盐胁迫下小麦苗叶片吡咯-5-羧酸还原酶活性和游离脯氨酸积累

受NaCl、KCl或MsCl_2胁迫的小麦幼苗,当外部溶液的渗透势由—160 kPa下降到—900 kPa时,叶片吡咯—5—羧酸还原酶(PSC)活性增高;渗透势由—900 kPa降低到—1500kPa,酶活性下降;胁迫 1d和 2d的幼苗,还原酶活性显著增加;3～6d酶活性无大变化。游离脯氨酸含量随溶液渗透势下降和培养时间的延长而提高。胁迫解除后酶活性和脯氨酸含量均降低。受NcCl胁迫义在ABA影响下的幼苗,P5C还原酶活性和脯氨酸含量高于仅受NaCl胁迫的幼苗。     

水分胁迫对植物线粒体结构和脯氨酸氧化酶活性的影响

水分胁迫期间,小麦幼苗芽鞘和棉花幼苗胚轴细胞内游离脯氨酸浓度增加;但复水后又恢复正常。电镜观察发现线粒体肿大,嵴消失。胞质中出现脂肪滴。气相层析技术分析,发现水分胁迫使线粒体脂肪酸组成及含量有明显变化;不饱和脂肪酸含量增加。随着水分胁迫时间的延长,脯氨酸氧化酶活性也明显下降。设想水分胁迫使线粒体结构和组分发生了不利于脯氨酸氧化酶活性表达的变化,因而抑制了酶活性。     

NaCl和等渗聚乙二醇对苹果属植物游离脯氨酸含量的影响

测定了不同耐盐性苹果属植物珠眉海棠、小金海棠和山定子幼苗各部位的游离脯氨酸含量,结果表明,NaCl胁迫下苹果属植物游离脯氨酸含量增加均大于等渗PEG处理,NaCl和等渗PEG处理对耐盐种的游离脯氨酸含量影响较小,高盐度下盐敏感种的游离脯氨酸含量持续大量增加。     

环己亚胺对盐诱导游离脯氨酸累积的影响

环己亚胺(CHX)单独作用会增加高梁苗中游离脯氨酸的含量,原因可能有:一是CHX抑制了根的正常吸收功能,导致植株失水,游离脯氨酸增加;二是CHX抑制了蛋白质合成,使总的游离氨基酸累积,从而也表现出游离脯氨酸含量的增加,后者可能更为主要。为此,用CHX研究与脯氨酸合成有关的基因活性化或表达时,一定要考虑CHX单独的作用。NaCl诱导的游离脯氨酸的累积可被CHX处理所抑制。在NaCl处理2～4h内加CHX后,抑制效果几乎可达到100％,以后随CHX处理的时间越长,其抑制作用越小。     

外源脯氨酸对盐胁迫下甜瓜脯氨酸代谢的影响

为探明外源脯氨酸对盐胁迫下甜瓜脯氨酸代谢的影响,以甜瓜品种‘雪美’为材料采用营养液栽培,对盐胁迫(100mmol·L-1 NaCl)、盐胁迫下添加外源脯氨酸(100mmol·L-1 NaCl+0.2mmol·L-1 Proline)以及对照3种处理后甜瓜幼苗叶片脯氨酸(Pro)含量、吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶(P5CS)、鸟氨酸转氨酶(OAT)和脯氨酸脱氢酶(ProDH)活性进行测定,并对OAT和ProDH基因进行克隆及半定量表达分析。结果显示:与对照相比较,盐胁迫条件下甜瓜幼苗叶片内Pro含量显著增加,P5CS活性增幅大于OAT活性,OAT基因表达量大部分时段内没有增加,ProDH活性下降,ProDH基因表达量减少;盐胁迫下添加外源脯氨酸进一步使幼苗叶片内Pro含量增加、OAT、ProDH活性提高、P5CS活性降低,并且使OAT基因表达量迅速增加、ProDH基因表达量先增加后回落。研究表明,盐胁迫条件下,甜瓜幼苗体内脯氨酸积累主要是通过增强脯氨酸的谷氨酸合成途径和抑制脯氨酸降解来实现;适量外源脯氨酸可以增强盐胁迫幼苗脯氨酸的鸟氨酸合成途径,但对谷氨酸合成途径有一定的抑制作用;通过调节合成和降解2种代谢途径进一步提高了脯氨酸含量,从而增强甜瓜幼苗耐盐胁迫能力。     

