枫香亚科植物茎初生结构中树脂道发生发育的研究

经研究表明枫香亚科植物 (苏合香 L iquidambar orientalis,阿丁枫 Alitangiqia chinesis,枫香L iquidamformosana)茎的初生结构中树脂道的发生方式均为裂生型 ,树脂道的发育经历 :(1)原始细胞分裂阶段 ;(2 )胞间道发生阶段 ;(3)胞间道扩张阶段 ;(4 )树脂道成熟阶段 ;(5)树脂道老化阶段。枫香亚科与壳菜果亚科相比 ,两亚科树脂道自然发生阶段相同 ,但发生方式有别 ,分布区域有异同点。     

火炬树分泌道的发育解剖学研究

本文报道了火炬树分泌道的结构、分布和发育。火炬树的分泌道是由一层分泌细胞及其外侧1—5层薄壁组织细胞组成的鞘细胞所包围。分泌道主要分布于根、茎、叶、花和果实的维管束的韧皮部内,此外,在茎的髓部也存在散生的分泌道。各类器官中的分泌道都以裂生方式发育;营养器官中的分泌道先于维管分子分化,生殖器官中的则后于维管分子的分化。     

果胶酶的细胞化学定位：马尾松树脂道发生的细胞化学证据

运用薄切片和电镜细胞化学方法观察了马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamb.)茎皮层树脂道的发育及发育过程中果胶酶的变化。树脂道的发育过程一般可分为4个阶段,即原始细胞阶段、胞间隙形成阶段、腔道扩大阶段和树脂道成熟阶段。在原始细胞阶段,果胶酶的反应产物首先出现在原始细胞膨胀的细胞壁角隅处,然后沿细胞壁中层分布。胞间隙形成后,果胶酶的反应产物分布在细胞壁和胞间隙的交界面。随着胞间隙的扩大,反应产物的密度逐渐降低。当树脂道成熟后,上皮细胞壁上则没有果胶酶的反应产物出现。细胞化学证据表明: 在树脂道的发育过程中,果胶酶降解树脂道原始细胞细胞壁中层,支持树脂道以裂生方式形成。果胶酶的细胞化学定位技术还可用于其他植物中与果胶水解有关的发育过程。     

果胶酶的细胞化学定位:马尾松树脂道发生的细胞化学证据

运用薄切片和电镜细胞化学方法观察了马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamb.)茎皮层树脂道的发育及发育过程中果胶酶的变化.树脂道的发育过程一般可分为4个阶段,即原始细胞阶段、胞间隙形成阶段、腔道扩大阶段和树脂道成熟阶段.在原始细胞阶段,果胶酶的反应产物首先出现在原始细胞膨胀的细胞壁角隅处,然后沿细胞壁中层分布.胞间隙形成后,果胶酶的反应产物分布在细胞壁和胞间隙的交界面.随着胞间隙的扩大,反应产物的密度逐渐降低.当树脂道成熟后,上皮细胞壁上则没有果胶酶的反应产物出现.细胞化学证据表明:在树脂道的发育过程中,果胶酶降解树脂道原始细胞细胞壁中层,支持树脂道以裂生方式形成.果胶酶的细胞化学定位技术还可用于其他植物中与果胶水解有关的发育过程.     

油松茎次生木质部中树脂道的发育过程和组织化学研究

利用组织化学方法对油松茎次生木质部树脂道发育过程中上皮细胞内树脂滴和淀粉粒的动态变化进行了研究。发现在树脂道原始细胞阶段,每个原始细胞含淀粉粒较少,含树脂滴稀少。在树脂道形成阶段,淀粉粒数目较多,体积增大,树脂滴也呈递增趋势。在树脂道成熟阶段,淀粉粒数目变化不大,而体积明显变小,树脂滴的体积增大,数目减少。     

