贵州早-中寒武世凯里组类似苔藓植物化石

贵州台江早-中寒武世凯里组保存大量的生物化石,它构成了寒武纪重要的生物群之一--凯里生物群.在凯里生物群中保存有丰富的碳质薄膜藻类化石,新发现类似苔藓植物化石(Parafunaria sinensis Yang(gen.et sp.nov)),它具有藓类植物所拥有的典型的叶状体轮生现象、孢朔、孢朔柄和复杂的根系特征.推测它是藓类植物祖先,它为进一步研究藓类植物和陆生高等植物的起源和演化提供了新的线索.     

贵州凯里生物群中的宏观藻类化石丘尔藻(Chuaria)及其意义

丘尔藻Chuaria Walcott,1899是宏观藻类中研究最早、延续时限最长的一类宏观藻类化石,它是新元古代赵家山生物群、淮南生物群及西陵峡动物群的代表分子之一.寒武纪第3世凯里生物群中Chuaria化石的产出,不仅是其最年青的代表,也是凯里生物群中宏观藻类组合中较为重要的分子之一.凯里生物群中Chuaria化石呈...     

凯里生物群腕足动物与游泳动物 共存现象研究

腕足动物是贵州凯里生物群中重要的化石门类,不仅化石数量丰富,分异度高,还具有丰富的生态现象。在寒武系的化石记录上,腕足动物常与海绵、藻类、棘皮动物、水母状生物、软舌螺、威瓦西亚虫、其他腕足动物等保存在一起,凯里生物群中的腕足动物也有类似的共存现象。本文就凯里生物群中腕足动物与游泳动物的共存现象进行了初步研究,认为腕足动物与贵州拟轮盘水母Pararotadiscus guizhouensis存在共栖、共埋两种关系,讨论了这两种关系的不同之处;分析了腕足动物与大型双瓣壳节肢动物加拿大虫Canadaspis的共存现象,推测一只腕足动物与Canadaspis共同保存的化石记录表明这两种生物存在共栖关系。本文的研究丰富了凯里生物群物种之间的生态关系,为凯里生物群的生态多样性提供了更多的证据。     

贵州中寒武世凯里生物群中的蠕形动物化石*

描述了凯里生物群中的蠕形动物Ottoia ,Maotianshania ,Palaeoscolex ,Circocosmia?及Selkirkia。这些软躯体的蠕虫化石在凯里生物群中都是首次发现。其中Ottoia也发现于布尔吉斯页岩生物群 ,Maotianshania ,Circocosmia ?则见于澄江生物群 ,而Palaeoscolex则从澄江生物群至布尔吉斯页岩生物群中都有保存 ,这是凯里生物群处于承前启后位置的又一证据。蠕动动物的发现 ,增加了凯里生物群软躯体化石内容 ,反映了凯里生物群是典型的布尔吉斯页岩生物群。     

贵州早、中寒武世斗篷海绵科(Choiidae)的发现

本文描述了贵州遵义下寒武统牛蹄塘组生物群和台江中寒武世凯里生物群中保存完整的斗篷海绵科(Choiidae)中斗篷海绵(Choia)和小斗篷海绵(Choiaella)化石标本,共计2属2种2未定种：Choia zunyiensis sp.nov.,Choia sp.,Choiaella avata sp.nov.和Choiaella sp.。Choia分布很广．在我国下寒武统澄江生物群及北美中寒武统的四大生物群中均有产出。Choiaella原仅产于我国澄江生物群,凯里生物群中Choiaella的发现使其时代上延至中寒武世。贵州早、中寒武世斗篷海绵科的发现及研究为海绵动物的早期演化及古地理学等方面的研究提供了重要的新材料。     

英文贵州中寒武世凯里生物群中宏观藻类化石新材料(英文)

贵州省台江县中寒武世凯里生物群含有丰富的非钙质藻类和具有软躯体后生动物化石 ,它为布尔吉斯页岩型生物群在世界广泛分布提供了更有力的证据。在生物群的宏观藻类中描述了 5个属 5个种 ,包括 2个新属。它们是MarpoliaspissaWalcott、AcinocricusstichusConwayMorrisandRobison、UdotealgaerectaYang、EosargassumsawataYang和RhizophytonzhaoyuanlongiiYang ,并且将凯里生物群中的宏观藻类化石组合与加拿大布尔吉斯页岩生物群中的宏观藻类进行了对比 ,发现两个生物群不仅具有相似的动物化石组成 ,而且宏观藻类化石组成也很相似。     

