缺乏抗坏血酸对豚鼠胆固醇代谢的影响

边缘性缺乏抗坏血酸之豚鼠,于三周内其肝脏及小肠粘膜3-羟-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶(HMGR)活力均下降到原有水平的50％,但肝脏胆固醇7α-羟化酶活力尚无显著性改变。坏血病豚鼠(三周内)上述几种酶活力都下降至原有水平的50％左右。豚鼠摄取抗坏血酸不足,其血清总胆固醇浓度显著增加,而血清高密度脂蛋自胆固醇浓度显著减少,其改变程度与抗坏血酸缺乏状况一致。     

3-羟-3甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶及他汀类药物

3-羟-3甲基戊二酰辅酶A(HMG—CoA)还原酶是胆固醇合成的限速酶,它是胆固醇代谢的最重要的酶之一。HMG—CoA还原酶的抑制剂——他汀类药物是目前广泛用于临床的降脂药,它不但可降低血浆胆固醇水平,还可防止动脉粥样硬化。     

高等植物的3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶

介绍了植物3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶(HMGR)的结构和调控,并简略讨论了HMGR调控与植物类异戊二烯途径的关系.     

靶向甲羟戊酸途径抗血液肿瘤的研究进展

甲羟戊酸(mevalonate, MVA)途径是胆固醇合成的核心代谢通路,该途径异常参与多种肿瘤发生发展。羟甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, HMGCR)、羟甲基戊二酰辅酶A合酶1 (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 1, HMGCS1)及固醇调节元件结合蛋白2 (sterol regulatory element binding protein 2, SREBP2)是MVA途径关键限速蛋白,能够在基因转录、蛋白质翻译和降解等过程中被精细调控。本文围绕MVA途径调控网络关键代谢酶、其与血液肿瘤的关系以及相关调节剂在血液肿瘤中的应用进行综述。     

肾病综合征高脂血症发病机制研究进展

肾病综合征脂质代谢紊乱包括胆固醇(CH)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL)代谢异常、富含甘油三脂(TG)的脂蛋白代谢异常、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)代谢异常.根据目前的研究结果,CH和LDL代谢异常主要是由于羟甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶(HMG-CoA还原酶)和肝脂酰CoA胆固醇脂酰转移酶(ACAT)上调以及LDL受体和HDL受体下调所致;而富含TG的脂蛋白代谢异常主要与脂蛋白脂肪酶(LPL)、肝脂肪酶和极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)受体的下调有关;HDL的代谢异常则主要是由于尿液中大量丢失卵磷脂胆固醇脂酰转移酶(LCAT)和HDL受体下调所致.上述代谢异常使肾病综合征患者心血管并发症的发生显著增加.     

阿托伐他汀抗动脉粥样硬化的研究进展

<正>阿托伐他汀是一种羟甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A(HMGCoA)还原酶抑制剂,1978年在美国诞生后被广泛应用于临床脂类疾病的治疗,可降低血浆总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C),并影响机体炎症反应、血管内皮功能、血栓形成等病理生理过程,在调节抗动脉粥样硬化、减少急性心脑血管事件的发生方面发挥着重要作用。现就阿托伐他汀抗动脉硬化的研究进展综述如下。1药代动力学阿托伐他汀是3-羟基3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A(HMG-CoA)     

SfHMGR在白背飞虱生殖调控中的功能分析

[目的]为探究保幼激素(juvenile hormone,JH)生物合成关键基因3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶基因(HMGR)在白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera生殖中的作用.[方法]基于已公布的白背飞虱基因组和转录组数据,结合RT-PCR技术获得SfHMGR全长cDNA序列;采用RT-qPCR技术分...     