水分胁迫下植物体内游离脯氨酸的累积及ABA在其中的作用

无论是土壤干旱,还是NaCl或PEG所引起的水分胁迫,都使植物体内游离脯氨酸含量明显升高。不同小麦品种反应不一,如对干旱敏感的甘麦8号比抗旱的和尚头、定西24在NaCl和PEG胁迫下游离脯氨酸水平增高得更快,而后者持续的时间较长。土壤干旱胁迫下,小麦各品种之间脯氨酸含量无明显差异。中生植物倒挂金钟(Fuchsia hybrida)和沙生植物猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)在水分胁迫下游离脯氮酸含量均有增高。把小麦幼苗放在5×10~(-5)M ABA溶液中浸根处理,无论在正常或胁迫情况下均能促进游离脯氨酸含量的增高。     

NaCl胁迫对栓皮栎幼苗生长及其生理响应

为了研究栓皮栎幼苗期对盐胁迫的生理耐受特性,选择2年生栓皮栎实生幼苗为材料,在盆栽条件下,设置NaCl盐分梯度(0%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%),系统测定分析栓皮栎幼苗在不同盐胁迫梯度和胁迫时间下的形态生长指标以及保护酶活性、脯氨酸含量、根系活力等各项生理指标。结果显示:(1)随着盐胁迫程度的加剧,栓皮栎幼苗各部分器官鲜重和干重以及株高、基径和一级侧根长均先升高后降低,而主根长度逐渐增加,叶片数逐渐减少,并在重度胁迫下达到显著水平。(2)随着盐胁迫时间的延长,栓皮栎幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均呈先升高后降低的趋势,但变化时间和幅度不同;丙二醛(MDA)含量则日益增加,且胁迫度越大增加越显著。(3)栓皮栎幼苗叶片的渗透调节物质脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量在低盐胁迫下不断升高,高盐胁迫下先升高后降低;而可溶性糖的含量则随时间延长和胁迫加剧显著增加。(4)随NaCl浓度的提高,幼苗根系活力值先增后减,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量均呈下降趋势。研究表明,在轻、中度NaCl胁迫下,栓皮栎幼苗通过提高保护酶活性、增加渗透调节物质等策略缓解盐胁迫伤害,表现出一定的耐盐潜力;而在高浓度盐分胁迫下幼苗受到伤害,自我调节能力降低,导致保护酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量和根系活力等下降。     

营养液低氧胁迫对网纹甜瓜幼苗脯氨酸和多胺含量的影响

营养液中低氧胁迫下网纹甜瓜幼苗根系和叶片中脯氨酸、PAs含量均提高,Spd升幅最大,Put次之,spm最小;根中脯氨酸、PAs含量变化幅度显著高于叶片.表明营养液低氧胁迫可诱导植物组织中脯氨酸、PAs的快速合成.这可能是幼苗低氧耐性提高的原因.     

渗透胁迫下多花黑麦草叶内过氧化物酶活性和脯氨酸含量以及质膜相对透性的变化

多花黑麦草幼苗于３ 叶期转移至１／２Ｈｏａｇｌａｎｄ 溶液中培养,同时加入ＰＥＧ６０００ 用以模拟５种强度的渗透胁迫。植物叶内过氧化物酶活性、游离脯氨酸含量和质膜相对透性均对渗透胁迫强度的增加作出了反应,但反应的敏感性依次降低。从时间进程上看,过氧化物酶活性升降在前,游离脯氨酸积累继之,嗣后出现质膜相对透性增高。每个测定日内叶片中游离脯氨酸含量与质膜相对透性呈显著至极显著正相关。     

