马尔尼菲青霉与马尔尼菲青霉病

马尔尼菲青霉（Penicillium marneffei,PM）,现在已成为东南亚地区艾滋病最常见的机会性感染的病原体之一。马尔尼菲青霉病（Penicilliosis marneffei,PSM）是由PM引起的一种真菌感染性疾病。PM主要侵犯单核巨噬细胞系统,临床表现复杂多样。虽然血清学诊断可能提高对PM的认识和早期潜伏期病例的诊断,但是PSM的确诊有赖于真菌学检查——从体内分离出PM是诊断的金标准。PSM是一种致死性疾病,系统性抗真菌药物治疗是唯一可靠的治疗方法。     

艾滋病并马尔尼菲青霉病临床特征及诊治进展

<正>马尔尼菲青霉(Penicillium marniffei,PM)是青霉属中惟一的双相真菌。PM可引起局限性和播散性感染,其在HIV流行前播散性马尔尼菲青霉病(penicilliosis marneffei,PSM)是一种罕见的真菌疾病,主要见于免疫受损的宿主。随着艾滋病的流行,有关该菌感染的报道日渐增多已成为我国南方艾滋病(AIDS)患者重要的机会性感染病原菌之一,是     

马尔尼菲青霉病的临床诊断进展

马尔尼菲青霉病(penicilliosis marneffei,PSM)是由致病真菌马尔尼菲青霉(Penicilliummarniffei,PM)所引起的一种深部真菌病,属地方流行病,好发于各种原因引起的免疫抑制患者,是东南亚地区艾滋病患者最常见的机会性感染之一,误诊率极高[1]。目前WHO已经把它作为AIDS的指征性疾病。我国报道的散发性病例多集中在中国南部,如广西、广东、云南等省,及有东南亚旅居史的人群中。本文就马尔尼菲青霉病的临床诊断进展作一综述。1真菌学诊断真菌培养是确定病原菌最为可靠的方法,从体内分离出PM是诊断马尔尼菲青霉病的金标准。马尔尼菲青霉菌是…     

艾滋病合并马尔尼菲青霉病256例临床研究

目的探讨艾滋病合并马尔尼菲青霉病的流行病学、临床特点、早期确诊方法及治疗方案。方法对2007年1月-2008年12月我院收治的256例艾滋病合并马尔尼菲青霉病患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果1 404例艾滋病患者中合并马尔尼菲青霉病者共256例,发生率为18.2%,患者以发热、消瘦、贫血、咳嗽、咳痰、皮疹、淋巴结肿大为主要表现,外周血CD4＋T淋巴细胞平均值为19×10^6/L,患者往往还合并其他多种机会性感染,以口腔念珠菌病、耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎、结核病等多见。两性霉素B治疗组临床疗效优于氟康唑治疗组,伴有皮疹者和无皮疹者病死率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.001）。结论马尔尼菲青霉病是广西艾滋病患者常见的机会性感染之一,主要发生于CD4＋T淋巴细胞〈50×10^6/L的患者。血培养是早期确诊马尔尼菲青霉病的最有效方法,治疗上首选两性霉素B。     

米卡芬净联合两性霉素B／伊曲康唑作用于马尔尼菲青霉致病性酵母相的体外药敏实验研究

温度双相性真菌马尔尼菲青霉所致的马尔尼菲青霉病是一种严重的机会性真菌病,在东南亚、我国南方,尤其是广西有区域性流行。马尔尼菲青霉主要感染免疫力低下的患者,近年来发生于AIDS患者的马尔尼菲青霉病逐年增多,已成为东南亚和我国南方的AIDS患者最常合并的机会性真菌感染病之一。马尔尼菲青霉侵犯肺、肝、脾、骨髓等多种组织器官,如不及时治疗,死亡率很高。目前该病的治疗药物首选两性霉素B引。     

