植物双生病毒的复制及转录调控研究进展

双生病毒(Geminiviruses)是一类具有孪生颗粒形态的植物病毒,颗粒大小约为18nm×30nm.双生病毒成员众多,大致可分为三个亚组.双生病毒通常以粉虱或叶蝉为媒介进行传播,侵染范围十分广泛,对农业生产造成巨大的危害.感病植株一般表现为花叶、曲叶、黄化等症状,严重地影响了植物的正常生长.最近几年,属于双生病毒亚组Ⅲ的棉花曲叶病毒(Cotton leaf curl virus,CLCuV)在印巴次大陆广泛流行,严重时可使棉花绝收.双生病毒基因组DNA为单链环状形式,长度约为2 400nt～3 000nt.对双生病毒基因组结构、遗传表达机制,及其分类和进化进行深入的了解,有助于揭示寄主植物与病毒相互间的作用方式,进而为防治由双生病毒引起的植物病害奠定基础.本文就上述内容的最新进展作一简要综述.     

小麦K,V型胸质雄性不育育性恢复的细胞学研究

以Ｋ、Ｖ型１Ｂ／１Ｒ不育系分别和四个非１Ｂ／１Ｒ恢复系杂交,观察了异质杂种小麦的花粉母细胞减数分裂。以Ｔ型细胞质和普通小麦胞质作比较,研究了Ｋ、Ｖ型异源细胞质对１Ｂ·１Ｂ／１Ｒ杂合核型染色体配对的影响。实验结果表明,Ｋ、Ｖ胞质背景下,育性恢复度与１Ｂ·１Ｂ／１Ｒ杂合核型染色体配对行为不直接相关。减数分裂中期Ｉ、Ｋ、Ｖ、Ｔ型异源细胞质对杂合核型染色体配对的影响随父本遗传背影不同而异。后期Ｉ,三类异质     

棉花曲叶病毒互补链基因启动子功能区的缺失分析

棉花曲叶病毒(CLCuV)互补链基因启动子是一种新型的启动子,它能驱动外源基因在植物体内高效表达.为了研究其最佳启动子区域,对启动子5′端进行了一系列缺失,得到5种不同长度的启动子片段与gus 基因融合的植物表达载体.继而导入根癌农杆菌,采用叶盘法转化烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.cv.Xanthi),并检测转基因植株的GUS活性.实验结果表明,自启动子5′端缺失至转译起始位点上游-287,-271时启动子活性分别是全长启动子的5倍,3倍.-271～-176元件对启动子在韧皮部的表达活性起重要作用.自-176缺失至-141时,启动子的活性降低至全长启动子的1/30～1/20,启动子在根中失去表达活性,但在叶、茎中仍有微弱的活性.对棉花曲叶病毒互补链基因启动子的功能区进行了分析比较,发现缺失负调控元件的启动子比全长启动子具有更强的活性,平均活性是CaMV 35S启动子的12倍,暗示该启动子具有巨大的应用潜力.研究结果也为进一步了解双生病毒基因表达调控机制及病毒-植物间的相互作用提供了新的线索.     

一种强启动子的分离与功能

A bidirectional promoter of cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV) was obtained from the total of DNA CLCuV infected tomato leaves by polymerase chain reaction, and the amplified DNA fragment was cloned into the vector. DNA sequences analysis and homology comparison with the promotor of four kinds of isolates recently found indicated that the cloned promoter fragment composed of 436 bp was 99.32% homolog was up to in nucleotides with that of the isolates. Transient expression vectors were constructed by fusing the promoter fragment with gus reporter gene and nopaline terminator in different orientation. These constructs were delivered into the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaf cells for transient expression by particle bombardment. The results indicated that complementary sense promoter was a strong promoter with high activity in leaf mesophyll and vascular tissues, but virion sense promoter was weaker. The experiments suggested that isolated bidirectional promoter, as a novel strong promoter, could be used for dicots and especially cotton genetic transformation.     

