黄腐酸和汪平酸对小麦种子萌发与幼苗生长及绿豆下胚轴生根的影响

用黄腐酸和汪平酸浸种后,对于小麦种子萌发无明显影响。用不同浓度的黄腐酸和汪平酸溶液培养小麦幼苗,发现适当浓度时对于幼苗及根系生长与分化有促进作用,高浓度则表现为抑制作用。10ppm黄腐酸和50ppm汪平酸可显著增加去根绿豆下胚轴再生根数,而且在一定的浓度范围内,随着浓度的增高,根数不断增加而根长却逐渐减短。     

腐殖酸钠对植物生长的刺激作用

应用溶液培养方法研究了腐殖酸钠对植物生长的刺激作用。小麦、蕃茄、棉花等植物的苗期生长,特别是根的生长受到腐植酸钠的显著促进。刺激生长的腐殖酸钠浓度因来源而异,且刺激作用有一定的作用时间。曾观察到腐殖酸钠处理提高了植物幼苗对低温、干旱、缺磷的抗逆作用。为了将腐殖酸钠的刺激作用与已知植物激素的作用相比较,用生物试法测试了富里酸的细胞分裂素活性及生长素活性。发现巩县富里酸从50 ppm到3000 ppm都有激动素活性,但随着贮存时间的延长而改变,活性范围不稳定。也观察到250 ppm富里酸有生长素活性。此外还初步证实富里酸能抑制根中吲哚乙酸氧化酶在体外的活性。     

茉莉酸甲酯对花生幼苗中碳水化合物转移的影响（简报）

用100ppm茉莉酸甲酯处理花生幼苗后,分配到根和茎的光合产物比对照多,而分配到叶片的少些;花生幼苗根、茎和叶的还原糖、可溶性糖和淀粉含量都减少,但纤维素和木质素含量却提高,茎部尤为明显。     

黄腐酸增强小麦抗旱能力的生理生化机制初探

叶面喷施黄腐酸可显著提高小麦幼苗的保水能力,表现为降低叶面蒸腾强度,增加气孔扩散阻力,提高幼苗的生物量,在干旱条件下尤为明显。喷施黄腐酸可使干旱条件下叶片内脯氨酸含量提高近一倍,并在水分充足时,也能使叶片脯氨酸含量增加78%。     

黄腐酸增强小麦抗旱能力的生理生化机制初探

叶面喷施黄腐酸可显著提高小麦幼苗的保水能力,表现为降低叶面蒸腾强度,增加气孔扩散阻力,提高幼苗的生物量,在干旱条件下尤为明显。喷施黄腐酸可使干旱条件下叶片内脯氨酸含量提高近一倍,并在水分充足时,也能使叶片脯氨酸含量增加78％。     

茉莉酸对小麦幼苗UV-B抗性的生理学效应研究

以小麦品种‘西农88’(Triticum aestivum L.,cv.Xinong 88)为材料,研究了外源施加不同浓度茉莉酸(1、2.5、5、10 mmol/L)对UV-B辐射(1.5 kJ·m-2·d-1)下小麦幼苗光合色素、抗氧化酶、丙二醛、游离脯氨酸、紫外吸收物、花青素、根系活力等生理指标以及对其生长的影响,探讨了茉莉酸在UV-B辐射胁迫中的可能作用及其作用机制.研究结果表明,外源茉莉酸对小麦幼苗生理指标产生显著影响,并且表现出浓度效应,其中较低浓度的茉莉酸(1 mmol/L和2.5 mmol/L)能明显提高小麦幼苗的UV-B抗性.表现为低浓度茉莉酸显著提高UV-B辐射下小麦幼苗叶片中的总叶绿素含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性.并且外源施加的茉莉酸还能够增加小麦幼苗的游离脯氨酸含量,降低脂质过氧化水平,提高花青素含量,增强根系活力.可见,茉莉酸通过提高小麦幼苗的抗氧化酶活性,增加渗透调节物含量以及保护性色素含量,从而缓解膜脂过氧化程度和提高防御物质含量,进而增强植物抵抗UV-B辐射胁迫的能力,保证小麦幼苗正常生长.     