非HIV感染的马尔尼菲青霉病2例报道并文献复习

目的 探讨非HIV感染的马尔尼菲青霉病的临床特征,提高对本病的早期诊断与治疗水平.方法 分析广州医科大学附属第一医院广州呼吸疾病研究所收治的2例非HIV感染的马尔尼菲青霉病患者的临床、影像、微生物和病理资料,并复习相关文献.结果 例1,男,37岁,反复咳嗽、发热1个月,双肩关节疼痛伴消瘦,广谱抗生素治疗无效,左锁骨上及左腹股沟淋巴结肿大,头颅MR发现颅内及咽后脓肿,经纤维支气管镜肺活检及脓液培养确诊马尔尼菲青霉病,继发性癫痫.予两性霉素B脂质体静滴治疗后好转出院,继续予伊曲康唑口服液治疗3个月症状消失,复查胸部CT及头颅MRI病灶吸收,患者自行停药后复发,再次予两性霉素B脂质体治疗仍有效.例2,男,32岁,咳嗽、咳痰5月余,皮下肿块伴发热3月余,胸部CT示纵膈脓肿伴胸骨骨髓炎形成,抽吸脓液培养有马尔尼菲青霉生长.予两性霉素B脂质体抗真菌治疗过程中,患者继发感染性休克,弥漫性血管内凝血.结论 马尔尼菲青霉病属于少见病,侵犯颅内的是国内首例报道,经纤维支气管镜肺活检和脓液培养可确诊.复发病例予两性霉素B脂质体治疗仍有效.早期诊断是提高治愈率的关键.     

马尔尼菲蓝状菌病致溶骨性损害合并Sweet样皮疹1例

本文报道广西医科大学第一附属医院皮肤性病科收治的马尔尼菲蓝状菌病致溶骨性损害合并Sweet样皮疹1例。免疫力正常人群较少患马尔尼菲蓝状菌病。本例患者既往体健,起初合并融骨性损害,在两性霉素B、伊曲康唑治疗过程中逐渐出现Sweet样皮疹。患者经两性霉素B、伊曲康唑、激素等治疗后,病情逐渐好转。     

AIDS合并马尔尼菲青霉病误诊为亚急性重症肝炎1例

马尔尼菲青霉菌（Penicillium marniffei,Pm）是新出现的病原体,感染主要见于东南亚人群及HIV感染者和AIDS患者。我国台湾、广西、深圳已有少数AIDS合并马尔尼菲青霉菌感染病例报道。马尔尼菲青霉菌感染好发于免疫功能极其低下的人,易累及全身组织器官,可合并其他疾病,多有贫血表现。临床极易误诊。现将1例误诊为亚急性重症肝炎的AIDS合并马尔尼菲青霉病报告如下。     

艾滋病合并马尔尼菲青霉菌败血症的护理

目的探讨艾滋病合并马尔尼菲青霉菌败血症的护理方法。方法回顾性分析65例艾滋病合并马尔尼菲青霉菌败血症患者的临床特点和护理措施。结果 65例患者表现为高热、贫血、咳嗽、皮疹、肝脾肿大、口腔黏膜白斑、全身性感染等;经给予及时有效的治疗和护理,如心理护理、及时处理高热、感染性休克,在对应用两性霉素B及高效抗逆转录病毒药物过程中及时发现及处理药物不良反应,加强基础护理及营养支持,做好服用药物依从性教育等,52例好转出院,5例中途放弃治疗自动出院,8例因严重败血症引发全身性感染治疗无效死亡。结论艾滋病合并马尔尼菲青霉菌败血症患者给予及时治疗和科学的护理,可促进患者病情康复,提高患者的生命质量,减少死亡。     

艾滋病合并马尔尼菲青霉病死亡的危险因素研究

目的:探讨艾滋病(AIDS)合并马尔尼菲青霉病(Penicilliosis marneffei,PSM)导致死亡的危险因素,从而减少死亡风险,改善预后.方法:选取我院2007-2010年期间101例AIDS合并PSM住院患者,根据其预后情况分为死亡组和存活组,比较两组年龄、性别、病程、发热、脐凹皮疹、腹痛、呼吸困难、消化道出血、腹膜刺激征、合并细菌性败血症、白细胞计数、血色素、血小板、血肌酐、丙氨酸转氨酶、门冬氨酸转氨酶、总胆红素、cD4+T淋巴细胞绝对计数、甘油三酯、真菌培养阳性报告时间、开始有效抗真菌治疗的时间、抗真菌治疗方案、是否HAART(高效抗逆转录病毒治疗)情况,进行统计学分析.结果:两组在腹痛、呼吸困难、消化道出血、腹膜刺激征、细菌性败血症、白细胞计数、血肌酐、总胆红素、门冬氨酸转氨酶、CD4+T淋巴细胞计数、甘油三酯、真菌培养阳性报告时间等因素的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),多元逻辑回归显示,腹膜刺激征(OR=226.733)、呼吸困难(OR=90.213)、白细胞升高(OR=2.216)、血肌酐升高(OR=1.014)是AIDS合并PSM死亡的主要危险因素.结论:腹膜刺激征、呼吸困难、白细胞升高、肌酐升高是AIDS合并PSM死亡的主要危险因素,重视合并症治疗可能会降低死亡率.     

