欧洲赤松树脂道上皮细胞树脂分泌方式研究

利用高压冷冻和冷冻替代技术对欧洲赤松茎皮层成熟树脂道上皮细胞的超微结构进行研究，揭示出一种全新的树脂分泌方式。其分泌过程为一些含有水解酶的高尔基小泡，转移至质膜周围并释放水解酶，从而将质膜溶解形成分泌通道，树脂由此迅速转移至质膜外，然后，通过高尔基小泡相互融合形成新膜片段的方式来修补破损的质膜。     

油松含树脂细胞组织化学和细胞化学研究

油松茎端的皮层薄壁组织和幼茎木薄壁组织中具含树脂细胞分布,在光学显微镜下观察,硫酸奈尔兰染色的切片,发现树脂滴分布于细胞质中,在电子显微镜下观察狐染色切片,发现树脂滴分布于细胞的线粒体,高尔基体,内质网,核膜和小液泡中,同时也分布于质膜两边。从形态演化分析含树脂细胞在树脂分泌结构中属原始类型,由它演化为树脂道。     

果胶酶的细胞化学定位：马尾松树脂道发生的细胞化学证据

运用薄切片和电镜细胞化学方法观察了马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamb.)茎皮层树脂道的发育及发育过程中果胶酶的变化。树脂道的发育过程一般可分为4个阶段,即原始细胞阶段、胞间隙形成阶段、腔道扩大阶段和树脂道成熟阶段。在原始细胞阶段,果胶酶的反应产物首先出现在原始细胞膨胀的细胞壁角隅处,然后沿细胞壁中层分布。胞间隙形成后,果胶酶的反应产物分布在细胞壁和胞间隙的交界面。随着胞间隙的扩大,反应产物的密度逐渐降低。当树脂道成熟后,上皮细胞壁上则没有果胶酶的反应产物出现。细胞化学证据表明: 在树脂道的发育过程中,果胶酶降解树脂道原始细胞细胞壁中层,支持树脂道以裂生方式形成。果胶酶的细胞化学定位技术还可用于其他植物中与果胶水解有关的发育过程。     

果胶酶的细胞化学定位:马尾松树脂道发生的细胞化学证据

运用薄切片和电镜细胞化学方法观察了马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamb.)茎皮层树脂道的发育及发育过程中果胶酶的变化.树脂道的发育过程一般可分为4个阶段,即原始细胞阶段、胞间隙形成阶段、腔道扩大阶段和树脂道成熟阶段.在原始细胞阶段,果胶酶的反应产物首先出现在原始细胞膨胀的细胞壁角隅处,然后沿细胞壁中层分布.胞间隙形成后,果胶酶的反应产物分布在细胞壁和胞间隙的交界面.随着胞间隙的扩大,反应产物的密度逐渐降低.当树脂道成熟后,上皮细胞壁上则没有果胶酶的反应产物出现.细胞化学证据表明:在树脂道的发育过程中,果胶酶降解树脂道原始细胞细胞壁中层,支持树脂道以裂生方式形成.果胶酶的细胞化学定位技术还可用于其他植物中与果胶水解有关的发育过程.     

油松茎次生结构中树脂道的结构分布和发育的研究

油松茎的次生结构中树脂道存在于次生维管组织中。其中,次生木质部内具有水平的和垂直的两类树脂道,而次生韧皮部内则仅有水平的树脂道。两类树脂道都由上皮细胞和鞘细胞包围着胞间道构成,其中木质部内的树脂道具有死鞘细胞,而韧皮部中的则都系生活细胞。在心材中,垂直树脂道形成拟侵填体。在次生木质部内,垂直树脂道常分布于早材的外部区域和最初形成的晚材中,它们与水平树脂道连接,腔道贯通,从而形成二维网状结构。垂直树脂道来源于纺锤状原始细胞的衍生细胞,而水平树脂道来源于射线原始细胞,两者都以裂生方式发生。     

针叶树树脂的抗害功能及抗害机制

害虫及其共生真菌是针叶树生长、繁衍的一个灾害性的问题,在漫长的进化过程中,很多针叶树种发展了高度发达的固有和诱导树脂防御系统来抵御侵害。树脂的抗害过程,也即树脂的分泌过程,树脂是由单萜、蓓半萜和二萜组成的复杂混合物。文章介绍树脂的组成及其抗害功能,分析外界环境条件对树脂防御功能的影响,阐述诱导树脂生物合成的途径、路线及其一般规律和树脂萜的基因鉴定,讨论开发、利用树脂优良特性保护针叶树的前景。     