福建漳浦中中新世几种藓类植物研究北大核心

亚洲新生代藓类植物化石非常稀少,漳浦琥珀是目前已知的我国低纬度地区唯一含苔藓植物化石的新生代琥珀矿床。漳浦琥珀源自中中新世气候适宜期(~14-17 Ma)的龙脑香树脂,温暖潮湿的热带季雨林气候和广泛分布的龙脑香科植物,为藓类植物的生长、多样性演化和三维立体保存提供了条件。本研究共报道了漳浦县中中新世藓类植物化石3个属种,包括:白发藓属Leucobryum Hampe、牛舌藓属Anomodon Hook.et Taylor和扁枝藓属Homalia(Brid.)B.S.G.。首次利用三维X射线断层扫描技术(Micro-CT)研究了白发藓属化石,发现其与现生种短枝白发藓Leucobryum humillimum Cardot非常相似,因此将其命名为短枝白发藓(相似种)Leucobryum cf.humillimum。此外,当前牛舌藓属Anomodon和扁枝藓属Homalia化石是东亚地区的首例记录。漳浦琥珀中的藓类植物化石揭示了中中新世时期苔藓植物的多样性,丰富了东亚低纬度地区新生代苔藓植物的化石记录。     

贵州剑河中寒武世中期甲劳组水母状化石的发现

贵州剑河革东镇八郎村南甲劳组中部钙质白云岩中新近发现的具有粗强放射状辐管的水母状化石和其下凯里组中具细辐管及同心环的拟轮盘水母(Pararotadiscus)有明显区别,属于伊尔东钵科(Eldoniidae)。其层位晚于中寒武世早期凯里生物群中拟轮盘水母(Pararotadiscus)层位1个化石带,属中寒武世中期,是该类化石在中国的最高层位,相当于北美布尔吉斯页岩生物群中Eldonia化石层位。     

贵州凯里生物群中软舌螺的初步研究

本文描述了采自贵州台江县革东镇八郎中寒武世凯里生物群中的软舌螺化石,计有1种,3相似种和1个未定种。即：Ambrolinevitus cf.ventricosus,Glossolites?sp..Haplophrentis?cf.carinatus,Linevitus opimus,Hyolithes?cf.cariniferus.凯里生物群中软舌螺特点是：1)壳体通常较大,呈宽锥形;2)背、腹壳区分明显,常具中槽或中脊;3)特别是以软舌螺目中的软舌螺科和线带螺科的软舌螺保存数量最多。完全与欧洲、北美相当层位中出现的软舌螺组合面貌相似;并与澄江动物群中的软舌螺在演化特征上是可衔接的。凯里生物群中的软舌螺除具有世界性属种外。还具地区特有的属种。这对研究软舌螺的地理分布、演化进程以及与凯里生物群组合关系有重要意义。     

贵州中寒武世凯里生物群中宏观藻类化石新材料

贵州省台江县中寒武世凯里生物群含有丰富的非钙质藻类和具有软躯体后生动物化石,它为布尔吉斯页岩型生物群在世界广泛分布提供了更有力的证据。在生物群的宏观藻类中描述了5个属5个种。包括2个新属,它们是Marpolia spissa Walcott、Acinocricus stichus Conway Morris and Robison、Udotealga erecta Yang、Eosargassum sawata Yang和Rhizophyton zhaoyuanlongii Yang,并且将凯里生物群中的宏观藻类进行了对比,发现两个生物群不仅具有相似的动物化石组成,而且宏观藻类化石组成也很相似。     

Bryophyte-like Fossil （Parafunaria sinensis） from Early-Middle Cambrian Kaili Formation in Guizhou Province, China

Abundant well-preserved animal and macroalgal fossils were discovered in the Early-MiddleCambrian Kaili Formation of Taijiang County, Guizhou Province, China, which constitute the Kaili Biota,named as one of the three important Burgess Shale-type faunas. The bryophyte-like fossil (Parafunariasinensis Yang gen. et sp. nov) was discovered in the horizon of occurrence of Macroalgal fossils. The fossilof P. sinensis possesses typical characters of bryophyte, such as whorled leaves, capsule and seta, andcomplex rhizoid or foot. We infer that the bryophyte-like fossil could be the ancestor of bryophyte. Thediscovery provides a new lead for further study on the origin and evolution of bryophyte or land plant.     