植物3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶基因研究进展

细胞分裂素、赤霉素、脱落酸、叶绿素、萜类等类异戊二烯物质,是植物中广泛存在的一类代谢产物,在植物生长发育过程中起着非常重要的作用。一些萜类化合物作为药物的合成前体或有效的药用成分在工农业及医药生产上具有重要的经济价值。类异戊二烯物质主要通过甲羟戊酸代谢途径中的一系列酶催化合成,其中,3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, HMGR)是该代谢途径中的第一个关键限速酶,能够将3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A转化成中间代谢产物甲羟戊酸。对植物HMGR基因的克隆、酶结构和功能分析、基因组织表达及调控等方面进行了综述,旨在为其在重要农作物的遗传改良、代谢产物工程植物创制以及植物亲缘关系分析中的应用等研究提供理论依据。     

生物序列集成式分析平台的研制及其应用

应用生物信息学基础理论,以信息技术为手段,开发了方便高效的生物序列分析平台。该系统可进行核酸及蛋白质序列统计、性质分析、PCR引物设计、联配及同源性分析等。使用该系统设计PCR引物,克隆了灰葡萄孢霉菌-3-羟-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶序列片段,并进行同源性分析,表明该系统操作简便、分析结果可靠。     

黄连素对高脂血症大鼠降血脂及抗氧化作用

目的:研究黄连素对高脂血症大鼠的降脂作用和抑制肝脏脂质过氧化的作用。方法:随机抽取10只大鼠作为对照组,其余大鼠制作大鼠高血脂模型。成模大鼠随机分为模型组,黄连素低、中、高剂量组和血脂康组,每组10只。各给药组大鼠每天一次给予相应药物灌胃,连续30 d。观察黄连素对高脂血症大鼠血清中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)的影响和肝组织二脂酰甘油酰基转移酶(DGAT),羟甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A(HMG-Co A),胆固醇7α-羟化酶(CYP7A),肝脏甘油三脂脂肪酶(HTGL)以及脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性的影响。结果:与正常组比较,高脂血症组大鼠的肝脏系数、TC、TG、LDL-C、DGAT、HMG-Co A和MDA显著升高(P0.01),HDL-C、CYP7A、HTGL、SOD和GSH-Px显著降低(P0.01)。与高脂血症组比较,黄连素中、高剂量组和血脂康组大鼠肝脏系数、TC、TG、LDL-C、DGAT、HMG-Co A和MDA明显减低(P0.01),HDL-C、CYP7A、HTGL、SOD和GSH-Px显著升高(P0.01);黄连素低剂量组TC、TG、LDL-C、DGAT、HMG-Co A和MDA含量显著降低(P0.05;P0.01),CYP7A和HTGL显著升高(P0.01)。结论:黄连素可降低高血脂大鼠的血脂水平,抑制肝脏脂质过氧化过程,减少肝脏损伤。     

The effect of cholestyramine on liver HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase in various laboratory animals

The activity of HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase was assayed in the liver of rats, rabbits, hamsters and guinea pigs at the minimum of the day cycle and after one night fasting. The amount of HMG-CoA reductase, as determined after its complete dephosphorylation $\text{in vitro}$ was of the same order of magnitude in the tested species. The dephosphorylated active form of the enzyme was detectable only in the rat. Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activity was also much higher in the rat.Cholestyramine treatment stimulated the activity of both enzymes. In particular, the ratio between active and inactive HMG-CoA reductase in rabbits, hamsters and guinea pigs became of the same order of magnitude of that found in rats.     

Regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity in human fibroblasts by reversible phosphorylation: modulation of enzymatic activity by low density lipoprotein, sterols, and mevalonolactone

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase exists in interconvertible active and inactive forms in cultured fibroblasts from normal and familial hypercholesterolemic subjects. The inactive form can be activated by endogenous or added phosphoprotein phosphatase. Active or partially active HMG-CoA reductase in cell extracts was inactivated by a ATP-Mg-dependent reductase kinase. Incubation of phosphorylated (inactive) HMG-CoA reductase with purified phosphoprotein phosphatase was associated with dephosphorylation (reactivation) and complete restoration of HMG-CoA reductase activity. Low density lipoprotein, 25-hydroxycholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol, and mevalonolactone suppressed HMG-CoA reductase activity by a short-term mechanism involving reversible phosphorylation. 25-Hydroxycholesterol, which enters cells without the requirement of low density lipoprotein-receptor binding, inhibited the HMG-CoA reductase activity in familial hypercholesterolemic cells by reversible phosphorylation. Measurement of the short-term effects of inhibitors on the rate of cholesterol synthesis from radiolabeled acetate revealed that HMG-CoA reductase phosphorylation was responsible for rapid suppression of sterol synthesis. Reductase kinase activity of cultured fibroblasts was also affected by reversible phosphorylation. The active (phosphorylated) reductase kinase can be inactivated by dephosphorylation with phosphatase. Inactive reductase kinase can be reactivated by phosphorylation with ATP-Mg and a second protein kinase from rat liver, designated reductase kinase kinase. Reductase kinase kinase activity has been shown to be present in the extracts of cultured fibroblasts. The combined results represent the initial demonstration of a short-term regulation of HMG-CoA reductase activity and cholesterol synthesis in normal and receptor-negative cultured fibroblasts involving reversible phosphorylation of both HMG-CoA reductase and reductase kinase.     

The mechanism of lack of hypocholesterolemic effects of pravastatin sodium,a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor,in rats

In order to clarify the reason why pravastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase inhibitor, did not show hypocholesterolemic effects in rats, the changes of various parameters affecting the serum cholesterol levels by pravastatin were determined in rats and rabbits, as a comparison. In rabbits, pravastatin administration at 50 mg/kg for 14 days decreased serum and liver cholesterol by 40% and 8%, respectively. The hepatic LDL receptor activity was increased 1.7-fold, and VLDL cholesterol secretion was decreased. Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activity was not changed. In contrast, in rats, serum cholesterol was increased by 14% at 50 mg/kg and 27% at 250 mg/kg for 7 days, respectively. At 250 mg/kg, liver cholesterol was significantly increased by 11%. Under these conditions, neither the hepatic LDL receptor activity nor cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase was changed, and VLDL cholesterol secretion was increased. At 250 mg/kg, net cholesterol synthesis in rat liver was increased after 7 days of consecutive administration. These results imply that in rats, stimulated net cholesterol synthesis caused the increase of liver cholesterol followed by the increase of VLDL cholesterol secretion, and resulted in the raise of plasma cholesterol. Although hepatic HMG-CoA reductase was induced almost the same fold in both animals at 50 mg/kg, the induced HMG-CoA reductase activity in rats might overcome the inhibitory capability of pravastatin, resulting in an increase of net cholesterol synthesis, but not in rabbits. This overresponse to pravastatin in rats might cause the lack of hypocholesterolemic effects of this drug.     

Alteration of biliary ursodeoxycholic acid in guinea pig during early stages of cholestyramine feeding

The effects of cholestyramine feeding on biliary ursodeoxycholic acid, fecal excretion of bile acids and neutral sterols on cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase and hepatic HMG-CoA reductase were examined in the guinea pig. In the bile there was a 57% decrease in the concentration of ursodeoxycholic acid while an increase was observed in the concentration of chenodeoxycholic acid. Cholestyramine feeding for ten days resulted in a decrease in plasma cholesterol levels and an increase in both hepatic HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activities. The fecal excretion of both bile acids and neutral sterols was significantly increased.     

Altered activation state of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase in liver tumors

