有关猫听觉脑干电反应（ABR）两耳干涉作用的研究

用不同声强稳态白噪声和短声同时分别刺激两耳,观察白噪声负荷侧耳蜗破坏前后另一侧ＡＢＲ的改变,探讨两耳干涉作用及其可能的机制。结果显示,对侧耳蜗破坏前,４０ｄＢ和７５ｄＢ白噪声对０ｄＢ、４５ｄＢ、７０ｄＢ和７５ｄＢＳＰＬ的短声诱发的ＡＢＲ各波振幅均有明显影响（Ｐ＜０．０５０．０１）。耳蜗破坏后,同样条件下记录的ＡＢＲ振幅基本无明显变化（Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示白噪声对短声有一定的干涉作用。短声为７０ｄＢＳＰＬ时ＡＢＲＰ１波振幅的减小可能与中枢离中控制相关。     

正常豚鼠耳蜗核一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的投射

本文采用辣根过氧化物酶（ＨＲＰ）逆行追踪技术结合硫辛酰胺脱氨酸（ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ）组织化学方法,研究正常豚鼠耳蜗核一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）阳性神经元的上行投射特点。探讨耳蜗核ＮＯＳ阳性神经元在听觉信号传递中的可能作用。结果表明,一侧上橄榄复合体加压注射ＨＲＰ后,两侧耳蜗核均出现ＨＲＰ标记细胞,同侧耳蜗核ＮＯＳ－ＨＲＰ双标细胞较多占８２．６３％,并可见ＨＲＰ阳性纤维和终末包绕ＮＯＳ阳性胞体,对侧耳蜗核ＮＯＳ－ＨＲＰ双标细胞相对较少,仅占１４．８７％。一侧下丘加压注入ＨＲＰ后两侧耳蜗核均无ＨＲＰ－ＮＯＳ双标细胞。结果提示,耳蜗核ＮＯＳ阳性神经元向上橄榄复合体投射,可能具有调节听觉声信号传递的作用     

听觉声损伤与耳蜗鼓阶淋巴氧分压的关系

本实验运用极谱式氧电极研究了噪声暴露对耳蜗鼓阶淋巴氧分压（ＳＴＰＯ２）的影响以及ＳＴＰＯ２的变化与听觉电生理、毛细胞损伤之间的关系。结果表明：（１）８５ｄＢＳＰＬ以上声刺激时ＳＴＰＯ２迅速降低;８５ｄＢＳＰＬ窄带噪声暴露时ＳＴＰ０２与血压一同缓慢增高;低于８５ｄＢＳＰＬ的声刺激则未能引起ＳＴＰ０２和血压的改变。（２）ＳＴＰＯ２降低约２０％即伴随明显的听损伤;ＳＴＰＯ２的变化程度与声暴露量（ｒ＝０．９７,Ｐ＜０．０５）、听力损失（ｒ＝０．８２,Ｐ＜０．０５）呈相关;与耳蜗病理改变也有一定关系,但与血压无明显相关性（ｒ＝０．２１,Ｐ＞０．２）。（３）声暴露时,吸入碳氧混合气对听力损失具有部分保护作用。     

耳声发射的听觉外周系统主动同态模型

给出了听觉外周系统的主动性模型。该模型是建立在声电等效理论基础上的同态模型。它共分成三个部分：耳道、中耳及内耳耳蜗。整体模型中主动性特征的引入是通过耳蜗部分的受控源来体现的。计算结果表明,该模型能够较好地仿真两种重要的耳声发射－ＴＥＯＡＥ及ＤＰＯＡＥ,且由此模型得到的ＴＥＯＡＥ及ＤＰＯＡＥ在波形的形态及数量关系上都与临床测量结果有较好的一致性     