水体酚类化合物污染对水稻幼苗生长的影响

用0、50、100和150 X 10-6浓度的苯酚溶液处理水稻幼苗,本实验的目的是探讨苯酚对水稻幼苗生长的影响。实验结果如下：苯酚抑制水稻幼苗生长,且随着浓度的增加,其抑制作用越明显。150 ppm是抑制作用最强的浓度。经苯酚处理后的水稻幼苗,其根和茎的生长都抑制了,而鲜重、干重、水分含量和叶绿素含量则明显减少,硝酸还原酶和过氧化物酶活性也下降了。     

香附浸提液对小麦种子的萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为了了解香附有效成分对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,采用室内培养皿培养法,分析不同浓度的香附浸提液浸种后对小麦种子发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数及幼苗高度、根长、根数、整株鲜重及干重等指标的影响。结果表明,香附浸提液对小麦种子的萌发及幼苗的生长有明显抑制作用,抑制作用随着香附浸提液浓度的增加,抑制效果增强,与浸泡蒸馏水的对照相比,香附浸提液浸种处理显著降低了小麦的种子发芽率、发芽指数、种子活力、苗高、根长、植株鲜重和干重。     

增温和升高CO2浓度对桑树幼苗的生长和叶片品质的影响

研究了增温(+2 ℃)、升高CO₂浓度(+300 ppm)及同时增温和升高CO₂浓度(+2 ℃和+300 ppm CO₂)处理60 d后1年生桑树幼苗的形态、生物量积累及叶片品质的变化.结果表明: 与对照相比,增温显著增加桑树的基径、叶片数、总叶面积、叶干质量、叶干质量分数和可溶性蛋白含量,分别增加了9.9%、17.4%、23.0%、9.2%、10.1%和23.1%;升高CO₂浓度显著增加了桑树幼苗的茎干质量、根干质量和总干质量,比对照分别增加10.7%、15.9%和9.2%,但对幼苗的形态和叶片品质无显著影响;同时增温和升高CO₂浓度条件下,叶片数、株高、基径、总叶面积、叶干质量、根干质量、总干质量、叶片可溶性糖和粗蛋白含量均显著升高,与对照相比分别增加28.8%、9.1%、19.4%、32.6%、12.4%、17.2%、10.1%、45.8%和11.9%,但粗纤维含量显著降低16.8%.短期增温和升高CO₂浓度对桑树幼苗的生长发育和叶片品质有促进作用.     

Cd2+胁迫对小麦幼苗生长及呼吸作用的影响

以小麦品种郑州9023为材料,研究了不同浓度Cd2 胁迫对小麦幼苗生长及呼吸作用的影响.结果显示:(1)随Cd2 胁迫浓度的升高,小麦幼苗根和芽的呼吸速率及琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活性均呈先上升后下降的趋势.(2)Cd2 胁迫对小麦幼苗根中细胞色素氧化酶(COD)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)、异柠檬酸脱氢酶(IDH)同工酶表达的影响较小,都呈低浓度诱导、高浓度抑制的效应,且Cd2 处理诱导了根中新的MDH、IDH同工酶带的表达;而不同浓度Cd2 对小麦幼苗芽中COD、MDH、IDH同工酶的表达影响较小.(3)随Cd2 胁迫浓度的增加,芽长、根长、芽干重、根干重均呈持续下降的趋势,且对根的抑制作用明显大于对芽.研究表明,Cd2 胁迫可以改变小麦幼苗根和芽中SDH、COD、MDHI、DH等呼吸作用关键酶的活性或同工酶表达,从而影响其呼吸作用,最终抑制了幼苗的生长.     

Aspirin priming circumvents the salinity-induced effects on wheat emergence and seedling growth by regulating starch metabolism and antioxidant enzyme activities

Though seed priming has been emerged as an effective and pragmatic approach, efforts are being made to discover and optimize the new priming agents which are cheaper and easily accessible to the farmers. Here, we established two independent experiments, to ascertain the role of aspirin priming in salinity tolerance of wheat. In the first experiment, various concentrations of aspirin (125, 250, 375, and 500 ppm) were examined for emergence and seedling growth of wheat. A non-primed control, hydropriming, and hydrogen peroxide priming treatments were also maintained for comparison. Among the different treatments, seeds primed with 125 and 250 ppm aspirin depicted better emergence, vigorous seedling growth, and higher starch metabolism. Therefore, these treatments were further used in the second experiment under salinity stress (10 dS m^?1). Salinity stress caused delayed and erratic emergence hampered the shoot and root growth, chlorophyll contents, and enhanced the lipid peroxidation and phenolics content in wheat seedlings. However, wheat seed priming particularly with aspirin effectively alleviated the negative effects of salinity on most of the observed parameters. Aspirin priming also significantly enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase), and reduced oxidative stress in wheat seedlings. Vigorous growth and greater salinity tolerance of wheat seedlings derived from aspirin primed seeds were related with better starch metabolism, strong antioxidative defense system, and lower lipid peroxidation.     