壳菜果植物树脂道的发生、发育及分布的研究

经解剖观察,发现壳菜果（Ｍｙｔｉｌａｒｉａｌａｏｅｎｓｉｓ）植物初生结构能自然形成树脂道,而次生结构不能自然形成。树脂道原始细胞发生位置为离顶端１２０～１４０μｍ的区段上,与初生分生组织同时形成。以后原始细胞经历;（１）原始细胞分裂阶段;（２）树脂道发生阶段;（３）树脂道扩张阶段;（４）树脂道成熟阶段;（５）树脂道破毁阶段而完成其功能周期。壳菜果植物的树脂道以裂溶生方式发生,分布在维管束外侧的皮层中。此为金缕梅科各亚科系统位置研究提供重要证据     

油松茎次生结构中树脂道的结构分布和发育的研究

油松茎的次生结构中树脂道存在于次生维管组织中。其中,次生木质部内具有水平的和垂直的两类树脂道,而次生韧皮部内则仅有水平的树脂道。两类树脂道都由上皮细胞和鞘细胞包围着胞间道构成,其中木质部内的树脂道具有死鞘细胞,而韧皮部中的则都系生活细胞。在心材中,垂直树脂道形成拟侵填体。在次生木质部内,垂直树脂道常分布于早材的外部区域和最初形成的晚材中,它们与水平树脂道连接,腔道贯通,从而形成二维网状结构。垂直树脂道来源于纺锤状原始细胞的衍生细胞,而水平树脂道来源于射线原始细胞,两者都以裂生方式发生。     

驴蹄草属和金莲花属(毛茛科)花器官的形态发生及系统学意义

利用扫描电镜观察了驴蹄草Caltha palustris L.和川陕金莲花Trollius buddae Schipcz.花器官的发生和发育过程。结果显示:驴蹄草和川陕金莲花的所有花器官均螺旋状向心式发生、向心式发育,花器官的螺旋状发生方式在毛茛科Ranunculaceae可能是一种基本式样;苞片、萼片与其他花器官原基的形状明显不同,显示苞片、萼片与其他花器官在系统发生上有所不同;川陕金莲花的花瓣在早期延迟发育且基部具囊,花瓣的延迟发育在毛茛科具花瓣的属中非常普遍,而花瓣基部的囊类似于耧斗菜属Aquilegia一些植物;两个属雄蕊群一纵列雄蕊中的小孢子均向心式发育,这种发育方式在毛茛科可能为基本类型。两个属植物的心皮原基均为对折式,在发育过程中,驴蹄草心皮顶端沿腹缝线形成下延的柱头组织,川陕金莲花不形成明显的柱头组织。根据花形态发生和发育特点,并结合其他研究成果,认为这两个属不应当属于同一个族。     

油松茎初生结构中树脂道发育的研究

油松茎初生结构中的树脂道是裂生的胞间道,分布在皮层和初生木质部内。皮层树脂道原始细胞团起始于茎端下约140微米处原形成层束两侧的基本分生组织中。在原生韧皮部最早的筛胞分化形成时出现裂生腔隙。其裂隙直径的进一步扩大主要依靠鞘细胞插入到上皮细胞之间和上皮细胞本身的切向伸长。成熟的树脂道近园形,四周由9～16个上皮细胞包被,其外为1～2层鞘细胞。茎的初生结构内树脂道位于皮层内侧的薄壁组织中,通常为8个,排列成一圈。叶迹进入叶子时,其两侧的每一个树脂道也二叉分枝,其一与叶迹一起进入叶子。初生木质部树脂道起源于原形成层细胞,在初生维管组织分化后期才开始发育。每个维管束的初生木质部一般只有一个树脂道。季节的变化对皮层树脂道的形成过程有一定的影响。在一年的不同季节中,从春季到秋季所形成的树脂道出现孔径逐渐变大,上皮细胞的数目和鞘细胞的层数逐渐增多,茎内树脂道的数目增加等变化。     

植物衰老关乎器官发育和作物产量与品质性状的形成

植物的衰老主要表现为绿色光合器官的衰老。叶片是最典型的绿色器官,其衰老与凋亡常常伴随着新生器官的发生与发育,这种以器官为单元的模块化衰老与凋亡方式反映了营固着生活方式的植物所特有的生存策略与适应性进化路径。对于一年生或隔年生的单次结实性植(作)物而言,生长季节后期营养器官集中衰老与死亡,与此同时完成生(繁)殖器官的发育与成熟,呈现出整个植株衰老     