渗透胁迫下多花黑麦草叶内过氧化物酶活性和脯氨酸含量以及质 …

多花黑麦草幼苗于３叶期转移至１／２Ｈｏａｇｌａｎｄ溶液中培养,同时加入ＰＥＧ６０００用以模拟５种强度的渗透胁迫。植物叶内过氧化物酶活性、游离脯氨酸含量和质膜相对透性均对渗透胁迫强度的增加作出了反应,但反应的敏感性依次降低。从时间进程上看,过氧化物酶活性升降在前,游离脯氨酸积累继之,嗣后出现质膜相对透性增高。每个测定日内叶片中游脯氨酸含量与质膜相对透性呈显著至极显著正相关。     

Expression Analysis of Proline Metabolism-related Genes From Halophyte Arabis stelleri under Osmotic Stress Conditions

Arabis stelleri var.japonica evidenced stronger osmotic stress tolerance than Arabidopsis thaliana.Using an A.thaliana microarray chip,we determined changes in the expression of approximately 2 800genes between A.stelleri plants treated with 0.2 M mannitol versus mock-treated plants.The most significant changes in the gene expression patterns were in genes defining cellular components or in genes associated with the endomembrane system,stimulus response,stress response,chemical stimulus response,and defense response.The expression patterns of three de novo proline biosynthesis enzymes were evaluated in A.stelleri var.japonica seedlings treated with 0.2 M mannitol,0.2 M sorbitol,and 0.2 M NaCl.The expression of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase was not affected by NaCl stress but was similarly induced by mannitol and sorbitol.The proline dehydrogenase gene,which is known to be repressed by dehydration stress and induced by free L-proline,was induced at an early stage by mannitol treatment,but the level of proline dehydrogenase was increased later by treatment with both mannitol and NaCl.The level of free L-proline accumulation increased progressively in response to treatments with mannitol,sorbitol,and NaCl.Mannitol induced L-proline accumulation more rapidly than NaCl or sorbitol.These findings demonstrate that the osmotic tolerance of the novel halophyte,Arabis stelleri,is associated with the accumulation of L-proline.     

葡萄砧木耐盐性与丙二醛和脯氨酸关系的研究

采用水培法,对3个不同耐盐性葡萄砧木品种的1年生苗进行不同浓度的NaCl胁迫处理,研究叶片中丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量的变化.结果表明,在NaCl胁迫下,不同耐盐性葡萄砧木品种的MDA和Pro含量变化不同.NaCl胁迫对高抗品种ZM01-1的MDA含量影响较小,MDA含量处于一个比较稳定的水平,而其它品种的MDA变化幅度大;NaCl胁迫下Pro含量呈波动式变化,在0.1%NaCl胁迫下高抗品种ZM01-1的Pro积累少,0.3%NaCl下ZM01-1的Pro积累多.研究认为可以把MDA含量的相对稳定作为葡萄耐盐性鉴定的辅助指标,而Pro不宜作为葡萄耐盐性鉴定指标.     

Ornithine Pathway in Proline Biosynthesis Activated by Salt Stress in Barley Seedlings

14 C-glutamate and 14 C-arginine were spreaded on leaves of six-day old barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings that were treated with NaCl 200 mmol/L. The result showed that the pathway of arginine→ornithine→proline existed in the six-day old barley seedlings and was provoked remarkably by NaCl treatment. After seven days, proline accumulation contributed via the arginine→ornithine→proline pathway was 1.0-1.5 folds of that via the glutamate→proline pathway. The activation of arginine→ornithine→proline pathway by salt stress in the salt-tolerant cultivar “Jian 4" was 1.7-2.0 folds of that in the salt-sensitive cultivar “KP 7", which suggested that the activation of arginine→ornithine→proline pathway in barley seedlings played an important role in improving salt tolerance of plants.     