阿魏酸和凹土对党参种子萌发、生长及幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的影响

该研究以党参种子为实验材料,通过设置不同浓度(0、0.01、0.05、0.2、0.5、1.0、2.0、3.0 、5.0和10.0 mmol·L^-1)的阿魏酸以及具有不同凹凸棒粘土(凹土)/蛭石体积比(0/1、1/120、1/80、1/50和1/20)基质的室内培育试验,分析基质中阿魏酸对党参种子萌发、生长及幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的影响,以及基质中凹土含量对上述阿魏酸影响的缓解效应。结果表明,当阿魏酸浓度高于1.0 mmol·L^-1时,党参种子活力受到抑制,种子萌发过程延缓。在播种前基质中施加不同浓度的阿魏酸,党参幼苗生物量积累和叶片光化学反应水平在低浓度下得到促进,在高浓度下受到抑制;在幼苗生长过程中短期内施加不同浓度的阿魏酸,党参幼苗叶片光化学反应水平会显著降低。在含有较高浓度阿魏酸的基质中添加不同体积比凹土,能够有效缓解上述党参种子萌发和幼苗生长过程中所遭受的阿魏酸伤害,且凹土在基质中的体积比为1/50时的缓解作用最为明显。可见,环境中高浓度阿魏酸会显著抑制党参种子萌发、生长及幼苗叶片光化学反应水平,添加适量凹土可有效缓解阿魏酸在不同生长阶段对党参所造成的胁迫伤害。     

滇重楼种子水浸液对三种植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

利用滇重楼(Paris polyphylla Smith var.yunnanensis(Franch.)Hand.-Mazz.)种子外种皮和胚乳的水浸液对白菜(Brassica pekinensis(Lour.)Rupr.)、绿豆(Vigna radiata(Linn.)Wilczak)、小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)种子进行处理,研究滇重楼种子水浸液对3种植物种子萌发、幼苗生长和保护酶活性的影响,并利用GC-MS方法对滇重楼种子内源抑制物的成分进行分析。结果显示,不同浓度滇重楼外种皮、胚乳水浸液对上述3种受体植物的发芽率、苗高、根长及鲜重均产生影响,其作用强度和水浸液的浓度有关,总体上表现出低促高抑的双重浓度效应。滇重楼种子水浸液对白菜的影响作用最强,对绿豆的影响作用最弱,且胚乳水浸液的影响较外种皮强。不同浓度滇重楼种子外种皮和胚乳水浸液均能影响3种植物幼苗体内保护酶的活性,随着水浸液浓度的升高,叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性总体增加,与对照相比差异显著。白菜、小麦过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性减少,与对照相比差异显著;绿豆过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性增加,但与对照相比无显著差异。利用GC-MS方法从胚乳和外种皮水浸液中分别检出8种和2种物质。研究结果表明滇重楼种子中存在内源抑制物质,可能是导致种子休眠的原因;种子水浸液可能通过影响植物幼苗保护酶的活性进而影响其正常生长;有机酸类物质可能是滇重楼种子内源抑制物之一。     

Some studies of the quality of irrigation water and the germination and growth of wheat at different concentrations of boron

Summary The irrigation water in use at the Punjab University New Campus is of good quality except the water of one tubewell which is relatively poor (high-salinity and low-sodium water) and has 0.45 ppm boron. Water with a boron content of upto 3.00 ppm did not affect the germination of the seeds of wheat (Triticum vulgare L. var. Mexi-Pak) and there was some stimulation of the growth of seedlings by an increase in the concentration of boron beyond 0.45 ppm. However, these seedlings, when transplanted to the soils supplied with waters containing different amounts of boron, showed a decrease in their growth at higher concentrations of boron with their ageing, and when these plants were about 100 days old and almost mature, their growth decreased significantly with an increase in the concentration of boron to 2.00 or 3.00 ppm in the water supplied to them. The growth of the plants of Mexi-Pak wheat is inversely related to the boron content of their tissues when it is more than 0.60 ppm. Mexi-Pak wheat is semi-tolerant to boron. re]19750605     

骆驼蓬提取物浸种对小麦幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

以不同浓度骆驼蓬提取液浸种处理小麦。研究对幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,骆驼蓬提取液浸种后小麦幼苗的根长、株高和干重增加,根冠比增大;幼苗根系活力增强,根系超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性提高,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性先升后降,过氧化物酶（POD）活性下降,过氧化物酶同工酶表达受抑;叶片叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量增加,叶片SOD、POD活性提高,过氧化物酶同工酶表达增强,CAT活性降低。根系和叶片丙二醛（MDA）含量下降。     

