小麦旗叶老化期间的内肽酶

小麦叶片中存在着内肽酶,其最适ｐＨ为４．８,最适反应温度为４５℃,小麦旗叶全展以后,净光合速率和总可溶性蛋白质含量下降,而内肽酶比活上升。用蛋白质合成抑制剂处理的结果表明,有内肽酶的从头合成;用激活剂和抑制剂处理的结果表明,小麦叶片中至少有３种类型的内肽酶,而在蛋白质降解中起主要作用的是巯基蛋白酶。     

小麦老化叶片蛋白水解酶的某些生化特性的研究（简报）

小麦叶片蛋白水解酶最适pH为5．0左右;最适温度：扬麦五号品种为50℃,野生一粒为45℃。碘乙酸、苯甲基磺酰氟明显抑制蛋白水解酶活力,前者大于后者;而半胱氨酸明显激活其活性。对小麦老化叶片起主要作用的是巯基类蛋白水解酶,丝氨酸蛋白酶也起一定作用。     

小麦叶片老化期间的内肽酶与H_2O_2的关系(英文)

研究了H2 O2 和蛋白水解酶在小麦 (TriticumaestivumL .cv.Yanmai15 8)叶片老化过程中的关系。小麦叶片老化期间 ,H2 O2 含量高的叶片中内肽酶活力也高。老化后期 ,内源H2 O2 迅速累积 ,内肽酶活力迅速上升 ;通过内肽酶同工酶电泳可检测到新增一种活力较强的内肽酶。用外源H2 O2 处理全展旗叶的内肽酶粗提液 ,随着H2 O2 浓度的升高 ,内肽酶活力先上升后下降。     

小麦叶片暗诱导衰老期间内肽酶的特性

研究了小麦(Triticum aestivum L.cv.Yangmai 158)叶片暗诱导衰老期间内肽酶同工酶的变化及其部分生化特性,发现叶片衰老期间,内肽酶活性升高,同时出现5种新的内肽酶同工酶(EP1、EP2、EP4、EP5、EP6)。6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)处理能延缓这些同工酶的出现,而脱落酸(ABA)处理则加速它们的表达。衰老期间小麦叶片内的6种内肽酶同工酶(EP1-EP6)中的EP1、EP2、EP4、EP5、EP6呈现活性的pH及温度范围较窄,而EP3有活性的pH范围和温度范围均较宽,且EP3在嫩叶、老叶中均有活性。另外,EP3、EP5、EP6对热不太敏感。蛋白酶抑制剂实验表明,EP1、EP2是需金属离子的半胱氨酸型内肽酶,EP4是丝氨酸型内肽酶。     

食品上的应用

讨论了应用蛋白酶作为动物饲料和人类食品的添加剂.真菌蛋白酶通常由米曲霉(AsPergillus oryzae)获得.此酶是内肽酶和外肽酶的混合物,其最适pH范围为4.3     

小麦叶片老化期间的内肽酶与Ｈ２Ｏ２的关系

研究了Ｈ２Ｏ２和蛋白水解酶在小麦（Triticum aestivum L.cv.Yanmai 158)叶老化过程中的关系。小麦叶片老化期间,Ｈ２Ｏ２含量高的叶片中内肽酶活力也高,老化后期,内源Ｈ２Ｏ２迅速累积,内肽酶活力迅速上升;通过内肽酶同工酶电泳可检测到新增一种活力较强的内肽酶,用外源Ｈ２Ｏ２处理全展旗叶的内肽酶粗提液,随着Ｈ２Ｏ２浓度的高,内肽酶活力先上升后下降。     

紫萍叶状体衰老过程中的内肽酶谱变化和外源L-丝氨酸对内肽酶谱的影响

采用双向凝胶电泳技术分析紫萍叶状体衰老期间内肽酶同工酶的变化以及外源L-丝氨酸对内肽酶影响的结果表明,在衰老的紫萍叶状体中检测到9种内肽酶同工酶,丝氨酸内肽酶EP3可能在叶状体衰老的早期起作用,而半胱氨酸内肽酶EP9在第6天出现,是衰老后期活性最强的内肽酶。培养液中加入外源的L-丝氨酸后,叶状体蛋白质含量下降加剧,与衰老相关的内肽酶EP3、EP4和EP9的活性明显增强或提前出现。     