壳菜果植物树脂道的发生、发育及分布的研究

经解剖观察,发现壳菜果（Ｍｙｔｉｌａｒｉａｌａｏｅｎｓｉｓ）植物初生结构能自然形成树脂道,而次生结构不能自然形成。树脂道原始细胞发生位置为离顶端１２０～１４０μｍ的区段上,与初生分生组织同时形成。以后原始细胞经历;（１）原始细胞分裂阶段;（２）树脂道发生阶段;（３）树脂道扩张阶段;（４）树脂道成熟阶段;（５）树脂道破毁阶段而完成其功能周期。壳菜果植物的树脂道以裂溶生方式发生,分布在维管束外侧的皮层中。此为金缕梅科各亚科系统位置研究提供重要证据     

油松树脂道的发生和发育研究

关于松科植物的树脂道,以往都认为是以裂生方式发生。本文通过对油松各类器官的发育解剖学研究,发现其各类器官中树脂道的结构,发生和发育方式并不完全一致,并对产生这些差异的原因进行了分析和讨论。     

高吸水性树脂吸附离子性能的研究

用聚丙烯酸型高吸水性树脂吸收含氟、碘、钾、锌、锰、钼等离子的电解质溶液,分析所形成水凝胶中离子的吸附量,讨论了吸附机理。研究结果表明,高吸水性树脂具有阳离子交换树脂的性质,对阴离子的吸附能力较弱,对阳离子有较强的吸附能力。其吸附能力因离子的种类和浓度而异。     

平衡时间、冷冻方法及解冻程序对马精液冷冻效果的影响

精液平衡、冷冻及解冻是冻精制作过程中三个必不可少的环节,对精液冷冻效果起着决定性作用。在马(Equus caballus)精子冷冻中针对这三个过程的研究较少,为进一步优化马精液冷冻方法,提高精液冻后质量,本研究比较不同平衡时间、冷冻方法及解冻程序对冻融后精子运动参数、质膜完整性及线粒体膜电势的影响。平衡120 min、180 min和240 min组冻融后精液活力及质膜完整性明显高于平衡0 min、45 min、90 min及8 h平衡组;距离液氮面2 cm和4 cm高度熏蒸冷冻获得了与程序冷冻仪冷冻法相似的冷冻效果;采用高温瞬时解冻法(75℃7 s和46℃20 s)比常规方法(37℃30 s)获得了更高的冻后精液活力(P0.05)。综合上述结果,在马精液冷冻过程中综合采用120~240 min平衡,距离液氮面2~4 cm熏蒸法和高温瞬时解冻法(75℃7s和46℃20 s)可获得更好的精液冷冻效果。     

An Alternative Mode of Elimination of Resin from Epithelial Cells of Resin Ducts in Pinus sylvestris

The fine structure of resin secreting cells of the cortical resin ducts in stem of Pinus sylvestris Carr. was studied with the help of high pressure freezing and freeze-substitution techniques. An unprecedented mode of resin elimination was observed. It seems that the hydrolase-contained Golgi vesicles take part in the dissolution of plasmalemma, and a passage is formed, through which resin material may quickly pass outside of the protoplast. Then, the ruptured plasmalemma was repaired by some vesicles, possibly derived from Golgi bodies.     

Intracellular Transport and Elimination of Resin from Epithelial Duct-cells of Pinus halepensis

The ultrastructure of the resin secreting cells of root ductsof young Pinus halepensis seedlings was studied. It is suggestedthat the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in addition to taking partin resin synthesis also plays a role in transporting the resinfrom the plastids, mitochondria and nuclear envelope to theplasmalemma. By fusing with the plasmalemma the ER releasesthe resin to the outside of the protoplast. The resin producedin the ground cytoplasm and by the Golgi apparatus seems tobe eliminated by plasmalemma invaginations. Pinus halepensis, resin secretion, root ducts, endoplasmic reticulum     

Ultrastructure of the Resin Ducts of Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae). 3. Secretion of the Protein-polysaccharide Mucilage in the Fruit

Mango fruit ducts secrete a protein-carbohydrate mucilage inaddition to lipophilic material. This mucilage is secreted inspecial duct regions. Loops of ER elements seem to delimit cytoplasmicportions rich in ribosomes forming pseudo-vacuoles which eventuallybecome bound by a single membrane of ER origin. It is suggestedthat the protein is produced and accumulates in the pseudo-vacuoleswhich become storage bodies. Carbohydrates are added to thecontent of these bodies by Golgi vesicles. The cytoplasm becomesosmiophilic and contracts before disintegration, and the mucilagepasses into the space between plasmalemma and cell wall. Afterthe cell breaks down the mucilage is released into the ductcavity. Mangifera indica L., mango, Anacardiaceae, resin ducts, secretion, mucilage, ultrastructure     

Ultrastructure of the Resin Ducts of Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae). 2. Resin Secretion in the Primary Stem Ducts

