新疆准噶尔盆地东北缘孔雀坪剖面二叠纪金沟组孢粉组合及其地层意义

准噶尔盆地东北缘孔雀坪剖面金沟组孢粉组合中Protohaploxypinus,Striatoabieites等具肋双气囊花粉非常发育,类型丰富,达7属32种之多;Cordaitina,Zonalasporites等单气囊花粉分异度较高,但含量较低;少量出现单沟花粉、具肋纹花粉、无肋双气囊花粉和蕨类植物孢子等。所见孢粉类型中约1/2的已知种在新疆北部只见于二叠纪地层中,1/3已知种在晚石炭世至二叠纪地层中均可见到。孢粉组合特征与盆地南缘下二叠统塔什库拉组上部组合相似,地质时代为早二叠世空谷期。     

新疆塔里木盆地西部晚二叠世轮藻类

本文研究的晚二叠世轮藻化石产自新疆塔里木盆地西南部之地表及井下剖面中,计有2属4种,其中2新种(Stomochara kulunshanensis sp. nov., Porochara moyuensis sp. nov.)。这一化石组合不同于我国目前已知的晚二叠世轮藻类组合,而与欧洲同期轮藻类组合相近,可能反映了当时塔里木盆地与欧洲气候环境相近。文中还讨论了晚古生代末期轮藻类的演化关系,指出无顶孔的Paracuneatochara应起源于早二叠世早期或晚石炭世末期的Cuneatochara或与其性状相近的某属。     

山西阳泉地区早二叠世早期腕足动物群

山西阳泉矿区晚石炭世晚期至早二叠世早期太原组相当发育,其中早二叠世早期腕足动物化石非常丰富,共计４８属１２５种,分属于３１科,通过对腕足动物化石进行系统研究,建立了该地区早二叠世早期３个腕足动物组合,自下而上是：（１）Ｄｅｒｂｙｉａｓｈａｎｘｉｅｎｓｉｓ－Ｃｈｏｎｅｔｉｎｅｌ－ｌａｆｌｅｍｉｎｇｉ组合;（２）Ａｌｅｘａｎｉａｇｒａｔｉｏｄｅｎｔａｌｉｓ－Ｎｏｔｏｔｈｙｒｉｓｎｕｃｌｅｏｌｕｓ组合（     

塔里木盆地二叠系孢粉组合及生物地层学*

首次系统地研究了塔里木盆地二叠系孢子花粉，讨论了盆地各地层分区孢粉组合特征，建立了从早二叠世至早三叠世早期的6个孢粉组合带，阐述了各组合带孢粉学特征。依据对盆地二叠纪孢粉植物群组成分子的分析及其与国内外相关孢粉组合的比较研究，将盆地孢粉植物群分为3个发展阶段，即：早二叠世早、中期的欧美型植物群，早二叠世晚期至晚二叠世早期的安加拉欧美混生型植物群和晚二叠世中、晚期的安加拉型植物群。文中还从孢粉地层学角度论述了沙井子组、杜瓦组和普司格组的地质时代以及二叠/三叠系界线等问题。描述孢粉25属33种（含2新种）。     

渝南大佛岩矿区铝土岩系炭质页岩孢粉组合特征及其意义

渝南地区红土风化原地残积-搬运再沉积型铝土矿是渝黔地区铝土矿的重要组成部分,因含矿层位横向上变化多端,不同矿区的沉积时代存在比较大的差异。渝南大佛岩矿区代表剖面顶部炭质页岩存在8种指示早石炭世的具环孢子,以及7种具囊和单沟的花粉再沉积组合,但未见指示早二叠世早期的科达类花粉Florinites出现。据此孢粉组合特征,认为大佛岩矿区顶部炭质页岩的部分物源区的沉积时代早于晚石炭世早期,本区铝土岩(矿)的部分物源有可能来自早于晚石炭世早期沉积的底板地层。结合区域地质背景,认为渝南地区铝土矿含矿岩系是一个穿时性地层单位。     

