烟草花叶病毒及其弱毒疫苗-N14基因组cDNA克隆的构建与侵染性分析

植物病毒弱毒疫苗在防治植物病毒病害中发挥着重要的作用,但对于其致弱的根本原因和机理仍不十分清楚。弱病毒能够在植物体内生存和繁殖,却不严重危害植物的生长、开花和种子生产,而对外来病毒具有杀灭和防治作用,这种共生和保护宿主的现象是大多数植物弱病毒所具有的共同...     

烟草脆裂病毒诱导的基因沉默在植物基因功能研究中的应用

烟草脆裂病毒(tobaccorattlevirus,TRV)是一类应用比较广泛而且效率和持久性较好的病毒载体,能够介导基因沉默同时不会带来病毒诱导的症状。改造后的病毒能够促进非病毒序列的插入以及对植物的后续感染,也可以鉴定宿主植物生长点的基因,因此TRV在植物基因功能鉴定中具有广泛的应用。该文介绍TRV沉默载体的构建、诱导基因沉默原理、在植物基因功能研究中的应用以及优缺点。     

植物基因工程三部曲（三）：—植物基因工程的成就和展望

1.抗病基因工程 黄瓜、马铃薯、番茄、烟草、苜蓿等植物,经常出现花叶病害而枯死。这些都是病毒引起的病害。人们在研究此病害过程中,发现了交叉保护现象,即先用弱病毒感染植物,再用强病毒感染植物,结果后者感染不上,达到兔疫防病作用。抗病毒基因工程有以下几方面。     

病毒诱导烟草的基因沉默

病毒诱导基因沉默是利用RNA介导病毒防卫机制的一项技术。构建含有目的基因片段的人工改造病毒载体,通过农杆菌侵染导致植物内源目的基因沉默。为建立病毒诱导基因沉默体系,选用烟草脆裂病毒（TRV）和烟草为实验材料。构建了八氢番茄红素去饱和酶基因（PDS）的基因沉默病毒载体,病毒载体侵染结果显示目的基因PDS沉默导致烟草幼苗出现光漂白现象。采用RT-PCR的方法检测目的基因PDS的沉默效果,结果显示PDS基因mRNA被显著降解。该体系的建市有利于将来对植物基因进行高通量功能分析。     

烟草花叶病毒运动蛋白基因的cDNA克隆、序列测定及植物转化

植物病毒侵染宿主植物的一个重要过程是通过它在宿主体内的转移和传播,产生病害。植物病毒在宿主体内的转移主要有两种方式,一种是通过植物维管组织进行的系统转移,另一种是植物病毒在宿主细胞之间的转移,这种转移是通过植物细胞的胞间连丝实现的。实验表明,病毒自身编码的一种蛋白参与了这个转移过程,对烟草花叶病毒(TMV)而言,这种蛋白就是分子量为30kDa的运动蛋白。     

TMV在不同水体与温度条件下的灭活动力学

了解植物病毒在不同水体与温度条件下的灭活规律具有重要的理论与实际意义。本文以典型植物病毒烟草花叶病毒(TMV)为模型,比较了其在不同温度条件下,在闽江水、自来水、生活污水、微孔滤膜过滤除菌污水及超纯水中的灭活动力学。结果显示,温度是导致TMV灭活的重要因素,水温升高,病毒灭活速率加快;此外,某些水质因子也影响TMV的灭活效率,其中可溶性盐的存在及其含量对TMV的灭活会因所处的环境不同而异;某些微生物或代谢产物对植物病毒TMV具有灭活作用,而能生化降解的有机质加速TMV灭活可能是通过促进水体中的微生物增殖而起作用。     

