si(OH)_4的形态通过主动或被动方式被植物体吸收并转运到地上部分。硅对植物镉毒害具有缓解作用,但其缓解机制在不同物种、品种或生态型之间存在显著差异,并表现出一定的硅/镉浓度依赖性。总体上可概括为避性机制和耐性机制。避性机制包括:(1)在器官水平,减少植物根系对镉的吸收及其向地上部的转运;(2)在细胞水平,增强细胞壁对镉的吸附能力,减少共质体中镉的含量。耐性机制包括:(1)诱导细胞产生小分子螯合剂,增强对镉的螯合作用,减少细胞中游离态镉的含量;(2)增强抗氧化机制,减轻氧化胁迫;(3)改善光合作用和无机营养,促进植物生长。从植物对硅的吸收和转运、镉对植物的毒害作用以及硅对缓解植物镉毒害的生理生态机制3个方面进行了综述,并基于目前的研究现状和薄弱之处,对今后的研究重点进行了展望。     

植物硼营养研究的重要进展与展望

硼是高等植物必需的矿质营养元素, 但是人们对硼行使生理功能及其分子机理的认识远落后于其它必需营养元素。近几年国际上植物硼营养的研究取得了一些重要的突破。首先是进一步明确了B-RG-II复合物的形成及其影响细胞壁结构和功能的分子机制, 并且发现B-RG-II的形成及其含量与陆生植物的进化密切相关。其次是在拟南芥中克隆了第一个植物硼转运子基因 BOR1, 并揭示了它的作用机理; 通过转基因实验证明了植物硼的高效吸收与水通道基因NIP5;1密切相关。进而通过大量的种质筛选, 从油菜、小麦、大麦及棉花等农作物中获得一批硼高效吸收利用的优异种质材料, 并开展了硼高效QTL定位和克隆。本文详细综述了以上几个方面的研究进展, 并对进一步的研究做了展望。     

植物硼营养研究的重要进展与展望

硼是高等植物必需的矿质营养元素,但是人们对硼行使生理功能及其分子机理的认识远落后于其它必需营养元素。近几年国际上植物硼营养的研究取得了一些重要的突破。首先是进一步明确了B-RG-II复合物的形成及其影响细胞壁结构和功能的分子机制,并且发现B-RG-II的形成及其含量与陆生植物的进化密切相关。其次是在拟南芥中克隆了第一个植物硼转运子基因BOR1,并揭示了它的作用机理;通过转基因实验证明了植物硼的高效吸收与水通道基因NIP5;1密切相关。进而通过大量的种质筛选,从油菜、小麦、大麦及棉花等农作物中获得一批硼高效吸收利用的优异种质材料,并开展了硼高效QTL定位和克隆。本文详细综述了以上几个方面的研究进展,并对进一步的研究做了展望。     

锰对植物毒害及植物耐锰机理研究进展

含锰矿渣的排放造成了严重的土壤锰污染。揭示锰毒害和植物的耐锰机制对于污染土壤治理具有重要意义。研究表明,高浓度的Mn2＋能够抑制根系Ca2＋、Fe2＋和Mg2＋等元素的吸收及活性,引起氧化性胁迫导致氧化损伤,使叶绿素和Rubisco含量下降、叶绿体超微结构破坏和光合速率降低。而锰超累积植物则具有多种解毒或耐性机制,如区域化、有机酸螯合、外排作用、抗氧化作用和离子交互作用等。根系主要通过有机酸的螯合作用促进植物对Mn^2＋的转运解毒,同时能够将过量的Mn^2＋区域化在根细胞壁中;叶片可通过酚类物质或有机酸螯合Mn^2＋,并将其区域化在叶片表皮细胞和叶肉细胞的液泡中（或通过表皮毛将Mn^2＋排出体外）。其中,金属转运蛋白在植物对Mn^2＋的吸收、转运、累积和解毒过程中发挥着重要作用。     