FOSSIL BRYOPHYTES

1. The rapid increase in the knowledge of the early geological history of bryophytes which has taken place in recent years is emphasized. 2. An explanation for this unexpected development is sought in a consideration of the conditions necessary for the preservation of bryophytes as fossils. 3. It is concluded that the chances of preservation depend not so much on the conditions suitable for the growth of bryophytes or the possession of resistant structures (although both can be important contributory factors) but on the occurrence of the right kind of sedimentation in the right place at the right time. 4. The fossil history of the main Orders of the Bryophyta is then systematically reviewed, with special reference to first records in the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic. 5. A number of problematic bryophyte-like fossils of Palaeozoic age are also reviewed. Four (Protosalvtnia Dawson, Sporogonites Halle, Tetrapterites Sullivan and Hibbert, and a Dicranum-like plant from South Africa) are accepted as probably bryophytic; three (Musciphyton Greguss, Hepaticaephyton Greguss, and an alleged bryalean sporogonium from the Rhynie Chert) are rejected on the grounds of insufficient evidence. 6. The bearing of the fossil evidence on bryophyte evolution is briefly considered. 7. It is shown that the principal groups of both liverworts and mosses had already been differentiated before the end of the Palaeozoic. 8. A polyphyletic origin of the Bryophyta is therefore highly probable. 9. Beyond this, the early fossil evidence as yet gives no unequivocal answers and more detailed phylogenetic speculation based on the present state of knowledge of fossil bryophytes has little value. 10. Further knowledge of the early fossil history of bryophytes is needed and it is suggested that this is most likely to be obtained by patient systematic search in finegrained freshwater sediments by bulk maceration techniques.     

贵州台江早、中寒武世凯里组的遗迹化石

凯里组发现遗迹化石９属１４种，主要是以ＰｈｙｃｏｄｅｓｐｅｄｕｍＳｅｉｌａｃｈｅｒ为主的遗迹群落，重要的遗迹属如：Ｃｏｃｈｌｉｃｈｎｕｓ，Ｇｏｒｄｉａ，Ｍｏｎｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｃｈｎｕｓ，Ｏｌｄｈａｍｉａ，Ｐｌａｎｏｌｉｔｅｓ，Ｔｒｅｐｔｉｃｈｎｕｓ等常见于世界各地寒武纪Ｃｒｕｚｉａｎａ遗迹相。根据遗迹化石表明凯里组沉积于盐份、含氧量正常，海水能量中等的浅海软基底潮下带环境。     

寒武纪凯里生物群在贵州镇远竹坪地区的发现

贵州东部镇远县竹坪地区付家冲寒武系凯里组中上部Oryctocephalus indicus带至Peronopsis taijiangensis带粉砂质泥岩、泥岩中新发现丰富的多门类化石组合,共计22属及3未定属种,分属海绵动物、节肢动物、腕足动物、软体动物、棘皮动物、腔肠动物,鳃曳动物、水母状动物及藻类9大门类,其中动...     