外源脱落酸对小麦幼苗抗镉胁迫能力的影响

以小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)为试材,采用水培法研究了100mg/L镉(Cd2+)胁迫条件下施用外源脱落酸(ABA)对小麦幼苗生长及某些生理生化指标的影响。结果表明:(1)100mg/L Cd2+胁迫下,小麦叶片膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量显著提高,植株生长受到抑制;(2)外源ABA能够明显提高Cd2+胁迫小麦幼苗的根系活力,增加其叶片SOD、CAT和POD活性,促进其脯氨酸积累,降低MDA的含量,并以5.0μmol/L ABA的效果最明显;(3)1.0～5.0μmol/L外源ABA不同程度地缓解Cd2+胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的抑制作用,且5.0μmol/L时效果最明显,其株高、根长、总干重分别比单一Cd2+胁迫处理显著提高6.73%、149%和10.52%,而10.0μmol/LABA反而加重了Cd2+对小麦幼苗生长的伤害。因此,适宜浓度的外源ABA能够通过增加体内保护酶活性和脯氨酸含量来缓解Cd2+胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的抑制作用,增强小麦幼苗的抗Cd2+胁迫能力,并以5.0μmol/L ABA处理效果最好。     

Effects of exogenous glucose on seed germination and antioxidant capacity in wheat seedlings under salt stress

Glucose (Glc) is an essential signaling molecule that controls plant development and gene expression, but little is known about its role in salt stress resistance on seed germination and plant growth. Here we report the effects of exogenous Glc on wheat seed germination and seedling growth under salt stress. The treatments used were 0 and 200?mM NaCl solutions supplemented with each of four Glc concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.5 and 50 mM. The results showed that salt alone significantly inhibited seeds germination and reduced the growth of wheat seedlings. Addition of exogenous Glc in the salt solution attenuated the salt stress effects in a dose-dependent manner of Glc, as indicated by enhancement of the growth of celoeptile and radicle. Glc addition also showed significant reversal of salt stress in chlorophyll decay, water loss, dry weight, root length and accumulation of proline. The Glc-induced salt stress resistance was associated with enhanced K⁺ and K⁺/Na⁺ ratio in leaves, and activated antioxidant enzymes activities, thus decreasing thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. As our knowledge this is the first report to show the protective effects of exogenous Glc against salt-induced oxidative damage in wheat seedlings associating with the evidences of ion homeostasis in cells and a better antioxidant system.     

Aluminum Tolerance in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (II. Aluminum-Stimulated Excretion of Malic Acid from Root Apices)

We investigated the role of organic acids in conferring Al tolerance in near-isogenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines differing in Al tolerance at the Al tolerance locus (Alt1). Addition of Al to nutrient solutions stimulated excretion of malic and succinic acids from roots of wheat seedlings, and Al-tolerant genotypes excreted 5- to 10-fold more malic acid than Al-sensitive genotypes. Malic acid excretion was detectable after 15 min of exposure to 200 [mu]M Al, and the amount excreted increased linearly over 24 h. The amount of malic acid excreted was dependent on the external Al concentration, and excretion was stimulated by as little as 10 [mu]M Al. Malic acid added to nutrient solutions was able to protect Al-sensitive seedlings from normally phytotoxic Al concentrations. Root apices (terminal 3-5 mm of root) were the primary source of the malic acid excreted. Root apices of Al-tolerant and Al-sensitive seedlings contained similar amounts of malic acid before and after a 2-h exposure to 200 [mu]M Al. During this treatment, Al-tolerant seedlings excreted about four times the total amount of malic acid initially present within root apices, indicating that continual synthesis of malic acid was occurring. Malic acid excretion was specifically stimulated by Al, and neither La, Fe, nor the absence of Pi was able to elicit this response. There was a consistent correlation of Al tolerance with high rates of malic acid excretion stimulated by Al in a population of seedlings segregating for Al tolerance. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the Alt1 locus in wheat encodes an Al tolerance mechanism based on Al-stimulated excretion of malic acid.     

Cu2O纳米颗粒对小麦根系形态及遗传毒性的影响

为了阐明Cu₂O纳米颗粒(NPs)暴露对植物根系的毒性效应,本研究以小麦品种‘周麦18’为材料,采用水培试验方法,研究了10、50、100和200 mg·L^-1浓度的Cu₂O-NPs对小麦幼苗生长、根系活性、形态结构及细胞遗传学毒性的影响。结果表明: 不同浓度的Cu₂O-NPs降低了小麦幼苗的根芽长度、鲜重、根活性和根冠比,增加了初生根的数量;随着Cu₂O-NPs浓度的升高,幼苗根伸长区缩短、根系变硬变脆、根径增加、根冠变大;100 mg·L^-1浓度的Cu₂O-NPs处理下,小麦根尖有丝分裂指数显著降低,根尖细胞形状不规则化、质壁分离、细胞出现空泡化、细胞核核膜模糊、核内染色体异常。在水培条件下,Cu₂O-NPs对小麦幼苗具有一定的遗传学毒性效应,从而影响小麦幼苗的生长发育和根系形态结构。