Extensive studies have demonstrated that the normal inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by cholesterol feeding is decreased in all hepatomas studied in vivo. This loss of the normal feedback regulation of cholesterol synthesis has been shown to be due to the failure of cholesterol ingestion to inhibit the activity of hydroxymethylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase. The basis for this absence of feedback control of cholesterogenesis is unknown. Studies to date have not demonstrated structural or kinetic differences between the HMG-CoA reductase of normal liver and hepatoma. The present study, however, demonstrates significant differences in the activation state of HMG-CoA reductase from normal liver and hepatoma. In normal liver only approximately 10-20% of the microsomal HMG-CoA reductase is in the dephosphorylated, active form while 80-90% is in the phosphorylated, inactive state. In contrast, in three different Morris hepatomas in vivo, from 53 to 73% of the HMG-CoA reductase is in the active state. That the increased activation state in hepatomas is a property of tumor tissue and is not solely due to rapid growth is demonstrated by the fact that in both fetal and regenerating liver an enhanced activation state of HMG-CoA reductase is not observed. Additionally, preincubation with magnesium and ATP results in the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase both in tumor and in liver. Presumably, this decrease in HMG-CoA reductase activity is due to the phosphorylation of the enzyme. Similarly, the preincubation of tumor and liver microsomes with phosphatase results in an increase in HMG-CoA reductase activity presumably by the dephosphorylation of the enzyme to its active form. The relationship between the altered activation state of HMG-CoA reductase in hepatomas and the reduction in the feedback regulation of this enzyme in liver tumors remains to be explored.     

Regulation of hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis by berberine during hyperhomocysteinemia

Hyperhomocysteinemia, an elevation of blood homocysteine levels, is a metabolic disorder associated with dysfunction of multiple organs. We previously demonstrated that hyperhomocysteinemia stimulated hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase leading to hepatic lipid accumulation and liver injury. The liver plays an important role in cholesterol biosynthesis and overall homeostasis. HMG-CoA reductase catalyzes the rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis. Hepatic HMG-CoA reductase is a major target for lowering cholesterol levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of berberine, a plant-derived alkaloid, on hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis in hyperhomocysteinemic rats and to identify the underlying mechanism. Hyperhomocysteinemia was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by feeding a high-methionine diet for 4 wk. HMG-CoA reductase activity was markedly elevated in the liver of hyperhomocysteinemic rats, which was accompanied by hepatic lipid accumulation. Activation of HMG-CoA reductase was caused by an increase in its gene expression and a reduction in its phosphorylation (an inactive form of the enzyme). Treatment of hyperhomocysteinemic rats with berberine for 5 days inhibited HMG-CoA reductase activity and reduced hepatic cholesterol content. Such an inhibitory effect was mediated by increased phosphorylation of HMG-CoA reductase. Berberine treatment also improved liver function. These results suggest that berberine regulates hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis via increased phosphorylation of HMG-CoA reductase. Berberine may be therapeutically useful for the management of cholesterol homeostasis.     

Activities of 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase and the rate of mevalonic acid, squalene, sterol and fatty acid biosynthesis from [1-14C]acetyl-CoA and [2-14C]malonyl-CoA in rat liver: effects of Triton WR 1339, starvation and cholesterol diet

The effects of Triton WR 1339, starvation and cholesterol diet on the activities of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase and on the rates of mevalonic acid (MVA) biosynthesis from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA in the soluble (140 000 g) and microsomal fractions of rat liver, on the rate of incorporation of these substrates into squalene, cholesterol and lanosterol in the rat liver postmitochondrial fraction and on the rate of fatty acid biosynthesis was studied. The administration of Triton WR 1339 (200 mg per 100 g of body weight twice) stimulated the activity of HMG-CoA reductase and MVA biosynthesis from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA in the intact and solubilized microsomal fractions and had no effect on these parameters in the soluble fraction. Starvation for 36 hrs did not cause inhibition of the reductase activity or MVA biosynthesis from both substrates in the soluble fraction. Alimentary cholesterol significantly increased the activity of HMG-CoA reductase, had no effect on the rate of MVA biosynthesis from acetyl-CoA and stimulated the malonyl-CoA incorporation in to MVA in the soluble fraction. Starvation an alimentary cholesterol inhibited the HMG-CoA reductase activity and MVA biosynthesis from both substrates in the solubilized microsomal fraction. Triton WR 1339 stimulated 4--19-fold the lipid formation in the total unsaponified fraction and its components i.e. squalene, lanosterol, cholesterol, from acetyl-CoA and only insignificantly (1,2--1,7-fold) increased malonyl-CoA incorporation into these compounds. Starvation and alimentary cholesterol repressed lanosterol and cholesterol biosynthesis from acetyl-CoA, decreased malonyl-CoA incorporation into these sterols and had no influence on squalene biosynthesis from the two substrates. Triton WR 1339 and starvation inhibited the acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity, unaffected by alimentary cholesterol. No significant changes in the rate of fatty acid biosynthesis from the substrates were observed. The data obtained provide evidence for the existence of autonomic pathways of MVA biosynthesis localized in the soluble and microsomal fractions of rat liver. The pathway of MVA biosynthesis in the soluble fraction is less sensitive to regulatory factors. Sterol biosynthesis from malonyl-CoA is also more resistant to regulatory effects than sterol biosynthesis from acetyl-CoA. This suggests that HMG-CoA reductase localized in the soluble fraction takes part in MVA and sterol biosynthesis from malonyl-CoA.     

Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase and the modulation of microsomal cholesterol content by the nonspecific lipid transfer protein

The influence of membrane cholesterol content on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase, EC 1.1.1.34) in rat liver microsomes was investigated. Microsomes were enriched in cholesterol by incubation with egg phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol vesicles and the nonspecific lipid transfer protein from rat liver. By this method, the microsomal cholesterol content was 2.5-fold enhanced up to final concentrations of 140 nmol cholesterol per mg microsomal protein. In another experiment, microsomes isolated from rats fed a cholesterol-rich diet were depleted of cholesterol by incubation with egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles and the transfer protein. Both cholesterol enrichment and depletion had virtually no effect on the microsomal HMG-CoA reductase activity. In another set of experiments, normal rat liver microsomes were incubated with human serum, resulting in a rise of microsomal cholesterol content. This was reflected in an increase of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activity but failed to have an effect on HMG-CoA reductase.     

Reversible phosphorylation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase in Morris hepatomas

The reversible phosphorylation of microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase in host liver and hepatoma 5123C has been investigated. The percentage of the total enzyme activity in vivo was similar in the normal liver, host liver and hepatoma 5123C. The inclusion of 30 mM EDTA and 10 mM mevalonic acid in assays of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase inactivation in vitro eliminated artifacts generated by the presence of mevalonate kinase. Inactivation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase from normal liver, host liver and hepatoma occurred at a similar rate with similar half-times. We conclude that phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase occurs in hepatomas and that the lack of dietary cholesterol feedback inhibition in the hepatomas is not a result of a defect in this particular aspect of the reversible phosphorylation system.     

Human hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase: evidence for the regulation of enzymic activity by a bicyclic phosphorylation cascade

Microsomal human liver HMG-CoA reductase has been shown to exist in active (dephosphorylated) and inactive (phosphorylated) forms. Microsomal HMG-CoA reductase was inactivated in vitro by ATP-Mg in a time dependent manner; this inactivation was mediated by reductase kinase. Incubation of inactivated enzyme with phosphatase resulted in a time dependent reactivation (dephosphorylation). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified HMG-CoA reductase incubated with reductase kinase and radiolabeled ATP revealed that the 32P radioactivity and HMG-CoA reductase enzymic activity were localized in a single electrophoretic position. Partial dephosphorylation of the phosphorylated enzyme was associated with loss of 32P and increase in HMG-CoA reductase activity. Human reductase kinase also exists in active and inactive forms. The active (phosphorylated) form of reductase kinase can be inactivated by incubation with phosphatase. Phosphorylation of inactive reductase kinase with ATP-Mg and a second kinase, reductase kinase kinase, was associated with a parallel increase in the enzymic activity of reductase kinase and the ability to inactivate HMG-CoA reductase. The combined results present initial evidence for the presence of human HMG-CoA reductase and reductase kinase in active and inactive forms, and the in vitro modulation of its enzymic activity by a bicyclic phosphorylation cascade. This bicyclic cascade system may provide a mechanism for short-term regulation of the pathway for cholesterol biosynthesis in man.