硼营养与植物细胞壁关系的研究进展

植物必需的７种微量元素中,植物缺硼最为普遍,因而引起人们的广泛关注。半个多世纪以来,学者们对硼的生理功能和硼肥应用进行了广泛的研究,为农业生产作出了重大贡献。但由于硼元素的特殊性,至今对硼在植物体内的存在形式和基本生理功能仍不十分清楚。不同植物的缺硼症状尽管各不相同,但一个显著的共同特征就是根尖和茎尖的伸长首先受到抑制。顶端生长依赖于细胞分裂和细胞伸长,由此可见,硼必然首先影响分生组织的细胞分裂和细胞伸长。硼对细胞分裂的影响已进行了大量的研究。Ｗｈｉｔｔｉｎｇｔｏｎ〔１〕曾报道缺硼减少大豆有丝分…     

植物对重金属镉的耐受机制

镉离子（Cd^2＋）具有强植物毒性,抑制植物生长,甚至使植物死亡。由于长期的环境选择和适应进化,植物发展出耐受机制,可减轻或避免Cd^2＋的毒害。硫转运蛋白、硫还原相关酶类以及半胱氨酸、谷胱甘肽和植物螯合肽合成基因的表达受Cd^2＋调控。同时这些基因的过表达也能提高植物对Cd^2＋的耐性。植物抗氧化系统对Cd^2＋胁迫诱发的活性氧的清除作用,具转运Cd^2＋活性的质膜转运蛋白促进Cd^2＋经共质体途径向木质部运输、装载,而后随蒸腾流向地上部迁移,具转运Cd^2＋活性的液泡膜转运蛋白促进Cd^2＋进入液泡的隔离作用,都在植物对Cd^2＋的耐性中起作用。     

植物水孔蛋白的功能

水孔蛋白是由多基因编码的介导水分快速跨膜转运的膜内在蛋白。植物水孔蛋白分为4类,具有多功能性,包括介导水分的快速跨膜转运,参与气孔运动,参与叶肉内CO_2的运输,调节植物对中性分子(甘油、NH_3、尿素)和营养元素(硼、硅)的吸收,参与植物体内的氧化应激及信号的跨膜转导等。     

不同硼浓度对棉花磷的吸收和分配的影响（简报）

在缺硼和高硼条件下,棉花的Ｉｍａｘ明显降低,Ｐｉ的吸收受抑,高硼大于缺硼,磷由根向地上部的运输也有受抑的趋势,０、５．４、１０８ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的硼对棉花吸收的Ｐｉ的Ｋｍ值匀无明显,说明Ｈ３ＢＯ３与Ｈ２ＰＯ４＾－和ＨＰＯ４＾＝不存在竞争性抑制。     

缺硼对棉花、黄瓜和油菜乙烯释放的影响

本试验通过水培和土培试验的方法,研究了缺硼对棉花、油菜和黄瓜乙烯释放的影响。结果表明：缺硼条件下,棉花、黄瓜乙烯释放量显著增加,而油菜无论缺硼和正常硼条件下,乙烯释放量较低且没有明显差异,乙烯释放量的增加对棉花和黄瓜的生长发育有抑制作用;喷施乙烯合成抑制剂和乙烯生理效应抑制剂在一定程度上能减轻棉花和黄瓜的缺硼症状。黄瓜水培结果表明：在黄瓜缺硼症状出现前,乙烯释放量没有明显增加,随着缺硼时间的延长,缺硼症状的出现,乙烯释放量显著增加,因而乙烯释放量的增加不是缺硼导致黄瓜生理失调的直接反应。     