丝氨酸内肽酶在黄瓜叶片衰老中的作用

采用丝氨酸内肽酶抑制剂和植物生长调节剂处理离体黄瓜叶片,研究了黄瓜叶片暗诱导衰老过程中丝氨酸内肽酶的作用。结果表明,6-BA50μmol／L与丝氨酸内肽酶抑制剂AEBSF能抑制叶片内肽酶活性的升高,延缓蛋白质降解,而ABA50μmol/L则促进了内肽酶活性的升高：其作用效果与AEBSF相反。活性电泳结果显示,黄瓜叶片中检测到6条内肽酶同工酶,其中4条（CEP2、3、4、6）为丝氨酸类型内肽酶,而ABA使丝氨酸内肽酶CEP2、3、4、6的活性明显增强,提示了丝氨酸类型内肽酶在黄瓜叶片衰老过程中具有重要作用。     

蛋白酶抑制剂对梨小食心虫幼虫中肠蛋白酶活性的影响

【目的】梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)是一种危害极其严重的果树害虫。中肠蛋白酶在昆虫生长发育过程中起着重要作用。本研究测定梨小食心虫幼虫中肠内蛋白酶活性的最适p H、蛋白酶抑制剂和激活剂对蛋白酶活性的作用,为利用蛋白酶抑制剂防治该害虫提供新思路。【方法】提取梨小食心虫3龄幼虫中肠液,利用酶专性底物测定各蛋白酶在3种不同缓冲溶液中的最适p H(dd H2O为对照)、蛋白酶抑制剂和激活剂对中肠蛋白酶活性的影响,同时测定饲喂蛋白酶抑制剂(PMSF,TLCK,TPCL和STI)后梨小食心虫中肠蛋白酶活性的变化。【结果】梨小食心虫幼虫中肠总蛋白酶在Tris-HCl,KH2PO4/Na OH和Glycine/Na OH 3种缓冲液中最适p H分别为10.5,11.0和11.0,强碱性胰蛋白酶的最适p H分别为10.5,11.0和11.0,弱碱性胰蛋白酶的最适p H分别为8.5,9.0和9.0,胰凝乳蛋白酶的最适p H分别为8.5,9.0和9.5。5种蛋白酶抑制剂(DTT,PMSF,TLCK,TPCL和STI)中,除TLCK对凝乳蛋白酶激活外,其他蛋白酶抑制剂对4种蛋白酶均表现为抑制,且浓度越大抑制效应越明显。抑制剂DTT对总蛋白酶和弱碱性胰蛋白酶的抑制效果高于其他抑制剂。4种蛋白酶激活剂(Mg Cl2,Ca Cl2,EDTA和EGTA)中,Mg Cl2抑制总蛋白酶和胰凝乳蛋白酶活性,而激活胰蛋白酶活性;Ca Cl2激活总蛋白酶和弱碱性胰蛋白酶活性,而抑制强碱性胰蛋白酶和胰凝乳蛋白酶,EDTA对4种蛋白酶均表现为抑制,EGTA除对强碱性胰蛋白酶表现为激活外,对另外3种蛋白酶表现抑制。用蛋白酶抑制剂PMSF,TLCK,TPCL和STI饲喂梨小食心虫幼虫,各抑制剂均可抑制4种蛋白酶活性,且在不同取样时间抑制水平不同。其中STI(50μg/m L)对4种蛋白酶的抑制效果高于其他抑制剂,且浓度越大抑制效应越明显。10,20和50μg/m L STI 3种浓度处理组,在取食后4 h时,4种蛋白酶活性升高,且上升程度与STI浓度有关;酶活性在20μg/m L STI处理后48 h,50μg/m L STI处理后60 h时最低,抑制剂STI表现出持效性。【结论】蛋白酶抑制剂对梨小食心虫幼虫中肠蛋白消化酶的活性具有一定的抑制作用,其中大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂STI在害虫防治中具有极其重要的应用价值。     

泛素化结合酶E2抑制剂对草菇15 ℃保鲜的影响

为了改进草菇低温保鲜方法,在15 ℃贮藏条件下,采用泛素化结合酶E2 (UBEV2)抑制剂对草菇子实体进行处理,并开展相关生理指标和基因表达检测。结果表明,使用100 μmol/L的UBEV2抑制剂L345-0044维持了草菇较好的品质,提高了草菇可溶性糖的含量。低温明显提升抑制剂处理下的碱性蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶活力,并证实了低温胁迫显著提高了抑制剂处理下的一种类型蛋白酶肽基赖氨酸金属内肽酶的表达。本研究证实了草菇可溶性糖和高活性的冷诱导金属内肽酶对于延长草菇的低温保鲜时间是必须的。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.