福建永安丰海晚二叠世—早三叠世早期菊石动物群及地层意义*

一、前言福建中部和西部处于东特提斯海域的东缘,晚二叠世晚期属于华夏陆地西侧局限海近滨含菊石粉砂质、泥质沉积区(周祖仁,1985)。二叠系与三叠系连续,由晚二叠世粉砂质、泥质沉积过渡为早三叠世早期的含泥质、粉砂质的碳酸盐岩沉积,含丰富的菊石。本区除雁石剖面二叠、三叠系作过比较系统的研究外(杨遵仪等,1987;吴顺宝等,1988),其他地区相当地层的系统研究做得较少。     

中国晚白垩世孢粉植物群

本文根据我国已发表的资料,综合分析研究了我国各地晚白垩世及早、晚白垩世时限前后的孢粉植物组合,特别对其中的被子植物花粉演进序列进行了探索,并和北半球五个主要的晚白垩世孢粉植物发育地区(加拿大西部,美国东部、中西部,东欧,前苏联远东地区)连续的晚白垩世被子植物花粉演化序列进行了对比研究,提出我国晚白垩世孢粉植物群发展基本上可分为四个主要阶段,即(1)前短轴类被子花粉发育期,(2)短轴类被子花粉发育期,(3)进化被子花粉发育期,(4)脊榆粉发育期,它们发育的时限分属于赛诺曼期(Cenomanian),土仑期至桑托期(Turonian-San-tonian),坎佩尼期(Campanian)和马斯特里赫特期(Maastrichtian)。根据孢粉植物群特征和其所反映的古气候,将我国晚白垩世孢粉植物群分为两个孢粉植物地理区,即;东北中生孢粉植物区和西北—东南旱生孢粉植物区,后者又分为西北亚区和东南亚区。     

关于晚二叠世克氏蛤类研究中的几个问题

对当前二叠-三叠纪克氏蛤类研究中存在的几个问题进行讨论,并对杨逢清等(2002)提出的关于属一级划分的原则提出质疑。通过对Claraia tumida(Patte)的再研究,确认早三叠世的克氏蛤不存在足丝凹口内端呈明显扩大的类型。经过详细的讨论和比较,无论是从形态上,或是生态上,还是从生物地理学的角度,克氏蛤和类克氏蛤在晚二叠世都应被视为两个平行发展的属。类克氏蛤在二叠纪末全部灭绝,未留下任何后裔,它与克氏蛤之间并不存在演化关系。克氏蛤的地质历程是晚二叠世早期至早三叠世晚期,发现于俄罗斯北极区新地岛晚二叠世早期的Claraia novosemelica Lobanova是克氏蛤的最早代表,它应当位于克氏蛤演化的基干部位。     

江苏北部如东地区鹰粉类化石

本文比较详细地描述了江苏北部如东地区并下泰州组下段地层中的鹰粉类化石,共描述4属18种,其中包括9个新种。笔者简略地探讨了此孢粉组合的时代,认为是晚白垩世晚期的马斯特里赫特期。劳斯(G.E.Rome)于1957年,在加拿大西部艾伯塔(Alberta)地区的晚白垩世地层中,首先发现了鹰粉类花粉的化石,并命名为鹰粉属Aquilapollenites Rouse。然后鹰粉类(Aquil-     

徐州王庄煤矿山西组孢粉植物群及其地层意义

徐州王庄煤矿山西组中、下部产有丰富的孢粉化石,保存完好,共计55属132种（包括3新种）2个未定型孢子及1个疑源类未定类型。根据孢粉属种组成及其含量的变化,自下而上分为两套组合：Cyclogranisporites-Gulisporites-Laevigatosporites-Florinites组合（简称组合1）和Calamospora-Gulisporites-Vesiculatisporites-Florinites组合（简称组合2）。根据组合内一些重要分子的地质时限讨论及其与相关组合的对比,将组合1的地质时代归为早二叠世早期,组合2的时代归为早二叠世晚期。文中描述孢子3新种,图示孢子花粉91种。     

山东太原组煤核中鳞木类茎——三点“鳞木”的解剖构造

描述了一种产自山东省南部的陶枣煤田和兖州煤田太原组煤核中的鳞木类茎的解剖构造特征。根据叶座的形态,该种茎曾被归入大青山“鳞木”(“Lepidodendron”tachingshanense Lee)种,但此次重新仔细研究后转归三点“鳞木”(“Lepidodendron”tripunctatum Stock.et Math.)种内。与欧美植物区和华夏植物区已有的具解剖构造的鳞木类茎进行了详细对比,认为与奇木属Diaphorodendron很接近,但叶座的形态和解剖差别较大。此外,当前标本的分枝方式还不清楚,因此,还不能将当前标本归入奇木属内。当前标本与奇木属的关系及其分类位置有待于今后对更多更好的标本进行深入研究。     