Boron and salinity effects on grafted and non-grafted melon plants

Production of melon (Cucumis melo) may be limited by excesses of boron and salinity, and it was hypothesized that melon grafted onto Cucurbita rootstock would be more tolerant to excessive boron concentrations than non-grafted plants. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine the effects of salinity and excessive boron concentrations in irrigation water on growth and yields of grafted and non-grafted melon plants; and (ii) to study the interaction between the effects of salinity and boron on the uptake of macroelements and boron by grafted and non-grafted melon plants. The plants were grown in pots of Perlite in a greenhouse. The combined effects of boron and salinity on growth and yield were investigated for five boron concentrations, ranging from 0.2 to 10 mg L^{− 1}, and two salinity levels, electrical conductivity (EC) 1.8 and 4.6 dS m^{− 1}, in the irrigation water. With low salinity the boron concentrations in old leaves of non-grafted and grafted plants ranged from 249 to 2827 and from 171 to 1651 mg kg^{− 1} dry weight, respectively; with high salinity the corresponding concentrations ranged from 192 to 2221 and from 200 to 1263 mg kg^{− 1} dry weight, respectively. These results indicate that the grafted plants accumulated less boron than the non-grafted plants when they were exposed to similar boron concentrations, and that both plant types absorbed less boron when irrigated with the more saline irrigation water. It is suggested that: (i) the Cucurbita rootstock excluded some boron and that this, in turn, decreased the boron concentration in the grafted plants; and (ii) the low boron uptake under high-salinity irrigation was mainly a result of reduced transpiration of the plants. Significant negative linear regressions were found between fruit yield and leaf boron concentration for grafted plants, under both low and high salinity levels, and for non-grafted plants under low salinity. The fruit yield of the grafted plants was less affected by boron accumulation in the leaves than that of non-grafted plants. Increasing the water salinity decreased the sensitivity of both plant types to increases in leaf boron concentration, which indicates that the effects of boron and salinity on melon plants were not additive.     

硼对油菜体内核酸代谢的影响

硼胁迫造成油菜植株生长异常,使幼苗干物重显著下降;而幼苗叶片和花药内ＲＮａｓｅ活性明显增强,ＲＮＡ的分解加剧,ＲＮＡ和ＤＮＡ含量均下降,引起蛋白质的合成受阻,可溶性蛋白质含量急剧减少。这说明缺硼或硼过量时,植物体内核酸分解加剧是核酸含量下降的一个重要原因。     

江汉平原农田生态系统B素循环及平衡分析

以江汉平原农田生态系统为研究对象。通过对当地农户小麦－稻,稻－稻,油菜－大豆,油菜－花生,小麦－芝麻,小麦－棉花,青椒－大白菜,萝卜－茄子8种种植模式农田B素的输入,输出和平衡研究。结果表明,B素的输出主要是作物收获,占B素总输出量的44．8％－64．7％;其次是淋溶损失占25％－41．4％,B素流失占总输出量的9．2％－17．4％。B素的主要输入途径是施有机肥和B肥,此外,降雨也是B素输入的主要途径,该区域各种类型农田生态系统B素输入途径大小顺序为菜田：有机肥＞降雨＞灌溉＞自然归还＞无机肥＞种子（种苗）;水田和旱地;降雨＞有机肥＞灌溉＞自然归还＞无机肥＞种子（种苗）。对B素平衡研究表明,该区2种菜田由于有机肥投入较大,普遍盈余,而种稻田由于施用有机肥和秸杆还田归还许多B素,B素亦基本平衡。而种蜡地有1种种植由于有B肥和有机肥的投入,B素盈余较多,而别3种农田由于施化肥而不施有机肥和B肥,B素出现不同程度的亏缺。     