提高外淋巴钙浓度对耳蜗电位的影响

本实验以人工外淋巴灌流方式,提高豚鼠耳蜗外淋巴液钙离子浓度（［Ｃａ２＋］ＰＬ）,观察蜗内直流电位（ＥＰ）和耳蜗电图（ＥＣｏｃｈＧ）的变化,ＥＣｏｃｈＧ包括听神经复合动作电位（ＣＡＰ）、耳蜗微音电位（ＣＭ）。结果可见：高钙灌流明显抑制ＣＡＰ幅值,延长同一声强下（９０ｄＢＳＰＬ）Ｎ１－峰潜伏期,但不改变ＣＭ的幅值及总和ＥＰ（Ｇ－ＥＰ）。高钙灌流降低了ＥＰ对噪声的给－撤声反应（ＥＰ－ＯＮ,ＥＰ－ＯＦＦ）和缺氧所得到的最大负ＥＰ（Ｎ－ＥＰ）绝对值。本文分析了外淋巴高钙影响耳蜗电位的可能机制。     

小麦对紫外线长波光（μV—A）辐射的生物学效应研究

小麦对紫外线长波光（μＶ┐Ａ）辐射的生物学效应研究杨志敏颜景义郑有飞张淑琴（南京气象学院,应用气象系生物教研室,南京２１００４４）ＢＩＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬＲＥＳＰＯＮＳＥＯＦＷＨＥＡＴＰＬＡＮＴＳＴＯＴＨＥＯＮＧ┐ＷＡＶＥＬＥＮＧＴＨＵＬＴＲＡＶＩＯＬＥ...     

STUDIES ON THE PATTERN OF MEGASPOROGENESIS AND MICROTUBULAR CYTOSKELETON CHANGES IN CYMBIDIUM SINENSE

ＳＴＵＤＩＥＳＯＮＴＨＥＰＡＴＴＥＲＮＯＦＭＥＧＡＳＰＯＲＯＧＥＮＥＳＩＳＡＮＤＭＩＣＲＯＴＵＢＵＬＡＲＣＹＴＯＳＫＥＬＥＴＯＮＣＨＡＮＧＥＳＩＮＣＹＭＢＩＤＩＵＭＳＩＮＥＮＳＥ￥Ｓ．Ｙ．ＺｅｅＸ．Ｌ．Ｙｅ（１ＢｏｔａｎｙＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ,Ｕｎｉ...     

激光对赤霉素产生菌的诱变效应研究

激光对赤霉素产生菌的诱变效应研究赵炎生,钱海伦,李彩娟（中国药科大学,南京,２１０００９）关键词激光;赤霉素产生菌;诱变效应ＳＴＵＤＹＯＦＬＡＳＥＲ＇ＳＭＯＴＡＧＥＮＩＣＥＦＦＥＣＴＯＮＢＡＣＴＥＲＩＡＰＲＯＤＵＳＥＤＢＹＧＩＢＢＥＲＥＮＥ￥Ｚｈａｏ...     

茉莉酸甲酯的生理生化及在植物抗病中的作用

茉莉酸甲酯的生理生化及在植物抗病中的作用宾金华,潘瑞炽（华南师范大学生物系,广州５１０６３１）ＭＥＴＨＹＬＪＡＳＭＯＮＡＴＥＳ：ＢＩＯＣＨＥＭＩＳＴＲＹ,ＢＩＯＰＨＹＳＩＯＬＯＧＹＡＮＤＲＯＬＥＩＮＰＬＡＮＴＲＥＳＩＳＴＡＮＣＥＢｉｎＪｉｎ－ｈｕａ;...     

植物生长调节剂防止温州蜜柑异常高温落花落果的效应

植物生长调节剂防止温州蜜柑异常高温落花落果的效应童昌华李三玉（浙江农业大学园艺系,杭州３１００２９）ＥＦＦＥＣＴＳＯＦＰＬＡＮＴＧＲＯＷＴＨＲＥＧＵＬＡＴＯＲＳＯＮＦＬＯＷＥＲＡＮＤＦＲＵＩＴＬＥＴＤＲＯＰＯＦＷＥＮＺＨＯＵＭＩＧＡＮＣＡＵＳＥＤＢ...     