Early Permian bioevent in the fusulinacean fauna of South China

Analysis of a large database of the stratigraphic distribution of fusulinacean Foraminifera reveals an Early Permian event of significant decline of species diversity in South China. Data from Late Carboniferous to Early Permian sections without apparent unconformity in southwest China were evaluated to determine if the apparent pattern of species disappearance was caused by bias in fossil preservation associated with Early Permian sea-level changes. Statistical analysis suggests that the Early Permian event started in the Late Sakmarian with a significant drop of species diversity in the Robustoschwagerina ziyunensis Zone and continued through the Pamirina darvasica Zone of the Artinskian and into the Brevaxina dyhrenfurthi Zone of the Early Kungarian, resulted in a total loss of about 40% species diversity in the fusulinacean fauna. The Early Permian event is the most extensive bioevent in the history of fusulinacean Foraminifera at the species level although it is less significant at the generic level. Because a similar faunal change has been found among the fusulinacean assemblages in North America and in various regions of Tethys, this event may represent a major faunal turn-over in response to the Early Permian changes in sea level and could be of a global nature. Previous recognition of this event was hampered by Early Permian unconformities in North America and other regions of Tethys.     

山东滕县煤田石炭纪、二叠纪孢粉植物群及古气候

根据前人在原位孢子方面已积累的大量资料,并参考现代孢子花粉形态研究成果,大致推测了本区石炭-二叠纪分散孢子花粉的大多数属的植物亲缘关系。通过已建立的含煤地层孢粉组合带推测相应时期的古植被类型,并与前人有关地质时期及地层的大植物化石带进行了对比,不仅验证了各地质时期植被的兴起、发展、繁盛以及衰退绝灭的历史过程,更大意义上将微体形态的孢子花粉与宏观上的植被进行了对比归类,从而使得对研究区晚古生代含煤地层的古植被的形态面貌有了更直观的了解。最后,利用孢粉分析恢复相应地质时期的古气候。     

河南固始下石炭统杨山组华夏木一新种

描述河南固始杨山煤矿下石炭统杨山组的一个华夏木新种Cathaysiodendronyangshanensesp.nov.,这是近年来继在甘肃靖远早石炭世臭牛沟组中发现华夏木之后该属在早石炭世地层中的又一发现。华夏木属是华夏植物群的特有分子,它在早石炭世的发现对探讨华夏植物群的起源有重要意义。     

The oldest higher true crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura): insights from the Early Cretaceous of the Americas

Despite the extensive fossil record of higher crabs (Eubrachyura) from Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic rocks worldwide, their Early Cretaceous occurrences are scarce and fragmentary, obscuring our understanding of their early evolution. Until now, representatives of only two families of eubrachyuran‐like crabs were known from the Early Cretaceous: Componocancridae and Tepexicarcinidae fam. nov., both monospecific lineages from the Albian (~110–100 Ma) of North and Central America, respectively. The discovery of Telamonocarcinus antiquus sp. nov. (Telamonocarcinidae) from the early Albian of Colombia, South America (~110 Ma), increases to three the number of known Early Cretaceous eubrachyuran‐like families. The ages and geographical distributions of the oldest eubrachyuran‐like taxa (i.e. Componocancridae, Telamonocarcinidae and Tepexicarcinidae fam. nov.) suggest that the oldest higher true crabs might have originated in the Americas; that they were already morphologically diverse by the late Early Cretaceous; and that their most recent common ancestor must be rooted in the Early Cretaceous, or even the Late Jurassic.     