棉花曲叶病毒启动子在根癌土壤杆菌中的表达活性

棉花曲叶病毒（CLCuV)是一种单链DNA病毒,属于双生病毒亚组Ⅲ,检测了双生病毒双向启动子在根癌土壤杆菌（Agrobacterium turnefaciens(Smith et Townsend) Conn()LBA4404中的活性,研究发现在根癌土壤杆菌中CLCuV双向启动子的互补链启动子活性高于病毒链启动子,其在土壤杆菌中驱动的GUS活性为CaMV 35S启动子驱动的GUS活性的2倍,同时,通过对一系列CLCuV双向启动子的互补链5′端缺失体在土壤杆菌中的活性分析表明－287bp上游可能存在一负调控元件,该元件的缺失可使启动子活性达全长启动子的4倍之多,还讨论了CLCuV互补链启动子所亿的其他顺式元件的功能。     

Deletional analysis of functional regions of complementary sense promoter from cotton leaf curl virus

Complementary sense promoter from cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV) is a novel plant promoter for genetic engineering that could drive high-level foreign gene expression in plant. To determine the optimal promoter sequence for gene expression, CLCuV promoter was deleted from its 5' end to form promoter fragments with five different lengths, and chimeric gus genes were constructed using the promoterdeletion. These vectors were delivered into Agrobacterium and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L cv. Xanthi) plants which were transformed by leaf discs method. GUS activity of transgenic plants was measured. The results showed that GUS activities with the promoter deleted to -287 and -271 from the translation initiation site were respectively about five and three times that of full-length promoter. There exists a c/s-element which is important for the expressing activity in phloem from -271 to -176. Deletion from -176 to -141 resulted in a 20-30-fold reduction in GUS activity in leaves with weak activity in leaves and     

棉花曲叶病毒反式作用因子AC2的功能初探

有关非洲木薯花叶病毒（ACMV）、番茄金色花叶病毒（TGMV）的研究表明,双生病毒编码的反式作用因子AC2反式激活病毒链基因启动子的瞬时表达。以棉花曲叶病毒（CLCuV)侵染的烟草叶片组织总的DNA为模板,通过聚合酶反应扩增CLCuV的AC2基因片段并插入克隆载体。将AC2置于CaMV35S启动子下构建了瞬时表达载体。通过基因他法将质粒载体导入烟草（Nicotiana tabacumL.)和棉花（Gossypium hirstumL.)叶片细胞中进行瞬时表达,结果表明,在反式作用因子AC2的激活下,病毒链基因启动子驱动的GUS活性明显增强,然而激活后的病毒链基因启动子的活性仍低于互补链基因方向启动子;其表达方式与互补链基因启动子相似,即在叶肉及叶脉维管组织均有较高的活性。还探讨了AC2在土壤杆菌介导的转基因植物中的表达行为。     

外源基因在转基因植物中的失活

进行植物基因工程研究首先需要获得外源基因稳定表达的转基因植株。近年来,有大量文献报道,转基因植株中外源基因的失活是一种普遍发生的现象。引起外源基因失活的原因是多方面的,外源基因失活在ＤＮＡ修饰水平,基因转录水平和转录后调节水平均可能发生。深入地了解外源基因失活的原因以及寻找出有效的防范对策,对顺利开展植物基因工程育种是非常必要的。     

棉花曲叶病毒大基因间区启动子在宿主植物中的表达活性

棉花曲叶病毒(CLCuV)是一种单链DNA病毒,属于双生病毒亚组Ⅲ.为了研究其基因组大基因间区(LIR)的功能,以CLCuV侵染的烟草叶片组织总DNA为模板,通过聚合酶链反应扩增LIR并插入克隆载体.将LIR分别以互补链及病毒链基因转录方向与gus报告基因和nos终止子融合,构建了植物表达载体.通过农杆菌介导的方法转化烟草并测定转化植株的GUS活性,实验结果表明,LIR在互补链基因方向具有强启动子活性,GUS平均活性是CaMV 35S启动子的5～6倍,单株最高的GUS活性达到CaMV 35S启动子的10倍;组织化学定位证实其在叶肉及维管组织均有活性.LIR在病毒链基因方向的启动子活性较低.报道了CLCuV来源的分离的LIR在互补链基因方向可作为一种新型的强启动子元件应用于植物遗传操作.