AIDS合并马尔尼菲青霉病36例分析

目的探讨艾滋病合并马尔尼菲青霉病的临床表现,治疗与转归。方法回顾分析本院2008年8月～2009年8月收治的艾滋病合并马尔尼菲青霉36例。结果 36例艾滋病合并马尔尼菲青霉病平均年龄35.8岁。马尔尼菲青霉感染临床表现呈现非特异性,其中发热86.11%,贫血94.44%,GGT升高69.44%,AST升高63.89%,淋巴结肿大88.89%,脾大63.89%,低蛋白血症83.33%,咳嗽36.11%,皮损30.56%(其中典型改变仅5例,占13.89%),CD4+50cells/mm388.89%,骨髓培养(27/27)及皮损活检培养(2/2)阳性率100%,血液培养阳性率69.44%(25/36)。36例经抗真菌治疗,其中29例给予HAART治疗,28例治愈,7例好转,1例死亡。结论马尔尼菲青霉是艾滋病常见的机会性感染,早发现,早治疗,长程敏感抗真菌药物联合治疗可提高治愈率,减少复发。     

艾滋病合并真菌感染研究概述

真菌感染是艾滋病患者最常见、比重最大的机会性感染,是最重要致死原因之一。常见的机会性真菌感染包括：念珠菌病、卡氏肺孢子菌病、隐球菌病、马尔尼菲蓝状菌感染、组织胞浆菌病、球孢子菌病。本文介绍了机体的CD4⁺T淋巴细胞与机会性真菌感染关系以及常见的真菌感染的流行病学、发病机制、临床表现、诊断、治疗、预防等方面研究进展。提高临床医生对这类真菌感染系统全面的认识,有助于做到早期诊断、早期治疗,合理选择抗真菌药物,从而提高患者生存质量,延长生存时间。     

艾滋病并发马尔尼菲青霉败血症1例

目的：报道1例马尔尼菲青霉败血症。方法患者男性,39岁,主因“发热伴淋巴结肿大1个月”就诊。进行骨髓瑞士染色、血液接种于有氧及厌氧培养瓶、沙氏培养基培养等检查,并对培养物进行形态学及 rDNA 序列鉴定。结果骨髓涂片见细胞内分隔孢子,3种培养方法均见真菌生长。沙氏培养基上菌落为丝状菌,表面为黄绿色粉末状,背面为红色;脑心浸汁培养基为酵母样菌落,37℃培养受限制。经 DNA 序列分析,与马尔尼菲青霉相似性在100℅,鉴定为马尔尼菲青霉。患者诊断为艾滋病并马尔尼菲青霉败血症,立即给予氟康唑治疗,转入传染病医院后因极度衰弱死亡。结论败血症可作为马尔尼菲青霉病首发症状,临床应予以重视;患者血液极具传染性,应注意隔离;对于有冶游史的不明原因发热患者,注意考虑本病可能,必要时行血液培养及 HIV 检测。     

马尔尼菲青霉病8例临床分析

目的分析总结马尔尼菲青霉病的临床及实验室特征。方法以回顾性分析的方法 ,对我科2003～2009年期间诊治的8名明确诊断为马尔尼菲青霉感染患者的临床特征、皮损组织病理学特点及其皮损组织、骨髓或咽拭子等进行真菌培养的菌落及真菌形态等实验室检查结果进行分析。结果①马尔尼菲青霉感染多发生于HIV感染患者或AIDS患者。②皮损可与全身症状同时或先后出现,皮损表现为淡红色丘疱疹、坏死性丘疹、传染性软疣样丘疹、皮肤溃疡及血痂。③多伴有多系统损害。④37℃培养呈酵母相,25℃呈菌丝相,皮损组织病理可以看到典型的"桑葚样"改变。结论马尔尼菲青霉感染好发于HIV感染患者或其他免疫功能低下的患者,常表现为特征性皮疹,皮损组织、骨髓或分泌物于25℃、37℃真菌培养结合皮肤病理是明确诊断的关键。     

Penicillium marneffei-stimulated dendritic cells enhance HIV-1 trans-infection and promote viral infection by activating primary CD4+ T cells