Late Carboniferous-Early Permian Tetrapod Ichnofauna from the Khenifra Basin, Central Morocco

In terms of cumulative thickness and areal extent, the Khenifra Basin is one of the most important outcrops of Late Palaeozoic red-beds in central Morocco. Macro- and microfloral remains near the centre of the 1800 m-thick succession of interbedded conglomerates, sandstones, and mudstones are considered to be of middle to late Early Permian age. Here we give the first comprehensive analysis of the vertebrate ichnofossil record from the study area, based on 17 specimens of isolated footprints and incomplete step cycles collected at three localities that are lithostratigraphically equivalent to the plant-bearing horizons. The tetrapod ichnofauna comprises tracks of the plexus Batrachichnus Woodworth - Limnopus Marsh, Ichniotherium sphaerodactylum (Pabst), Dimetropus Romer and Price, and Dromopus Marsh which can be referred to temnospondyl, diadectomorph, synapsid (“pelycosaurian”) and early sauropsid trackmakers. This clearly Euramerican footprint assemblage, including the first occurrences of Ichniotherium and Dimetropus from outside Europe and North America, indicates a Late Carboniferous to Early Permian age of the fossiliferous strata. Judging from the relatively diverse ichnofauna and flora, the Khenifra Basin must have represented a well-established terrestrial ecosystem during that period. Its habitat could be specially important for the understanding of the phylogeny and dispersal of early tetrapods, inasmuch as we are able to report on an extremely rare type of diadectomorph footprint hitherto known only from the Early Permian of central Germany.     

Late Carboniferous intra-arc sediments in the north Chilean Andes: Stratigraphy,paleogeography and paleoclimate

Summary Thick terrestrial Late Carboniferous to Triassic volcanosedimentary successions, a prominent feature of the Chilean and Argentinian High Andes, were formed on the active continental margin of Gondwanaland. Their stratigraphic position and the paleogeographic and paleoclimatic relations to neighbouring successions are poorly defined. A more precise age has been obtained for alluviolimnic intra-arc sediments (Miembro Medio), which are intercalated in the Late Carboniferous-Triassic volcano-sedimentary successions in the Salar de Atacama area of northern Chile. The ostracodesCarbonita cf.pungens andParaparchites sp., which occur in the lower part of the Miembro Medio, are of Late Carboniferous, probably Westphalian age. The diverse taphoflora, which occurs in a higher stratigraphic level than the ostracodes, includes sphenophytes, ferns, gymnosperms and pteridophylls, for which we assume a late Westphalian-Early Permian age. Considering radiometric data of under-and overlying volcanic rocks, a Westphalian-Stephanian (to? Early Permian) age is inferred for the Miembro Medio. Fauna and flora indicate that warm-humid and seasonal climatic conditions existed during the deposition of the lower fossiliferous part of the Miembro Medio. This coincides with the sedimentary paleoclimatic indicators of the Miembro Medio and the climate which was assumed to have predominated in wide parts of the Central and Southern Andes during the Latest Carboniferous.     

Evolution of Lycopodiaceae (Lycopsida): estimating divergence times from rbcL gene sequences by use of nonparametric rate smoothing

By use of nonparametric rate smoothing and nucleotide sequences of the rbcL gene, divergence times in Lycopodiaceae are estimated. The results show that much extant species diversity in Lycopodiaceae stems from relatively recent cladogenic events. These results corroborate previous ideas based on paleobotanical and biogeographical data. Previous molecular phylogenetic analyses recognized a split into neotropical and paleotropical clades in Huperzia, which contains 85-90% of all living species. Connecting this biogeographical pattern with continent movements, the diversification of this epiphytic group was suggested to coincide with that of angiosperms in the mid to Late Cretaceous. Results presented here are consistent with this idea, and the diversification of the two clades is resolved as Late Cretacous (78 and 95 Myr). In the related genera Lycopodium and Lycopodiella, the patterns are somewhat different. Here species diversity is scattered among different subgeneric groups. Most of the high-diversity subgeneric groups seem to have diversified very recently (Late Tertiary), whereas the cladogenic events leading to these groups are much older (Early to Late Cretaceous). Our analysis shows that, although much living species diversity stems from relatively recent cladogenesis, the origins of the family (Early Carboniferous) and generic crown groups (Early Permian to Early Jurassic) are much more ancient events.     