The resin of the mango stem consists mainly of terpenes. Theterpenes seem to be produced primarily by plastids, termed heresecretoplasts. At the beginning of the process of secretion,osmiophilic droplets are seen at the envelope of the secretoplastsand at elemints of periplastidal ER. In addition, such dropletsoccur also at Golgi bodies and occasionally in association withmitochondria. Later osmiophilic material fills the well-developbdER, which at this stage is mainly tubular. It appears that theER is involved in the transport of the sareted material towardsthe plasmalemma. Mangifera indica L., mango, Anacardiaceae, resin, resin ducts, secretion, secretoplasts, ultrastructure     

Ultrastructure of Resin Ducts in Pinus halepensis Development, Possible Sites of Resin Synthesis, and Mode of its Elimination from the Protoplast

Development of the resin duct cavity, sites of resin synthesisin the epithelial cells and elimination of resin from the protoplastwere studied in roots of young Pinus halepensis seedlings. Itis suggested that the Golgi bodies are involved in dissolutionof the middle lamella in the region of the future duct cavityby secretion of lytic enzymes into the cell walls. In earlystages of duct development osmiophilic droplets were observedin plastids, periplastidal and cytoplasmic ER, Golgi vesicles,mitochondria, nuclear envelope and in the cytoplasm. In thelatter they were often observed to be surrounded by a membrane.Electron micrographs suggested that elimination of resin dropletsfrom the protoplast occurs by their becoming surrounded by plasmalemmainvaginations.     

Origin of the Golgi system in amoebae

Summary An electron microscopic study of the Golgi apparatus in the giant amoeba, Pelomyxa illinoisensis, has been presented. Studies of normally feeding, dividing, starving, and refeeding amoebae were made. The major finding is that plasmalemma vesicles, formed via pinocytosis and phagocytosis, either flatten or invaginate and form the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus. Plasmalemma vesicles are also a source of new cisternae during the lifetime of a given Golgi apparatus. The cisternae migrate through the Golgi system, but before being released they either inflate, or segment into smaller vesicles. It is postulated that they later empty into the contractile vacuole and into certain other vacuoles. No evidence was found for the fusion of smooth Golgi vesicles or fringed vesicles of any kind with the plasmalemma.Dedicated to Professor Friedrich Wassermann with admiration and affection on the occasion of his eightieth birthday.Work supported by U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. A part of the work was reported at the XVI International Congress of Zoology, Washington, D. C., in 1963.     

Ultrastructural Study of Secondary Wall Formation in the Stem Fiber of Phyllostachys pubescens

Ultrastructural changes in secondary wall formation of Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel fiber were investigated with transmission electron microscopy. Fiber developed initially with the elongation of cells containing ribosomes, mitochondria and Golgi bodies in the dense cytoplasm. During the wall thickening, the number of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies increased apparently. There were two kinds of Golgi vesicles, together with the ones from endoplasmic reticulum formed transport vesicles. Many microtubules were arranged parallel to the long axis of the cell adjacent to the plasmalemma. Along with the further development of fiber, polylamellate structure of the secondary wall appeared, with concurrent agglutination of chromatin in the nucleus, swelling and disintegration of organelles, while cortical microtubules were still arranged neatly against the inner side of plasmalemma. Lomasomes could be observed between the wall and plasmalemma. The results indicated that the organelles, such as Golgi bodies together with small vesicles, rough endoplasmic reticulum and lomasomes, played the key role in the thickening and lignification of the secondary wall of bamboo fiber, though cortical microtubules were correlative with the process as well.     

毛竹茎纤维次生壁形成过程的超微结构观察

利用透射电镜观察了毛竹（Ｐｈｙｌｌｏｓｔａｃｈｙｓ ｐｕｂｅｓｃｅｎｓ Ｍａｚｅｌ）茎纤维发育过程中次生壁的形成过程。纤维发育早期,细胞具有较大的细胞核和核仁;细胞质浓稠,具有核糖体、线粒体和高尔基体等细胞器。随着纤维次生壁的形成,细胞壁加厚,细胞质变得稀薄,内质网和高尔基体的数量明显增加,并且两者共同参与了运输小泡的形成;在质膜内侧可观察到大量周质微管分布。随着次生壁的进一步加厚及木质化,细胞壁     

Golgi-mediated vicilin accumulation in pea cotyledon cells is re-directed by monensin and nigericin

Summary A range of drugs was applied to developing pea seed cotyledons in an attempt to perturb the intracellular transport of newly synthesized vicilin through the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi vesicles to its site of storage, the vacuole. The most pronounced effects, produced by the ionophores monensin and nigericin, were on Golgi-mediated transport. Unlike the situation in most other tissues that have been studied the number of Golgi vesicles did not increase, suggesting that their movement is not slowed or stopped. However, the Golgi-mediated transport of vicilin was redirected from the vacuole tonoplast to the plasmalemma and the newly synthesized vicilin was released from the cotyledon cells to accumulate between the plasmalemma and the cell wall.