Critical ratio: effects of contralateral masking on normal and pathological ears]

In order to evaluate the central interferences on the auditory efficiency, the effect of contralateral masking noise on Critical Ratio (CR) has been studied in 14 normal ears (control group), in 12 ears with cochlear disorders and in 6 with retrocochlear lesion (acoustic neuromas); in all cases the impairment was unilateral, while the other ear was normal. CR values were calculated for 1 KHz pulsed tones (duration 500 ms, rise/fall 25 ms, duty cycle of 50%); the masking noise was a wide band (90-20,000 Hz) delivered at 40 dB SL. The results have demonstrated that in the presence of contralateral masking noise, CRs don't modify both in the normal ears and in those with retrocochlear disorder, whereas they increase, almost always, in ears with cochlear deafness. These results demonstrate that the involvement of central auditory pathways, because of contralateral noise, makes the auditory efficiency worse, only in ears with cochlear dysfunctions; this behaviour seems to confirm the peripheral origin of CR.     

Hearing Sensitivity to Shifts of Rippled-Spectrum Sound Signals in Masking Noise

The goal of the study was to enlarge knowledge of discrimination of complex sound signals by the auditory system in masking noise. For that, influence of masking noise on detection of shift of rippled spectrum was studied in normal listeners. The signal was a shift of ripple phase within a 0.5-oct wide rippled spectrum centered at 2 kHz. The ripples were frequency-proportional (throughout the band, ripple spacing was a constant proportion of the ripple center frequency). Simultaneous masker was a 0.5-oct noise below-, on-, or above the signal band. Both the low-frequency (center frequency 1 kHz) and on-frequency (the same center frequency as for the signal) maskers increased the thresholds for detecting ripple phase shift. However, the threshold dependence on the masker level was different for these two maskers. For the on-frequency masker, the masking effect primarily depended on the masker/signal ratio: the threshold steeply increased at a ratio of 5 dB, and no shift was detectable at a ratio of 10 dB. For the low-frequency masker, the masking effect primarily depended on the masker level: the threshold increased at a masker level of 80 dB SPL, and no shift was detectable at a masker level of 90 dB (for a signal level of 50 dB) or 100 dB (for a signal level of 80 dB). The high-frequency masker had little effect. The data were successfully simulated using an excitation-pattern model. In this model, the effect of the on-frequency masker appeared to be primarily due to a decrease of ripple depth. The effect of the low-frequency masker appeared due to widening of the auditory filters at high sound levels.     

Detection of sonar signals in the presence of pulses of masking noise by the echolocating bat,Eptesicus fuscus

Summary Two big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) were trained to report the presence or absence of a virtual sonar target. The bats' sensitivity to transient masking was investigated by adding 5 ms pulses of white noise delayed from 0 to 16 ms relative to the target echo. When signal and masker occurred simultaneously, the bats required a signal energy to noise spectrum level ratio of 35 dB for 50% probability of detection. When the masker was delayed by 2 ms or more there was no significant masking and echo energy could be reduced by 30 dB for the same probability of detection. The average duration of the most energetic sonar signal of each trial was measured to be 1.7 ms and 2.4 ms for the two bats, but a simple relation between detection performance and pulse duration was not found.In a different experiment the masking noise pulses coincided with the echo, and the duration of the masker was varied from 2 to 37.5 ms. The duration of the masker had little or no effect on the probability of detection.The findings are consistent with an aural integration time constant of about 2 ms, which is comparable to the duration of the cries. This is an order of magnitude less than found in backward masking experiments with humans and may be an adaptation to the special constraints of echolocation. The short time of sensitivity to masking may indicate that the broad band clicks of arctiid moths produced as a countermeasure to bat predation are unlikely to function by masking the echo of the moth.Abbreviations SPL sound pressure level - SD standard deviation - SE standard error - BW bandwidth     

