新疆准噶尔盆地东北缘孔雀坪剖面二叠纪金沟组孢粉组合及其地层意义

准噶尔盆地东北缘孔雀坪剖面金沟组孢粉组合中Protohaploxypinus,Striatoabieites等具肋双气囊花粉非常发育,类型丰富,达7属32种之多;Cordaitina,Zonalasporites等单气囊花粉分异度较高,但含量较低;少量出现单沟花粉、具肋纹花粉、无肋双气囊花粉和蕨类植物孢子等。所见孢粉类型中约1/2的已知种在新疆北部只见于二叠纪地层中,1/3已知种在晚石炭世至二叠纪地层中均可见到。孢粉组合特征与盆地南缘下二叠统塔什库拉组上部组合相似,地质时代为早二叠世空谷期。     

吐哈盆地南缘晚石炭世孢粉组合

本文通过吐哈盆地南缘的LN1井64块孢粉样品的研究,建立了吐哈盆地南缘晚石炭世Crassispora kosankei-Gardenasporites pinnatus-Hamiapollenites chepaiziensis(KPC)孢粉组合,该组合与、腕足类和珊瑚等动物化石共同保存,以具单裂缝、具肋双气囊花粉和单气囊花粉等比较发育为主要特征,组合特征不同于安加拉植物地理区的孢粉组合,也有别于欧美和华夏植物地理区的孢粉组合,同准噶尔盆地西北缘上石炭统(车排子组)孢粉组合基本相似,说明吐哈盆地在晚石炭世属于亚安加拉植物地理区系。     

安徽巢湖地区石炭系和州组的四射珊瑚

石炭纪密西西比亚纪是四射珊瑚相对繁盛的时期。维宪晚期至谢尔普霍夫期, 受晚古生代大冰期和海西运动的影响, 西欧等不少地区的海相沉积发生相变, 四射珊瑚记录稀少。华南在此时仍广泛发育浅海相碳酸盐岩沉积, 含有丰富的四射珊瑚化石记录。通过对安徽省巢湖地区和州组四射珊瑚的研究, 共鉴定出11属15个种, 其中包含2比较种1、亲近种和3未定种。珊瑚动物群面貌具有典型华南大塘晚期四射珊瑚的特征, 属于Aulina rotiformis带(原Yuanophyllum带上部), 年代为谢尔普霍夫期。和州组的四射珊瑚组合可与湘中梓门桥组上部 Yuanophyllum带的Neoclisiophyllum yengtzeense–Koninckophyllum stellatum亚带和Lophophyllum lophyphylloidea亚带对比 , 也可与黔西赵家山组的 Palaeosmillia murchisoni murchisoni 组合带和 Lithostrotion decipiens–Dibunophyllum bipartitum组合带对比。根据珊瑚动物群的组成、生长形态、共生关系和围岩的岩性特征, 可判断动物群生活在相对浑浊、局限、富营养化的近岸浅海环境中。     

河南义马地区晚三叠世—侏罗纪孢粉组合及其地质意义

重点讨论了谭庄组上段孢粉组合（包括１新种和１新组合）；简要描述了侏罗纪义马组砾岩段孢粉组合。谭庄组上段的孢粉组合主要以具双气囊的松柏类花粉为优势（占孢粉总数的６５％），同时又具许多晚三叠世的常见分子和孑遗分子Ａｒａｔｒｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ，Ｃｕｎｅｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ，Ｔａｅｎｉａｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ。该组合可与中国北方及欧洲晚三叠世孢粉组合进行对比。义马组砾岩段的孢粉组合系首次发现，以蕨类孢子为主（占孢粉总数６２．９％），裸子植物花粉次之（占孢粉总数３７％）。其中常见的类型为Ｃｌａｓｓｏｐｏｌｌｉｓ，其时代为早侏罗世。     

朝鲜安州盆地早白垩世孢粉组合

报道朝鲜安州盆地下白垩统龙盘组孢子花粉３４ 属５９ 种（包括２ 新种）,并根据孢粉组合讨论了地质时代和古气候特征。龙盘组孢粉组合以裸子植物花粉为主,蕨类植物孢子次之,出现少许原始被子植物花粉。松柏纲花粉在组合中占绝对优势;海金沙科和莎草蕨科孢子则在蕨类中占优势。根据孢粉组合,龙盘组的时代应属早白垩世巴列姆期至阿普第期;安州盆地当时气候温暖偏干,属亚热带半干旱型     

新疆塔里木盆地早白垩世孢粉组合

本文记述了新疆塔里木盆地下白垩统卡普沙良群孢子花粉55属108种包括6新种,建立了本区早白垩世孢粉组合序列,并根据孢粉组合讨论了地质时代和古气候特征,亚格列木组孢粉组合以裸子植物松柏类为主,缺乏被子植物花粉,其时代相当于贝利亚斯期至凡兰吟期;舒善河组孢粉组合仍以裸子植物为主,但出现原始被子植物花粉,时代应属豪特里维斯至巴列姆期;巴西盖组孢粉组合的海金沙科孢子和被子植物花粉都有显著增加,时代应属阿普第期至阿尔必期,本区早白垩世古气候应属亚热带干燥或半干燥型,但在巴列姆期至阿尔必期相对潮湿。     