Diverse bryophyte mesofossils from the Triassic of Antarctica

Compared with the fossil record of vascular plants, bryophyte fossils are rare; this circumstance is probably related to a lower preservation potential compared with that of vascular plants. We searched for bryophyte remains in extensive collections of plant‐fossil assemblages from the Triassic of Antarctica and identified three assemblages with surprisingly well‐preserved bryophyte fossils. Although most bryophyte remains are too fragmented to conclusively place them in a detailed systematic context, they exhibit features sufficient to suggest the presence of at least four types of leafy bryophytes and two orders of thallose liverworts (Pallaviciniales and Metzgeriales) in the high‐latitude Triassic ecosystems of Antarctica. The leafy bryophytes exhibit combinations of morphological features (e.g. keeled and entire‐margined, ecostate leaves with elongated cells) that today occur in only a few small, systematically isolated groups, but were common among Palaeozoic and especially Mesozoic bryophytes. The diverse morphologies of the bryophyte fossils add further support to previous hypotheses that during warmer periods in the Earth's history, bryophyte vegetation may have been particularly rich and diverse in high‐latitude regions. Through analysis of the sedimentology and taphonomy of these assemblages, we identify a combination of key factors that may explain the preservation of bryophyte fossils in these deposits: (1) punctuated, high‐energetic sedimentary events causing traumatic removal and incorporation of bryophytes into sediment‐laden flood waters; (2) limited transport distance, and short period of suspension, followed by rapid settling and burial as a result of a rapidly decelerating flow discharging into a floodplain environment; and (3) early‐diagenetic cementation with iron hydroxides in locally anoxic zones of the organic‐rich, muddy substrate.     

贵州东部下寒武统杷榔组上部的三叶虫

贵州凯里市西北郊瓮岭塘寒武系都匀阶下部(下寒武统)杷榔组顶部和镇远县江古镇杷榔组上部的杷榔动物群,是新近发现的重要动物群。动物群由始海百合与莱德利基虫类三叶虫及多门类的化石组成,表明黔东早寒武世都匀期早期斜坡相生物的多样性。就属种而言,三叶虫类最为丰富,计有4属5种,1亚种和1未定种,包括莱得利基虫类的Redlichia(Pteroredlichia)chinensis,Redlichia(Pteroredlichia)chinensislui,Redlichia(Pteroredlichia)murakamii,耸棒头虫类Arthricocephaluschauveaui,Changaspisplacenta,Changaspismicropyge及褶颊虫类Probowmania(Probowmania)sp.。褶颊虫类Probowmania(Probowmania)的出现,丰富了黔东地区杷榔组上部三叶虫组合,层位明显下延。文章还报道Redlichia(Pteroredlichia)chinensis分节末期到成虫早期个体发育特征。     

苔藓植物化石的研究进展及应用

苔藓植物化石为探索植物界物种进化发展和重建古气候环境提供了重要的科学基础。该文通过大量的化石资料,结合当今前沿科学技术和热点问题,从苔藓植物起源分化及物种多样性分布、形态表现及分子进化及古气候环境的重建等方面对该领域的研究成果进行了综述和总结。(1)苔藓植物起源于早古生代的赤道低纬度区,至少在奥陶纪时期就有了苔类与藓类的分化;其物种多样性总体上呈增加趋势,并具有低纬度区物种多样性高的特点,但个别地质年代苔类与藓类的物种多样性具有明显差异,凸显了二者对气候环境的敏感程度不同。(2)苔藓植物具有缓慢的形态和分子进化,其中苔类的进化速率相对较快。(3)对于显生宙古气候环境的变迁及重建,苔藓植物化石自身的形态特征、孢粉学和古分子化石的分析、以及碳和氧同位素的测量均提供了重要的科学依据。针对苔藓植物化石研究中存在的问题,作者提出了自己的观点。     

Late-Pleistocene Anthelia (Hepaticae), an arctic-alpine,snow-bed indicator at a low elevation site in Massachusetts,U.S.A.

Abstract

A fossil of Anthelia from late-Pleistocene sediments at Tom Swamp, Massachusetts, consisted of a portion of a plant bearing the characteristic three rows of isomorphic, deeply bifid leaves. The fossil Anthelia indicates the existence of areas of late-lying snow in an essentially treeless, late-Pleistocene landscape. Associated bryophyte (mainly moss) and tracheophyte fossils establish the presence of additional hygric and mesic habitat types.

The occurrence of Anthelia and other leafy liverwort fossils in the basal inorganic sediments at Tom Swamp is unusual. Features of these fossils suggest that the translucent quality of some of the fragments and their small size (1 mm or smaller), which relates to fragmentation during transport, diagenesis and extraction (the breakage resulting from a weak middle lamella between the cells), may be reasons for the rarity of Pleistocene and Holocene fossils of liverworts.

Published as contribution number 589 of the New York State Science Service.