Resin ducts of Pinus hatepensis Mill.–Their structure, development and pattern of arrangement

The primary resin ducts in the axis of plants of Pinus halepensis Mill, consist of two separate systems the pattern of which is correlated with the vascular systems of the organs in which they appear. These systems are: (1) ducts of the roots and the hypocotyl; (2) ducts of all the branches and juvenile leaves or scaleS. Both systems are produced by the apical meristemS. In the needles there is a third system of primary resin ducts situated in the mesophyll. These ducts are produced only to a small extent by the apical meristem of the needle and mainly by its intercalary meristem. In addition to these primary ducts of the needle, which form a separate system for each needle, at the base of the needle there may be ducts of secondary origin which are situated within the vein. These are continuous with secondary ducts of the brachyblast axis.
The secondary ducts constitute one system in the secondary xylem and phloem of the roots, branches and needle bases. They are formed by the cambium. In the xylem there are vertical and radial ducts which together form co-planar radial networkS. Each radial duct starts from a vertical duct. The first location of the stimulus for the formation of the two types of ducts is discussed. In the phloem there are only radial ducts, continuous with the radial ducts of the xylem. The cavities of the radial phloem and xylem ducts are not continuous, as there are no intercellular spaces in the region of the cambium.
The innermost vertical ducts of the secondary xylem form a kind of transitional type, in respect of their response to internal and external factors, between the primary resin ducts and the bulk of the secondary resin ducts.     

Distribution, Development and Structure of Resin Ducts in Guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray)

The distribution, development and structure of resin ducts inguayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray), the second best sourceof natural rubber, have been studied. Resin ducts are widelydistributed in stem, root, leaf, petiole and peduncle. The ductsin the primary tissues are initiated schizogenously and theirfurther development is schizolysigenous. The ducts in the cortexof the root do not have a well-defined epithelium. Ducts developedfrom the vascular cambium are initiated and develop schizogenously.Both resin and rubber are produced in the epithelial cells ofresin ducts. While resin is secreted into the duct lumen, rubberis stored within these cells. Epithelial cells store more thanneighbouring parenchyma cells. Guayule, rubber, resin, ducts, epithelial cells     

Comparative anatomy of resin ducts of the Pinaceae

 Resin ducts are common in the Pinaceae. The comparative anatomy of stems and leaves of 50 species and two varieties from ten genera has been investigated. The structure and distribution of resin ducts differ among genera. Resin ducts occur in foliage leaves of ten genera of Pinaceae. Cortical resin ducts are absent in the stems of Pseudolarix and Larix. Resin ducts only occur in the secondary xylem of stems of Pinus, Picea, Cathaya, Larix, Pseudotsuga and some Keteleeria species. All of the epithelial and sheath cells are alive and thin-walled in the resin ducts of stem cortex and mesophyll. Except for Pinus the epithelial cells of resin ducts in the secondary xylem of stems have thick, lignified walls. Comparative study shows there are obvious differences in the resin ducts of different genera; apparent differences do not exist, however, in the resin ducts of different species of the same genus. According to the structure and distribution of the resin ducts in ten genera of Pinaceae, a synoptical arrangement of the genera is given and generic relationships of the Pinaceae are discussed. Received: 12 September 1995 / Accepted: 14 March 1996     

Interactions between hosts and non-hosts of Pinus spp. and Matsucoccus josephi: anatomical responses of stem to infestation