新疆塔里木盆地早白垩世孢粉组合

本文记述了新疆塔里木盆地下白垩统卡普沙良群孢子花粉55属108种包括6新种,建立了本区早白垩世孢粉组合序列,并根据孢粉组合讨论了地质时代和古气候特征,亚格列木组孢粉组合以裸子植物松柏类为主,缺乏被子植物花粉,其时代相当于贝利亚斯期至凡兰吟期;舒善河组孢粉组合仍以裸子植物为主,但出现原始被子植物花粉,时代应属豪特里维斯至巴列姆期;巴西盖组孢粉组合的海金沙科孢子和被子植物花粉都有显著增加,时代应属阿普第期至阿尔必期,本区早白垩世古气候应属亚热带干燥或半干燥型,但在巴列姆期至阿尔必期相对潮湿。     

冀北滦平盆地三岔子剖面土城子组和大北沟组孢粉组合及其意义

冀辽一带的土城子组和大北沟组对中国北方侏罗系–白垩系划分对比具有重要的意义。关于它们的时代目前还存在不同的看法,相关的孢粉地层学研究也比较粗略。本文研究了冀北滦平县井上村三岔子剖面土城子组和大北沟组的孢粉组合,共观察统计到50属28种及若干未定种。土城子组Classopollis–Cooksonites–Ephedripites组合以Classopollis含量最为突出,同时含有白垩纪分子Cooksonitesvariabilis、Crybelosporitespunctatus和Ephedripites(E.),其时代为早白垩世Berriasian期。大北沟组Bisaccates–Foraminisporis组合以松柏类两气囊花粉占绝对优势,见有Crybelosporites punctatus、Ephedripites (E.) crassistriatus、Foraminisporis wonthaggiensis、Jiaohepollis和Rugubivesiculites spherisaccatus等具有时代意义的分子,其时代为早白垩世Valanginian中–晚期。本研究首次报道了土城子组一段顶部的早白垩世孢粉组合,提出了中国北方侏罗系–白垩系界线位于土城子组一段内的新意见。孢粉组合对比表明当前冀北滦平盆地大北沟组Bisaccates–Foraminisporis组合与辽西金岭寺–羊山盆地土城子组三段顶部及其上覆义县组下部的孢粉组合非常相似。因此,从孢粉植物群的发育来看,滦平盆地大北沟组可能与金岭寺–羊山盆地土城子组三段顶部至义县组下部相当。     

中国东部石炭纪以来双气囊花粉富集规律与古气候演变

中国东部双气囊花粉首次出现于早石炭世末期,迄今已有近3亿年的历史。晚石炭世以来,包括松科、罗汉松科、古老松柏粉类、具缝双囊粉类、原始无肋双囊粉类及具肋双囊粉类在内的双气囊花粉,在地质发展历史上不仅仅展现为随时间的新老交替过程,而且呈现出明显周期性富集现象。3亿年来,双气囊花粉至少存在三个层次的周期性盛衰过程。一级周期时限约45-50Ma,双气囊花粉往往在其早期阶段富集出现,晚期阶段明显衰退。中国东部重要的双气囊花粉富集期包括：晚石炭世晚期一早二叠世早期、晚二叠世末期一早三叠世早期、晚三叠世末期一早侏罗世早中期、晚侏罗世晚期一早白垩世早期、早白垩世末期一晚白垩世早期、晚白垩世末期古近纪早期、新近纪中期至更新世。双气囊花粉盛衰过程的二级周期时限约15-17Ma,该级周期叠加在一级周期之上,并使其复杂化。一般情况下,在任意一个一级周期之内,前两个二级周期之早、中期阶段,双气囊花粉可达到较高的富集程度,而第三个二级周期内,双气囊花粉往往不甚发育,这是由一级周期本身的性质所决定的。双气囊花粉类盛衰过程还存在着超级周期性,这种超级周期由两个一级周期组成,时限约为100Ma。地史上,此级别周期有4期,其地质时限如下：石炭纪一中二叠世末期、晚二叠世早期一晚侏罗世初期、晚侏罗世早期晚白垩世晚期(马斯特里赫特早期)、晚白垩世末期至今。在同一超级周期之内,两个一级周期转折处双气囊花粉仍占据较突出地位,为弱转折所在。不同超级周期之间,一级周期转折处双气囊花粉含量急剧衰减,且喜热耐干孢粉类型富集出现,特化类型分布普遍,为强转折所在。双气囊花粉类盛衰过程还明显地与古气候演化、全球构造变动、海平面升降、缺氧沉积发育、以及盆地演化过程之间存在着明显的相关性。这些规律表明,全球自然背景演化过程有着统一的机制,而双气囊花粉类盛衰历史为发现这些自然背景演化过程基本规律,以及探索其演化机制提供了重要线索。     