Pangea Megasequences of Tethyan Gondwana-margin reflect global changes of climate and tectonism in Late Palaeozoic and Early Triassic times—A review

The maximum concentration of continental crust at the Pangea stage is characterized by a specific depositional sequence generally referred to as the Pangea Megasequence. Extending in time from the Late Carboniferous to the middle of the Triassic, the succession exhibits similar trends across the whole of Gondwana. Invariably, the sequence was initiated by Late Carboniferous to Early Permian glacial and periglacial deposits. Deglaciation occurred in Early Sakmarian time, evidenced by a typical, commonly transgressive facies. The succeeding formations comprise, in ascending order, coal measures, redbeds, some more coal measures and again redbeds with an intercalation of fluviatile sands in the Early Triassic.After deglaciation the basic depositional theme was modified, depending on postglacial adjustments of climate and on the type of regional tectonic regimes. Extension of the tropical climatic belt after deglaciation was one factor that governed the resulting sediment facies. Coal deposition that prevailed in central Gondwana in the Early Permian gave way to dominance of redbeds in the Middle and Late Permian and, in more distal positions, evaporitic deposits were laid down, following deglaciation. Within marine realms, coralline limestones were formed.Within Gondwana the depositional period of the Pangea Megasequence was governed by three distinctive tectonic regimes: collision dominated the Panthalassa margin, transpressional sag controlled the interior basins, and extension and rifting was experienced along the entire Tethyan margin. In the Early Permian, large and complex graben structures commenced to develop between Africa and India (Malagasy Trough) and between India and Australia (West Australian Trough), giving access to Tethyan waters during deglaciation, commencing in the late Early Sakmarian.Rifting along the Tethyan margin commenced in the Early Permian and was associated with active volcanism between Cashmere and Yunnan and in north-western Australia. Spreading of Neo-Tethys and the formation of oceanic crust, leading to the separation of the Cimmerian Blocks from Gondwana, commenced in the late Early Permian and continued into the Triassic. Thus two facies realms developed, an intracratonic rift facies comprising the Cashmere, Lhasa and Baoshan blocks and a facies controlled by detachment, comprising more distal blocks, such as Tengchong, Malay and Sumatra. The present distribution of individual blocks was governed by fold movements of the Himalayan Orogeny, complicated by transpression along the eastern Himalayan Syntaxis.     

Mesozoic birds of China-a synoptic review

A synoptic review of the discoveries and studies of Chinese Mesozoic birds is provided in this paper.40Ar/39Ar dating of several bird-bearing deposits in the Jehol Group has established a geochronological framework for the study of the early avian radiation.Chinese Mesozoic birds had lasted for at least 11 Ma during about 131 Ma and 120 Ma (Barremian to Aptian)of the middle and late Early Cretaceous,respectively.In order to further evaluate the change of the avian diversity in the Jehol Biota,six new orders and families are erected based on known genera and species,which brings the total number of orders of Chinese Mesozoic birds to 15 and highlights a remarkable radiation ever since the first appearante of birds in the Late Jurassic.Chinese Early Cretaceous birds had experienced a significant differentiation in morphology,flight,diet and habitat.Further examination of the foot of Jeholornis suggests this bird might not have possessed a fully reversed hallux.However,the attachment of metatarsal Ⅰ to the medial side of metatarsal Ⅱ does not preclude trunk climbing,a pre-adaptation for well developed perching life of early birds.Arboreality had proved to be a key adaptation in the origin and early evolution of bird flight,and the adaptation to lakeshore environment had played an equally important role in the origin of omithurine birds and their near-modern flight skill.Many Chinese Early Cretaceous birds had preserved the direct evidence of their diet,showing that the most primitive birds were probably mainly insectivorous and that specialized herbivorous or carnivorous (e.g.,piscivorous)dietary adaptation had appeared only in later advanced forms.The only known Early Cretaceous bird embryo fossil has shown that precocial birds had occurred prior to altricial birds in avian history,and the size of the embryo and other analysis indicate it probably had a short incubation period.Leg feathers probably have a wide range of distribution in early birds,further suggesting that leg feathers had played a key role in the beginning stage of the flight of birds.Finally,the Early Cretaceous avian radiation can be better understood against the background of their unique ecosystem.The advantage of birds in the competitions with other vertebrate groups such as pterosaurs had probably not only resulted in the rapid differentiation and radiation of birds but also the worldwide spreading of pterosaurs and other vertebrates from East Asia in the Early Cretaceous.