利用病毒载体在烟草中瞬时表达融合HBsAg基因

利用马铃薯PVX病毒载体构建了外源人工融合乙肝表面抗原HBsAg基因的表达载体,在烟草中利用农杆菌介导进行瞬时表达,以快速鉴定外源基因瞬时表达的状况以及重组蛋白的免疫活性。利用PCR技术从含有人工融合HBsAg基因的表达载体中分别扩增出LP PreS1 PreS2 S、PreS1 PreS2 S、PreS2 S序列,将其分别与PVX病毒载体pgR106连接,构建成PVX-LP、PVX-S1和PVX-S2等3个转化载体,并将此载体导入农杆菌菌株GV3101中用于侵染烟草植株叶片。感染植株经RT-PCR、RNA Dot blotting和HBsAg蛋白的ELISA检测显示,3个人工融合的HBsAg基因均可在植物体内得到转录,翻译成具有活性的蛋白。结果表明,外源融合HB-sAg基因经过植物病毒载体瞬时表达系统可以在植物系统中正常转录和翻译。     

棉花曲叶病毒大基因间区启动子在宿主植物中的表达活性

棉花曲叶病毒(CLCuV)是一种单链DNA病毒,属于双生病毒亚组Ⅲ.为了研究其基因组大基因间区(LIR)的功能,以CLCuV侵染的烟草叶片组织总DNA为模板,通过聚合酶链反应扩增LIR并插入克隆载体.将LIR分别以互补链及病毒链基因转录方向与gus报告基因和nos终止子融合,构建了植物表达载体.通过农杆菌介导的方法转化烟草并测定转化植株的GUS活性,实验结果表明,LIR在互补链基因方向具有强启动子活性,GUS平均活性是CaMV 35S启动子的5～6倍,单株最高的GUS活性达到CaMV 35S启动子的10倍;组织化学定位证实其在叶肉及维管组织均有活性.LIR在病毒链基因方向的启动子活性较低.报道了CLCuV来源的分离的LIR在互补链基因方向可作为一种新型的强启动子元件应用于植物遗传操作.     

TMV在不同水体与温度条件下的灭活动力学

了解植物病毒在不同水体与温度条件下的灭活规律具有重要的理论与实际意义.本文以典型植物病毒烟草花叶病毒(TMV)为模型,比较了其在不同温度条件下,在闽江水、自来水、生活污水、微孔滤膜过滤除菌污水及超纯水中的灭活动力学.结果显示,温度是导致TMV灭活的重要因素,水温升高,病毒灭活速率加快;此外,某些水质因子也影响TMV的灭活效率,其中可溶性盐的存在及其含量对TMV的灭活会因所处的环境不同而异;某些微生物或代谢产物对植物病毒TMV具有灭活作用,而能生化降解的有机质加速TMV灭活可能是通过促进水体中的微生物增殖而起作用.     

壳寡糖对烟草花叶病毒的体外钝化作用

壳寡糖是一种由脱乙酰基几丁质经酶降解后制备的氨基葡萄糖,它具有多方面的生物活性,在调节植物的生理机能、调控植物形态发生、诱导植物抗病性、抗逆性以及抑制真菌、细菌的生长发育等方面的作用多有报道,但关于壳寡糖对植物病毒的抑制作用未见报道.     

TT (TTV) Virus

Characterization of TT virus (TTV), the history of its discovery, taxonomy and identification are reviewed as update on the diagnostics of TTV infection with PCR. The variability of the virus and resulting difficulties in the selection of a TTV DNA fragment for amplification are described. Data on the virus prevalence, replication and persistence are given. The pathogenetic importance of TTV is discussed with the account of different concepts.     

Mouse Hepatitis Virus (MHV-2)

Various factor sinfluencing the plaque formation of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-2) in DBT cell monolayers were studied and a practical method for plaque assay was developed. Infected DBT cells yielded high-titered virus and were a satisfactory source of complement-fixing viral antigen. The predominant cytopathic effect of MHV-2 in DBT cells was cell rounding and detachment, but no syncytial formation was observed. Fluorescent antibody staining revealed specific fluorescence only in the cytoplasm of infected DBT cells. In one-step growth experiment, newly formed virus was first recognized within 4-hr postinfection and showed subsequently a rapid exponential increase. Release of newly formed virus from the cell was rapid, and a continuous release lasted for a certain period of time. The average per-cell yield of active virus was estimated to be about 6–7 × 10² plaque-forming units.     