Mapping and validation of chromosome regions conferring boron toxicity tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Boron is an essential plant micro-nutrient which can be phytotoxic to plants if present in soils in high concentration. Boron toxicity has been recognised as an important problem limiting production in the low rainfall areas of southern Australia, West Asia and North Africa. Genetic variation for boron toxicity tolerance in wheat has been well-characterised. The efficiency of breeding for boron toxicity tolerance could be greatly enhanced by the development of molecular markers associated with QTLs for tolerance in wheat. A population of 161 doubled haploids from a cross between the tolerant cultivar Halberd and the moderately sensitive cultivar Cranbrook was used to identify chromosomal regions involved in boron tolerance. A combined RFLP and AFLP linkage map of the Cranbrook x Halberd population was used to identify chromosomal regions involved in the boron tolerance traits measured. Regions on chromosome 7B and 7D were associated with leaf symptom expression. The region on chromosome 7B was also associated with the control of boron uptake and with a reduction in the effect of boron toxicity on root-growth suppression. RFLP markers at the chromosome 7B and 7D loci were shown to be effective in selecting for improved boron tolerance in an alternative genetic background. Halberd alleles at the chromosome 7B locus were associated with the concentration of boron in whole shoots and grain. The concentration of boron in whole shoots and in grain were both related to grain yield in a field trial conducted on soil containing toxic levels of boron. Implications relating to marker-assisted selection for boron toxicity tolerance in wheat are discussed. Received: 3 September 1999 / Accepted: 12 February 2000     

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bor1p is a boron exporter and a key determinant of boron tolerance

Boron is toxic to living organisms when present in excess. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bor1p is a plasma membrane protein that decreases the intracellular concentration of boron and confers boron tolerance in yeasts. We investigated the detailed characteristics of boron transport by Bor1p and its roles in boron tolerance. Boron transport assays showed that the bor1 deletion mutant (bor1Delta) accumulates higher intracellular concentrations of boron and has a lower rate of boron export. The bor1Delta showed greater susceptibility to high concentrations of boron than the wild-type strain, and the growth rates of both strains were negatively correlated with the intracellular concentrations of boron. With normal to toxic levels of external boron, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Bor1p localized to the plasma membrane irrespective of the concentration of boron in the medium. Taken together, these results establish Bor1p as a plasma membrane boron exporter and a key determinant of boron tolerance.     

Overexpression of the tonoplast aquaporin AtTIP5;1 conferred tolerance to boron toxicity in Arabidopsis

Boron (B) toxicity to plants is responsible for low crop productivity in many regions of the world. Here we report a novel and effective means to alleviate the B toxicity to plants under high B circumstance. Functional characterization of AtTIP5;1, an aquaporin gene, revealed that overexpression of AtTIP5; 1(OxAtTIP5;1) in Arabidopsis significantly increased its tolerance to high B toxicity. Compared to wild-type plants, OxAtTIP5;1 plants exhibited longer hypocotyls, accelerated development, increased silique production under high B treatments. GUS staining and quantitative RT-PCR(qRT-PCR) results demonstrated that the expression of AtTIP5;l was induced by high B concentration treatment. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that the AtTIP5; 1-GFP fusion protein was localized on the tonoplast membrane, which was consistent with the prediction based on bioinformatics. Taken together, our results suggest that AtTIP5;I is involved in B transport pathway possibly via vacuolar compartmentation for B, and that overexpression of AtTIP5;1 in plants may provide an effective way to overcome the problem resulting from high B concentration toxicity.     

不同供硼水平对绿豆植株形态及其叶片生长特征的影响

利用水培以绿豆为材料,研究不同供硼水平对绿豆植株形态和叶片生长特征的影响。结果表明缺硼抑制绿豆生长,但对根的影响较对冠的影响更大,表现在缺硼导致冠根比增大;缺硼明显抑制叶面积;降低特定叶面积（SLA）,这可能是由于缺硼影响细胞伸展的缘故,造成叶片密度增加,缺硼也提高叶片重量比（LWR)并导致叶脉间失绿,说明缺硼叶片可能过量碳水化合物积累,引起叶绿素降解,与适量供硼比较,过量供硼也影响绿豆的生长,但对冠根比没有影响,表明过量供硼对根和冠具有相同的抑制作用,硼中毒导致成熟叶片脱落,从而影响叶面积,但对特定叶面积（SLA）和叶片重量比（LWR）没有影响。