海拉尔盆地贝尔凹陷贝27井早白垩世孢粉组合及其地质意义

内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔盟地区海拉尔盆地贝尔凹陷贝27井早白垩世孢粉植物群自下而上划分为3个孢粉组合:克鲁克孢(Klukisporites sp.)-原始松柏粉(Protoconiferus sp.)-双束松粉(Pinuspollenites sp.)组合,分布于南屯组二段;小桫椤孢(Cyathidites minor)-多云云杉粉(Piceaepollenites multigrumus)-单束松粉(Abietineaepollenites sp.)组合,分布于大磨拐河组一段;无突肋纹孢(Cicatricosisporites sp.)-卵形光面单缝孢(Laevigatosporites ovatus)\|破隙杉粉(Taxodiaceaepollenites hiatus)组合,分布于大磨拐河组二段。上述孢粉组合证明,贝27井南屯组地质时代为早白垩世Berriasian—Valanginian期;大磨拐河组地质时代应该为早中白垩世(Valanginian—Hauterivian)期,尽管未见到最原始的被子植物花粉(如Clavatipollenites和Asteropollis等),但具有一定百分含量的Triporoletes reticulatus(0-4.76%)出现,也不排除部分进入Barremian期的可能。贝27井南屯组二段沉积时期植被主要由针叶林构成,属于湿润的温带气候。大磨拐河组一段沉积时期植被主要由针叶林\|草丛构成,属于湿润的北亚热带气候。大磨拐河组二段沉积时期植被类型以针阔叶混交林\|草丛为主,属于湿润的北亚热带气候。     

Causality, randomness, intelligibility, and the epistemology of the cell

Because the basic unit of biology is the cell, biological knowledge is rooted in the epistemology of the cell, and because life is the salient characteristic of the cell, its epistemology must be centered on its livingness, not its constituent components. The organization and regulation of these components in the pursuit of life constitute the fundamental nature of the cell. Thus, regulation sits at the heart of biological knowledge of the cell and the extraordinary complexity of this regulation conditions the kind of knowledge that can be obtained, in particular, the representation and intelligibility of that knowledge. This paper is essentially split into two parts. The first part discusses the inadequacy of everyday intelligibility and intuition in science and the consequent need for scientific theories to be expressed mathematically without appeal to commonsense categories of understanding, such as causality. Having set the backdrop, the second part addresses biological knowledge. It briefly reviews modern scientific epistemology from a general perspective and then turns to the epistemology of the cell. In analogy with a multi-faceted factory, the cell utilizes a highly parallel distributed control system to maintain its organization and regulate its dynamical operation in the face of both internal and external changes. Hence, scientific knowledge is constituted by the mathematics of stochastic dynamical systems, which model the overall relational structure of the cell and how these structures evolve over time, stochasticity being a consequence of the need to ignore a large number of factors while modeling relatively few in an extremely complex environment.     

On the Position of the Genera Turdoides, Argya, Illadopsis, Neociehla, Ptyrticus, Maerosphenus and Pseudoaleippe in the Timaliidæ

Although in these five genera the long broad first primary and rounded wing agree with Timalia pileata, as does the profile of the bill of Argya fulvus and Argya rubiginosus, they do not do so in any other respect,. neither in their habits, nest and eggs, nor in the scutation of the tarsus. We therefore propose to remove them all from the Timaliidae and place them in two separate families, but leaving them in their present position in the classification as placed by Sclater in Syst. Av. Æthiop. ii. 1930.     

Diacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, and the converting enzyme, diacylglycerol kinase, in the nucleus

There exists phosphoinositide (PI) cycle in the nucleus, which is operated differentially from the classical PI cycle at the plasma membrane. Evidence has been accumulated that nuclear PIs and the related enzymes are closely involved in a variety of nuclear processes, although the details remain to be elucidated. In this mini review, some components of PI cycle, i.e., diacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, and the converting enzyme, diacylglycerol kinase, in the nucleus are discussed with focusing on the lipid metabolism, cell cycle regulation, and animal models.     

The tree, the network, and the species

To enrich the Hennigian internodal conception of species, a new formalization of the definition of the species concept is proposed. This rigorous definition allows for considerable unification of the various, and sometimes conflicting, techniques of species delimitation used in practice. First, the domain of such a definition is set out, namely, the set of all organisms on Earth, past, present, and future. Next, the focus is on the genealogical relationship among organisms, which provides the key to analysing the giant or global genealogical network (GGN) connecting all these organisms. This leads to the construction of an algorithm revealing the topological structure of the GGN, from families to lineages, ending up with a definition of species as equivalence classes of organisms corresponding to branches of the 'tree of life'. Such a theoretical definition of the species concept must be accompanied by various recognition criteria to be operational. These criteria are, for example, the ill-named 'biological species concepts', 'phylogenetic species concepts', etc., usually, but wrongly, presented as definitions of the species concept. Besides clarifying this disputed point, the definition in the present study displays the huge diversity of the scales (time-scale and population size) involved in actual species, thus explaining away the classical problems raised by previous attempts at defining the species concept (uniparental reproduction, temporal depth of species, and hybridization).  © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2006, 89 , 509–521.