人源性流行性出血热病毒的形态特征

本文报道流行性出血热病毒(汉坦病毒)H-114株的电镜形态。发现形态发生以内质网膜和胞浆膜芽生为主。病毒颗粒为圆形或卵圆形。具有双层膜结构,大小为90～120nm。提出了汉坦病毒形态发生的理论观点。     

Exploring the Paths of (Virus) Assembly

Assembly of viruses that have hundreds of subunits or folding of proteins that have hundreds of amino acids—complex biological reactions—are often spontaneous and rapid. Here, we examine the complete set of intermediates available for the assembly of a hypothetical viruslike particle and the connectivity between these intermediates in a graph-theory-inspired study. Using a build-up procedure, assuming ideal geometry, we enumerated the complete set of 2,423,313 species for formation of an icosahedron from 30 dimeric subunits. Stability of each n-subunit intermediate was defined by the number of contacts between subunits. The probability of forming an intermediate was based on the number of paths to it from its precedecessors. When defining population subsets predicted to have the greatest impact on assembly, both stability- and probability-based criteria select a small group of compact and degenerate species; ergo, only a few hundred intermediates make a measurable contribution to assembly. Though the number of possible intermediates grows combinatorially with the number of subunits in the capsid, the number of intermediates that make a significant contribution to the reaction grows by a much smaller function, a result that may contribute to our understanding of assembly and folding reactions.     

Morphogenesis of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus and a Related Human Virus (Strain 229E)

Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and strain 229E, a virus recently recovered from patients with colds, have been shown to possess a similar distinctive morphology in negatively stained preparations. An electron microscopic study of the morphogenesis of IBV in the chorioallantoic membrane and of strain 229E in WI-38 cells was performed. In infected cells, round electron-dense particles 82 mmu in diameter were observed to form by a process of budding from membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasmic vesicles. The particles in IBV-infected cells were similar in size and shape to those in strain 229E-infected cells but showed certain differences in internal structure. The evidence that the particles represent virions and the implications of these findings in the classification of this virus group are discussed.     

Quantification and Localization of Watermelon Chlorotic Stunt Virus and Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (Geminiviridae) in Populations of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera,Aleyrodidae) with Differential Virus Transmission Characteristics

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is one of the economically most damaging insects to crops in tropical and subtropical regions. Severe damage is caused by feeding and more seriously by transmitting viruses. Those of the genus begomovirus (Geminiviridae) cause the most significant crop diseases and are transmitted by B. tabaci in a persistent circulative mode, a process which is largely unknown. To analyze the translocation and to identify critical determinants for transmission, two populations of B. tabaci MEAM1 were compared for transmitting Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus (WmCSV) and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). Insect populations were chosen because of their high and respectively low virus transmission efficiency to compare uptake and translocation of virus through insects. Both populations harbored Rickettsia, Hamiltonella and Wolbachia in comparable ratios indicating that endosymbionts might not contribute to the different transmission rates. Quantification by qPCR revealed that WmCSV uptake and virus concentrations in midguts and primary salivary glands were generally higher than TYLCV due to higher virus contents of the source plants. Both viruses accumulated higher in insects from the efficiently compared to the poorly transmitting population. In the latter, virus translocation into the hemolymph was delayed and virus passage was impeded with limited numbers of viruses translocated. FISH analysis confirmed these results with similar virus distribution found in excised organs of both populations. No virus accumulation was found in the midgut lumen of the poor transmitter because of a restrained virus translocation. Results suggest that the poorly transmitting population comprised insects that lacked transmission competence. Those were selected to develop a population that lacks virus transmission. Investigations with insects lacking transmission showed that virus concentrations in midguts were reduced and only negligible virus amounts were found at the primary salivary glands indicating for a missing or modified receptor responsible for virus attachment or translocation.