夹竹桃对钉螺酯酶同工酶作用的初步分析

夹竹桃 (Nerium indicum)为夹竹桃科 (Apocynaceae)常绿大灌木 ,被广泛栽培用于观赏、绿化〔1〕。因其资源广泛 ,取材方便 ,叶含强心苷、欧夹竹桃苷等有效成分 ,可杀虫 〔2 ,3〕,故被我们用作杀钉螺 (Oncomelania hupensis)试验材料。从试验结果发现其有较强的杀螺作用 ,但其杀螺的机理尚不明。因此 ,为探讨其杀螺的生理生化机制 ,笔者从钉螺对外界环境反应强烈 〔4〕且具有解毒作用的酯酶 〔5,6〕着手 ,报道夹竹桃对钉螺酯酶同工酶的作用。1 　材料和方法1 .1　材料夹竹桃于 1 998年 4月采自湖北大学校内 ,取其当年萌生枝上部叶 ,洗净 ,…     

夹竹桃强心总甙灭螺活性与机理

血吸虫病（Schistosomiasis）是严重危害人民身体健康的疾病.钉螺是血吸虫的唯一中间寄主,是血吸虫生活周期中最脆弱环节,灭螺能有效控制血吸虫病,保护湿地和水资源.按强心总甙提取方法,用有机溶剂提取,从118.1940g（相当于100g干材料）夹竹桃新鲜叶中得到0.9815g夹竹桃强心总甙.将强心总甙按5、10、15、20、25、30mg/L配制成6个不同浓度梯度的处理溶液处理钉螺.取活钉螺100只为1组,每20个装入一个尼龙网袋中,分别将各组（5袋/组;网孔2mm）钉螺浸入盛有2000g不同浓度的夹竹桃强心总甙灭螺剂水溶液的玻璃缸中,设1mg/L氯硝柳胺水溶液和无氯清水对照.分别于处理1、2、3、4、5d后,将各处理中的钉螺随机取出1袋,用无氯水冲洗数次,再放入清水中静置1d,然后作存活检查：在解剖镜下针刺无反应的证实死亡.结果显示夹竹桃强心总甙具有很好的毒杀钉螺活性,用20mg/L的夹竹桃强心总甙的水溶液处理3～4d的效果与1mg/L氯硝柳胺溶液处理2～3d的灭螺效果相当;经统计分析：用其水溶液灭螺的.LD50和LD90浓度分别是4.0500mg/L和22.2500mg/L.用LD50浓度的夹竹桃强心总甙溶液处理50个钉螺之后,取活螺用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（PAGE）进行测试,在处理6h时,显示各处理样品的酶活高于对照组,表现为酶带颜色加深,有新的酶带出现;而在处理12h和24h后,各处理的样品酶带浅于对照组,酶带颜色逐渐变浅,直到消失.采用蒽酮显色法测定经夹竹桃强心总甙处理后钉螺软体的糖原含量糖原含量显著下降,减少幅度从9.9%到32.6%;钉螺经夹竹桃强心总甙处理后蛋白质含量的变化不明显.分析了强化感作用植物夹竹桃植物新鲜叶中强心总甙的灭螺活性,并在微观领域探究其化感作用导致钉螺的形态病理以及糖代谢、蛋白质代谢等生理变化等方面所表现出的杀伤钉螺的机理,由此获得强化感作用植物夹竹桃灭螺的化学生态学证据,为研制新的具中国特色的植物成份灭螺剂打下了基础,并为合成仿生灭螺剂以及最终构建生态工程中强化感作用植物群落灭螺提供理论依据.     

青阳参的一个新C21甾体苷

从萝藦科药用植物青阳参(CynanchumotophyllumSchneid)的乙酸乙酯提取物的酸水解液中,分离得到一个新的C21甾体苷类化合物,通过现代波谱技术,确定其结构为去乙酰藦萝苷元3-O-β-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖基-(1→4)-α-D-夹竹桃吡喃糖苷。     