钙在无花果细胞盐诱导脯氨酸积累中的作用

接种于含ＮａＣｌ 培养基的无花果愈伤组织细胞生长极显著受抑,Ｎａ＋ 含量增加,Ｋ／Ｎａ 比值下降,游离脯氨酸积累。培养基中添加一定量ＣａＣｌ２ 不仅在一定程度上缓解盐分对生长的抑制作用,增加Ｋ＋／Ｎａ ＋ 比,而且明显促进游离脯氨酸积累。如果在添加钙的同时再添加细胞钙调素活性抑制剂盐酸氯丙嗪（ＣＰＺ） 或盐酸三氟拉嗪（ＴＦＰ） ,均使钙促进的脯氨酸积累受到明显抑制,表明盐胁迫诱导的脯氨酸积累可能涉及细胞ＣａＣａＭ系统。     

Light-Dark Changes in Proline Content of Barley Leaves under Salt Stress

Proline accumulation in leaves of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Alfa) seedlings treated with 150 mM NaCl was promoted in the light and suppressed in the dark. The light/dark changes of proline content was enhanced with each 12 h light/12 h dark cycle and the proline content increased steadily. Root and shoot concentrations of Na⁺ and Cl^– in salt treated plants increased about 10 to 25 times as compared to the control. The content of these ions and the content of malondialdehyde were higher in the shoot of seedlings exposed to salt stress for 4 d in the light in comparison with the seedlings exposed to NaCl for 4 d in darkness. Light stimulated both ions and proline accumulation in the leaves and has no effect in the roots. Oxygen uptake was higher in the seedlings kept 4 d in the light which have higher endogenous free proline content. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements showed that the photochemical activity of PS 2 slightly decreased as a result of salt stress and was not influenced by light regimes during plant growth.     

Polyamine, carbohydrate, and proline content changes during salt stress exposure of aspen (Populus tremula L.): involvement of oxidation and osmoregulation metabolism

Excess salt in the soil solution affects the plant either through osmotic or ionic effects. Poplar trees, as fast growing pioneer tree species, are thought to be potential suitable candidates for afforestation on saline soils. Osmotic and oxidative stress induced by salinity could be reduced by the production and accumulation of compatible solutes and osmoprotectants in the plant. In this respect, metabolites of this type could be interesting markers for the improvement of salt stress tolerance in breeding programmes. Results have shown that Populus tremula was able to cope with up to 150 mM NaCl without any effect on plant survival. During stress application, the endogenous level of malondialdehyde did not vary significantly between the treatments, indicating that the level of lipid peroxidation was similar in the control and in the stressed plants. However, proline, spermine, sucrose, mannitol, and raffinose levels increased temporarily or throughout the salt treatment. All these molecules are more or less closely related to antioxidant or osmoprotectant mechanisms during stress, suggesting a key role for these compatible solutes, osmoprotectants, and their metabolism for salt stress resistance. The accumulation of free proline, sucrose and mannitol, and the transitory increase in spermine level observable during low and high NaCl application must be considered as general salt stress reaction markers.     

Proline involvement in the common sage antioxidant system in the presence of NaCl and paraquat

To elucidate proline antioxidant properties in common sage (Salvia officinalis L.) plants, they were treated with paraquat (a producer of superoxide radical) and/or NaCl and also with paraquat and proline at the stage of 4–5 true leaves. The paraquat solution (1 ml containing 0.1 μmol of the agent) was applied to the leaf surface; NaCl (200 mM) and proline (the final concentration of 5 mM) were added to nutrient medium. Experimental plants were firstly kept in darkness for 12 h, then illuminated, and in 3, 6, and 12 h, leaves and roots were fixed for biochemical analyses. The results obtained are in agreement with the supposition of proline antioxidant properties. In particular, it was established that paraquat induced a slight increase in the proline level in the leaves during dark period of plant growth and also during subsequent 3 h after light switching on. This transient proline accumulation in the leaves was accompanied by its level decrease in the roots. Proline addition to the nutrient medium of paraquat-treated plants neutralized paraquat damaging action on the leaves. In the presence of paraquat, proline treatment reduced the accumulation in the roots of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde, the product of membrane lipid peroxidation. It also affected indirectly the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and free, covalently bound, and ionically bound peroxidases. Keeping in mind that, in the presence of paraquat, superoxide-induced changes in SOD activity in the roots were negatively correlated with the level of proline, which content was the highest during the last hours of experiments, we can conclude that proline antioxidant effects are manifested only after 12 h of stressor action, whereas antioxidant enzymes are involved in ROS scavenging during the earlier stage of damaging factor action.