骨导声诱发的耳声发射耳蜗图

用不同频率的短纯音骨导刺激,在7名(14耳)听力正常受试者同时记录双耳声诱发耳声发射(EOAE)。此法比单耳轮流记录省时一半。研究结果表明,EOAE 为一种窄带声,其中心频率随刺激声频率增高而增高,提示 EOAE 产生部位在接受刺激声频率对应的耳蜗部位附近。EOAE 的潜伏期与刺激强度无明显关系,但有随刺激声频率增高而变短的趋势,可能与不同频率刺激声诱发的 EOAE 在基底膜上产生的部位与鼓膜之间的距离不等有关。除1耳用4.0kHz 外,用1.0,2.0,3.0和4.0kHz 短纯音刺激在14耳全可记录到 EOAE,0.5kHz和6.0kHz 则分别在10耳和7耳记录到 EOAE。0.5—6.0kHz 短纯音诱发的 EOAE 的阈值均值连线所得的声发射耳蜗图上可见,1.0kHz 处阈值最低,而在这些受试者所测得的中耳共振频率平均值为1100±230Hz,推测1.0kHz EOAE 阈值最低与中耳的传导函数有关。本文描述的骨导双耳同时记录 EOAE 并描记声发射耳蜗图的方法可用于临床的听力客观评价。     

Contralateral Masking in Bilateral Cochlear Implant Patients: A Model of Medial Olivocochlear Function Loss

Contralateral masking is the phenomenon where a masker presented to one ear affects the ability to detect a signal in the opposite ear. For normal hearing listeners, contralateral masking results in masking patterns that are both sharper and dramatically smaller in magnitude than ipsilateral masking. The goal of this study was to investigate whether medial olivocochlear (MOC) efferents are needed for the sharpness and relatively small magnitude of the contralateral masking function. To do this, bilateral cochlear implant patients were tested because, by directly stimulating the auditory nerve, cochlear implants circumvent the effects of the MOC efferents. The results indicated that, as with normal hearing listeners, the contralateral masking function was sharper than the ipsilateral masking function. However, although there was a reduction in the magnitude of the contralateral masking function compared to the ipsilateral masking function, it was relatively modest. This is in sharp contrast to the results of normal hearing listeners where the magnitude of the contralateral masking function is greatly reduced. These results suggest that MOC function may not play a large role in the sharpness of the contralateral masking function but may play a considerable role in the magnitude of the contralateral masking function.     

诱发性耳声发射向40-Hz听觉相关电位及行为反应间的相关分析

以500-Hz短纯音作为刺激声,分别测定了20位受试者(9例正常者,11例耳病患者,共40耳)的诱发性耳声发射(EOAE),40-Hz听觉相关电位(40-Hz AERP)和行为反应三项指标的阈值。结果如下:EOAE阈值的主要分布范围在〔20,60〕dB nHL,该范围耳数是其阈值总范围〔15,70)dB nHL耳数的93％;40-Hz AERP阈值主要在〔20,60〕dB nHL,耳数是其阈值范围〔20,90〕dB nHL耳数的95％;行为阈主要在〔20,40〕dB nHL,耳数是其阈值范围〔15,80〕dB nHL耳数的91％,全部受试者有13耳EOAE未引出(正常者3耳,耳病患者10耳),占总测试耳数的33％。三项指标的相关分析表明:EOAE—40Hz AERP,EOAE—行为反应,40Hz AERP一行为反应的r值分别为0.609(0.002相似文献   

Compressive nonlinearity of human hearing in sound spectra discrimination

In the psychophysical experiments reported here, cochlear compression function was derived by comparing on-frequency and off-frequency masking. The signal was rippled spectrum noise. The ripple density discrimination threshold was measured in the ripple phase reversion test. An increase in masker intensity led to a decrease in a resolvable ripple density threshold. The on-frequency masker level at threshold increased proportionally to the signal intensity. The off-frequency masker level at threshold also increased proportionally to the signal at signal intensity levels below 50 dB, whereas at signal levels above 60 dB SPL, the ratio of the masker level at threshold gradient to signal level gradient was 1 : 5 dB/dB, revealing cochlear compression.     

Impact of a Moving Noise Masker on Speech Perception in Cochlear Implant Users

ObjectivesPrevious studies investigating speech perception in noise have typically been conducted with static masker positions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of spatial separation of source and masker (spatial release from masking, SRM) in a moving masker setup and to evaluate the impact of adaptive beamforming in comparison with fixed directional microphones in cochlear implant (CI) users.DesignSpeech reception thresholds (SRT) were measured in S₀N₀ and in a moving masker setup (S₀N_move) in 12 normal hearing participants and 14 CI users (7 subjects bilateral, 7 bimodal with a hearing aid in the contralateral ear). Speech processor settings were a moderately directional microphone, a fixed beamformer, or an adaptive beamformer. The moving noise source was generated by means of wave field synthesis and was smoothly moved in a shape of a half-circle from one ear to the contralateral ear. Noise was presented in either of two conditions: continuous or modulated.ResultsSRTs in the S₀N_move setup were significantly improved compared to the S₀N₀ setup for both the normal hearing control group and the bilateral group in continuous noise, and for the control group in modulated noise. There was no effect of subject group. A significant effect of directional sensitivity was found in the S₀N_move setup. In the bilateral group, the adaptive beamformer achieved lower SRTs than the fixed beamformer setting. Adaptive beamforming improved SRT in both CI user groups substantially by about 3 dB (bimodal group) and 8 dB (bilateral group) depending on masker type.ConclusionsCI users showed SRM that was comparable to normal hearing subjects. In listening situations of everyday life with spatial separation of source and masker, directional microphones significantly improved speech perception with individual improvements of up to 15 dB SNR. Users of bilateral speech processors with both directional microphones obtained the highest benefit.     

诱发性耳声发射向40-Hz听觉相关电位及行为反应间的相关分析

以500-Hz短纯音作为刺激声,分别测定了20位受试者(9例正常者,11例耳病患者,共40耳)的诱发性耳声发射(EOAE),40-Hz听觉相关电位(40-Hz AERP)和行为反应三项指标的阈值。结果如下:EOAE阈值的主要分布范围在〔20,60〕dB nHL,该范围耳数是其阈值总范围〔15,70)dB nHL耳数的93％;40-Hz AERP阈值主要在〔20,60〕dB nHL,耳数是其阈值范围〔20,90〕dB nHL耳数的95％;行为阈主要在〔20,40〕dB nHL,耳数是其阈值范围〔15,80〕dB nHL耳数的91％,全部受试者有13耳EOAE未引出(正常者3耳,耳病患者10耳),占总测试耳数的33％。三项指标的相关分析表明:EOAE—40Hz AERP,EOAE—行为反应,40Hz AERP一行为反应的r值分别为0.609(0.002相似文献   

持续与间断噪声前掩蔽条件下小鼠下丘神经元的不同反应模式

有关听中枢神经元纯音前掩蔽效应的神经表征已进行了大量研究,但是,噪声前掩蔽尤其是间断噪声前掩蔽效应的神经表征却鲜有报道。本研究观察了自由声场条件下,昆明小鼠下丘神经元在持续与间断噪声前掩蔽条件下对纯音探测声的反应。共记录到96个下丘神经元,测量了其中51个神经元在不同声刺激条件下的强度一放电率函数。结果显示,掩蔽声强度分布较广（探测声阈下21dB至阈上19dB之间）。在将近一半的神经元中,间断噪声的前掩蔽效应比持续噪声强（Ⅰ型,45．10％,P〈0．001）,但也有少数神经元其间断噪声的掩蔽效应较持续噪声的弱（Ⅲ型,17．65％,P〈0．001）,部分神经元无显著性差异（Ⅱ型,37．25％,P〉0．05）。无论Ⅰ型还是Ⅲ型神经元,持续噪声和间断噪声均在探测声强度较低时产生较强的抑制效应,随着探测声强度的升高,抑制效应逐渐降低（P〈0．001）;同时,持续噪声和间断噪声之间前掩蔽效应差异亦不复存在（P〉0．05）。此外,当掩蔽声由持续噪声换为间断噪声后,部分Ⅰ型神经元掩蔽时相的类型发生转变,其中最主要的转变为由前期抑制转变为均衡抑制（53．85％,7／13）。对下丘神经元声反应的时间域以及强度域,持续与间断噪声具有分化性前掩蔽效应,提示噪声前掩蔽并非简单的神经元发放压抑源,某些主动性神经调制机制可能参与了噪声条件下时相声信息的编码过程。