Artificial infestation of seven pine species revealed that Matsucoccus josephi (Homoptera: Margarodidae) completes its development on Pinus brutia , P. eldarica and P. halepersis , whereas only a small number of the scale larvae infesting P. cunariensis and P. pined reached the second instar and none developed to the adult stage. M. josephi crawlers died while trying to feed on P. radiata and P. pinaster. Histological examination of the infested plant sections indicated that necrosis in shoot and stem barks of P. eldarica and P. halepensis occurs just before or after the scale completes its development. Injury reached the cambium, and traumatic resin ducts; parenchyma cells instead of tracheids and curved tracheids were formed. In P. brutia wound periderm was observed in the stem section but not in the shoot cortex following scale development. Wound periderm was also formed in the stem cortex of P. canariensis and P. pinena whereas no pathological changes were detected in the infested cortex of P. pinaster and P. radiata.
Mechanical lesions caused by needle punctures resulted in the production of parenchyma cells instead of tracheids in all four pine species investigated. The response of the pine cortex was non-specific; however several similarities in the response to scale infestation, such as the formation of resin ducts, were observed. We hypothesize that the response of the pine tissue to the scale saliva is a hypersensitive reaction. It is suggested that the development of Matsucoccus species on particular pine species is related to the scale's inability to trigger the defence system of the host while the larvae are feeding.     

Latent root primordia in poplar stems

Root primordia initiate in poplar stems in the secondary growing parts, that is in the parts where the elongation growth is terminated and the leaves are mature. Their initiation is connected with the occurrence of unusual biseriate, rarely multiseriate rays. A small cell group in the secondary phloem is initiated by cell division of the ray. It gradually enlarges by continuing cell division, by the addition of cells adjacent to the cell group and by cambial activity. Thus, a hemispherical root primordium is formed, for which a permanent occurrence of reserve lipids is characteristic. In stems several years old the intraprimordial mitotic activity is rhythmically renewed together with the cambium function renewal. Latent root primordia slightly enlarge with the passing years, whereas mainly the cells localized in their centre divide. Further organization and root histogenesis was not observed either in older root primordia. Adjacent to root primordia, cambial initials produce the secondary xylem elements increasingly. Xylem protuberances are thus formed under root primordia. Primordia initiation is most frequent within the first year of stem development, though they can also initiate in later years.     

银杏营养器官解剖结构的观察

为了揭示不同树龄银杏的根、茎、叶解剖结构以及内生菌分布情况,本研究采用石蜡切片法对银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)根、茎、叶显微解剖结构进行了观察。结果显示:(1)一年生银杏幼根不含树脂道,内生菌含量低,而皮层中含有大量蛋白细胞;多年生银杏老根含有较多树脂道,皮层细胞中含有大量内生菌并有针晶物质分布,未发现蛋白细胞。(2)一年生银杏幼茎有明显的角质层,皮层分布有大量蛋白细胞,韧皮射线及髓部发达,其中髓由大量薄壁细胞构成并且有蛋白细胞分布,未观察到树脂道但有簇晶物质存在。(3)多年生银杏叶片海绵组织疏松,具有树脂道,叶肉细胞含有簇晶物质;气孔下陷并具有耐旱的结构特点。本结果可为研究不同树龄银杏对环境的适应性变化以及内生菌特点提供参考。     

臭椿茎中分泌道的发育及其组织化学研究

利用植物解剖学方法研究臭椿茎和叶柄中分泌道的结构、分布和发育过程.结果表明:臭椿茎和叶柄中的分泌道分布于髓的周缘,次生木质部中无分泌道.分泌道是由一层分泌细胞围绕分泌腔而构成,分泌细胞外有1～2层鞘细胞.分泌道以裂生方式形成,其发育过程可分为3个阶段:原始细胞阶段、形成阶段和成熟阶段.在原始细胞阶段,一群原始细胞具浓厚细胞质,细胞核清晰可见;形成阶段,原始细胞的中央细胞间细胞壁中层降解,细胞壁分离,形成腔隙,随着分泌细胞数量的增加,分泌腔体积扩大;成熟阶段的分泌道具有12～16个分泌细胞,1～2层鞘细胞,分泌腔直径为30～50μm.组织化学研究表明,分泌细胞及分泌道内含物中含大量的萜类、多糖和脂类物质.机械创伤能够诱导次生木质部中产生创伤分泌道.臭椿茎中的分泌道和创伤性分泌道在抵御生物和非生物胁迫中起重要作用.