Penicillium marneffei (P. marneffei) is considered an indicator pathogen of AIDS, and the endemicity and clinical features of P. marneffei have been described. While, how the co-infection of P. marneffei exacerbate deterioration of the immune response remains poorly understood. Here we isolated P. marneffei from the cutaneous lesions of AIDS patients and analyzed its effects on HIV-1-dendritic cells (DCs) interaction. We demonstrated that the monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) could be activated by both thermally dimorphic forms of P. marneffei for significantly promoting HIV-1 trans-infection of CD4(+) T cells, while these activated MDDCs were refractory to HIV-1 infection. Mechanistically, P. marneffei-activated MDDCs endocytosed large amounts of HIV-1 and sequestrated the internalized viruses into tetrapasnin CD81(+) compartments potentially for proteolysis escaping. The activated MDDCs increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and facilitated the formation of DC-T-cell conjunctions, where much more viruses were recruited. Moreover, we found that P. marneffei-stimulated MDDCs efficiently activated resting CD4(+) T cells and induced more susceptible targets for viral infection. Our findings demonstrate that DC function and its interaction with HIV-1 have been modulated by opportunistic pathogens such as P. marneffei for viral dissemination and infection amplification, highlighting the importance of understanding DC-HIV-1 interaction for viral immunopathogenesis elucidation.     

Retrospective Analysis of 15 Cases of Penicilliosis marneffei in a Southern China Hospital

We retrospectively analyzed the medical records and clinical characteristics of 15 patients diagnosed with Penicilliosis marneffei (PSM) between January 1, 1993, and December 31, 2012, at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. The most common symptoms of PSM were fever (14/15, 93 %), cough (13/15, 87 %), and sputum production (6/15, 40 %), weight loss (14/15, 60 %), lymph node enlargement (9/15, 60 %), hepatosplenomegaly (7/15, 47 %), anemia (7/15, 47 %), and hemoptysis (4/15, 26 %). The most common underlying diseases in patients diagnosed with PSM were AIDS (9/15, 60 %), post-organ transplantation (3/15, 20 %), rheumatic autoimmune disease (2/15, 13 %), and hematological malignancy (1/15, 7 %). All patients, except those with AIDS, were treated with immunosuppressant drugs. White blood cell counts were increased in 10/15 (67 %) patients, while hemoglobin concentrations were decreased in 8/15 (53 %) patients. The ratios of CD4⁺/total T lymphocytes and CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T lymphocytes declined in all the 11 test cases. Nodular lesions or masses were the most common anomalies detected during computed tomography scans, but disseminated inflammation and interstitial changes were also seen. Clinical samples with positive culture results were obtained from sputum or secretions obtained by bronchoscopy, venous blood, percutaneous pulmonary puncture, bone marrow, or skin lesions. Between 1993 and 2003, only four cases of PSM, all connected with AIDS, were diagnosed, while 11 cases of PSM, with or without concurrent AIDS, were diagnosed between 2003 and 2012. Amphotericin B was used to control the disease in some cases. In conclusion, the occurrence of PSM, especially in patients without concurrent AIDS, has increased. The early culture of Penicillium marneffei from clinical samples is critical for correct diagnosis of PSM, and amphotericin B is recommended as the first choice for treatment.     

In vitro antifungal resistance in Candida albicans from HIV-infected patients with and without oral candidosis.

The main purpose of this study has been to determine the in vitro antifungal susceptibility of clinical isolates from HIV-infected or AIDS patients, depending on the presence of oral candidosis. The oral cavity of 307 HIV-infected or AIDS patients was examined and an oral swab was cultured on Sabouraud glucose agar and studied by conventional mycological methods. In vitro antifungal susceptibility to amphotericin B, nystatin, fluconazole, itraconazole and ketoconazole was tested by disk diffusion with Neo-Sensitabs tablets (Rosco Diagnostica, Dinamarca). One hundred and thirty five Candida albicans isolates (91 serotype A, 38 serotype B, three C. albicans variety stellatoidea and three untyped isolates), three Candida krusei and two Candida glabrata were obtained. All the isolates were susceptible to nystatin and amphotericin B. However, 7.9% isolates were resistant to fluconazole and 2.9% isolates were resistant to ketoconazole or itraconazole. Nearly all C. krusei and C. glabrata isolates, 31% patients with candidosis and 20% Candida-colonized patients showed decreased susceptibility to azoles. This study shows that polyenes had a great in vitro efficacy against clinical isolates from HIV-infected patients and that in vitro resistance to azoles is not as high as observed in other countries.