夹竹桃科植物叶表皮特征及其系统学研究

以萝藦科植物匙羹藤为对照,在扫描电镜下观察了传统上分属于夹竹桃科3亚科植物的叶下表皮特征。结果表明:(1)所观察的夹竹桃科25种植物叶下表皮特征具有一定程度的多样性,如少数物种具有表皮毛;部分角质层表面有丝状蜡质;叶下表皮纹饰有条纹状、脊状皱褶增厚、块状突起、花蕊形和较平滑等类型;气孔大小差异较大,气孔外拱盖和内缘形状分浅波状和较平滑2种类型,气孔保卫细胞极区有T型加厚和无T型加厚两种类型,气孔外拱盖与表皮细胞间分凹陷和连续两种类型等,这些叶表皮特征对夹竹桃科植物属内和属间类型的分类以及对疑难类群的划分具有重要的参考价值。(2)夹竹桃科25种植物的绝大部分种的叶表皮气孔类型、气孔外拱盖及其内缘形态基本一致,但叶表皮纹饰、气孔外缘角质层特征呈现出较高的多样性,在属内各种和属间有较大的差异。(3)萝藦科植物匙羹藤与夹竹桃科植物盆架树在气孔形状,叶片气孔外缘角质层特征、气孔外拱盖等叶表皮特征具有高度的相似性,推测这两种植物的亲缘关系可能较近,而且萝藦科与夹竹桃科中一些植物的系统位置需进一步的研究。(4)本研究结果支持仔榄树属应从山橙族中分离出来独立成族,海杧果属应从萝芙木族中独立出来的观点;但不支持新的分类方法中将糖胶树和盆架树同归属于鸡骨常山属的观点。     

中英文版《中国植物志(夹竹桃科)》的比较

本文将中文版的《中国植物志·第６３卷（夹竹桃科）》（１９７７）与英文版的《中国植物志·第１６卷（夹竹桃科）》（１９９５）进行对照比较,报道了两专著中植物分类群学名和分类位置的变动以及收载种类的增减等情况,以资正确鉴定应用。     

罗布麻在陕西引种试验中的适应问题

罗布麻是我国北方分布较广的一种资源植物。为宿根多年生草本,属夹竹桃科,分白麻与红麻两大类别。红麻分布在我国长江、淮河、秦岭,以及昆仑山以北,而白麻仅见于新疆、甘肃、青海等内陆区域。罗布麻的用途很广,韧皮纤维可做纺织原料,麻叶可以药用、饮用、烟用;根有强心、利尿、消肿等药用价值。     

夹竹桃

1夹竹桃的生物学特性 1．1形态特征 夹竹桃（Nerium indicum）,又名柳叶桃、半年红。属双子叶植物纲,龙胆目,夹竹桃科,夹竹桃属植物。常绿灌木,枝干丛生枝叶具乳汁。叶对生或3或4叶轮生,叶面有腊质,侧脉羽状平行而密生。聚伞花序顶生,花2性,花冠合瓣,呈漏斗形,裂片5,覆瓦状排列。     

不同因子对毛地黄叶离体培养强心苷含量的影响

对毛地黄幼叶离体培养中,影响毛地黄强心苷含量的因子进行了研究。培养基的组成成分对毛地黄强心苷的合成十分重要,ＭＳ＋２,４－Ｄ１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＢＡ１．５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋活性炭０．５％有明显促进作用;外源植物激素是合成毛地黄强心苷必需的,在ＭＳ＋２,４－Ｄ１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ基本培养基中附加ＢＡ,ＢＡ的浓度在０．２－１．５ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内,浓度越大,强心苷含量越高;不同继代培养细胞的时期对毛地黄强心苷的合成起重要作用,随着继代的增加,毛地黄强心苷的含量呈渐降趋势;细胞的生长后期对毛地黄强心苷的合成效果最佳;不同光质的光照培养对毛地黄强心苷的积累也有影响,蓝光明显提高强心苷的合成量。     

弯蕊开口箭中的新甾体配糖体

从百合科植物弯蕊开口箭（Tupistra Hook,f．）的根茎中分离得到4个新的甾体配糖体,分别命名为弯蕊苷（wattoside)B-E(1-4),其中,3个多羟基呋甾型配糖体,另1个为强心苷,经化学降解和光谱分析,其化学结构分别鉴定为：22－0－甲基－25（R,S）,－呋甾烷－1β,3β,4β5β,22ξ,26β－六醇－26－O－β－D－葡萄吡喃糖苷（1）：22－O－甲基－26－O－β－D-葡萄吡喃糖基－25（S）－呋甾烷－5－烯－β,3β,22ξ,26β－甲醇－3－0－[O-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基（1－4）]－β－D-半乳吡喃糖苷（2）;22－0－甲基－25（S)-呋甾烷－1β,2β,3β,4β,5β,22,26β－七醇－26－O-β－D－葡萄吡喃糖苷（3）和夹竹桃苷元－3－O－[O-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基（1－2）]－α－L－鼠李吡喃糖苷,弯蕊苷E为开口箭属植物中首次分离到的强心苷。     

毛地黄叶离体培养中光质对强心苷含量的影响

用相近辐度但不同光质的光进行光照及黑暗处理,光质对愈伤组织中强心苷的含量有明显的影响,绿光下强心苷含量最高,黑暗处理强心苷含量最低。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV