北柴胡营养器官中主要化学成分的组织化学定位及其含量比较

应用植物解剖学、组织化学定位和植物化学方法,研究了北柴胡各营养器官中柴胡皂苷和黄酮类化合物的积累分布状态及其含量变化。结果表明,柴胡皂苷在根中分布在中柱鞘和次生韧皮部中;在茎中主要分布在表皮、棱角处的厚角组织以及位于皮层和髓中的分泌道的上皮细胞中;在叶中,则分布在表皮细胞和整个叶肉组织中。而黄酮类化合物在茎中分布在表皮、棱角处的厚角组织、皮层、髓射线和髓鞘细胞中;在叶中,则主要分布在表皮和位于上下表皮内的厚角组织中。同时,北柴胡中柴胡总皂苷在根、茎、叶中的含量的变化规律为根>叶>茎;而总黄酮在根、茎、叶中的含量的变化规律为叶>茎>根;且在叶中含量相当高,从而为北柴胡的综合利用提供依据,对合理利用药材和保护北柴胡资源也有一定意义。     

不同遮光处理对川西柳叶菜部分形态、生长和生理指标的影响

以自然光照为对照,对轻度、中度和重度遮光条件下(遮光率分别为24%、48%和72%)川西柳叶菜( Epilobium fangii C. J. Chen et al.)的部分形态、生长和生理指标进行比较分析。分析结果显示：遮光处理对川西柳叶菜的MDA含量无显著影响,对叶长、花冠宽、叶干质量分配比例以及叶绿素a( Chla)、叶绿素b( Chlb)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量及Chla/Chlb值有显著影响(P<0.05),对其余指标有极显著影响(P<0.01)。与对照相比,3个遮光处理组的单株根数、株高、主茎长和基径总体上显著下降,根长在轻度和中度遮光条件下略升高、在重度遮光条件下显著升高;3个遮光处理组的单株叶片数和叶长总体上显著下降,叶宽在轻度和中度遮光条件下略下降、在重度遮光条件下显著升高,叶厚在轻度遮光条件下显著升高、在中度遮光条件下略下降、在重度遮光条件下显著下降;3个遮光处理组的花柄长、花管长和花冠高显著升高,单株开花数在轻度遮光条件下略下降、在中度遮光条件下显著升高、在重度遮光条件下显著下降,花冠宽在轻度和中度遮光条件下略升高、在重度遮光条件下显著升高。与对照相比,3个遮光处理组的全株干质量和茎干质量分配比例均显著下降;根干质量分配比例和根冠比在轻度遮光条件下显著升高、在中度和重度遮光条件下略下降;地上部干质量分配比例在轻度遮光条件下显著下降、在中度和重度遮光条件下略升高;叶干质量分配比例在轻度和中度遮光条件下略下降、在重度遮光条件下略升高。在轻度和中度遮光条件下,叶片的Chla、Chlb和Car含量基本上显著高于对照,Chla/Chlb值分别略低于或显著低于对照;而在重度遮光条件下这4个指标均略高于对照。与对照相比,轻度和中度遮光条件下叶片的H2 O2含量和SOD活性略升高,MDA含量和总抗氧化能力略下降;总酚含量在轻度遮光条件下略下降、在中度遮光条件下略升高;重度遮光条件下这5个指标均显著升高。随着遮光程度的增强,川西柳叶菜的单株根数、株高、主茎长、基径和叶厚逐渐下降,而叶宽、全株干质量、叶干质量分配比例、H2 O2含量、SOD活性和总酚含量逐渐升高;其中,在中度遮光条件下,其单株开花数、花柄长、花管长、花冠高、花冠宽和花干质量分配比例最高。结果表明：在遮光条件下,川西柳叶菜可在形态、生长和生理上调整生长策略,完成发育过程;并且,中度遮光有利于其生殖分配,提高其观赏价值。     

白鲜营养器官解剖结构及其与白鲜碱的积累关系

应用植物解剖学、组织化学及植物化学方法对白鲜营养器官根、茎、叶的结构及其生物碱的积累进行了研究。结果显示:(1)白鲜根的次生结构以及茎和叶的结构类似一般双子叶植物;白鲜多年生根主要由周皮、次生韧皮部、维管形成层以及次生木质部组成,根次生韧皮部中可见大量的淀粉、草酸钙簇晶、韧皮纤维以及油细胞;茎由表皮、皮层、维管组织和髓组成;叶由表皮、栅栏组织、海绵组织和叶脉组成;在茎和叶初生韧皮部的位置均分布有韧皮纤维,在叶表皮上分布有头状腺毛和非腺毛;在茎和叶紧贴表皮处分布有分泌囊。(2)组织化学分析结果显示:在白鲜多年生根中,生物碱类物质主要分布在周皮、次生韧皮部、维管形成层和木薄壁细胞中;在茎中,生物碱主要分布在表皮、皮层、韧皮部、木薄壁细胞及髓周围薄壁细胞中;在叶中,生物碱主要分布在表皮细胞、叶肉组织和维管组织的薄壁细胞;此外在分泌囊和头状腺毛中亦含有生物碱类物质。(3)植物化学结果显示,秦岭产白鲜根皮/白鲜皮、根木质部、茎和叶中白鲜碱含量分别为0.041%、0.012%、0.004%和0.002%,其中木质部中白鲜碱含量和其他部分地区白鲜皮中白鲜碱含量类似。研究表明,在秦岭产白鲜营养器官中,除根皮/白鲜皮外,在根木质部亦含有大量的白鲜碱,且在茎和叶中亦含有一定的白鲜碱,具有潜在的开发利用价值。     

世界之鹤

全世界共有15种鹤,除了南极洲和南美洲之外,其他各大洲都有鹤的分布。在热带的非洲,有黑冠鹤、灰冠鹤、蓝鹤和肉垂鹤;在北美洲,有美洲鹤和沙丘鹤;在大洋洲有澳洲鹤;在亚洲有蓑羽鹤、赤颈鹤、灰鹤、黑颈鹤、丹顶鹤、白枕鹤、白鹤和白头鹤。     

涡虫

涡虫属于扁形动物门涡虫纲,生活在海洋、淡水和潮湿的土壤中。大多数营自由生活,少数为陆栖和寄生生活。在海洋中,涡虫的种类和数目最多,其中大部分在沿海的砂砾、淤泥和藻类中营底栖生活,如旋涡虫Convoluta和平角涡虫Planocera。在淡水环境中,它们常栖息在流水缓慢的池塘、湖泊、泉水以及山脚溪流中的石块、水草和叶片下面,如直口涡虫Stenostornum Leucops(Duges)、大口涡虫Macrostomum Tu和三角真涡虫Dugesia genocephala(Duges)等。     

一些氨基酸对产甘油假丝酵母甘油生产的促进作用

以EMP途径与TCA循环中间代谢物的添加为对照,研究在尿素为氮源的产甘油假丝酵母发酵过程中添加氨基酸对甘油产量的影响。结果表明:对甘油产量有强促进作用的氨基酸有谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺、天冬氨酸、天冬酰胺、甘氨酸、赖氨酸、酪氨酸、脯氨酸、组氨酸和丝氨酸,其最适添加浓度在0.26～0.45g/L之间,丙酮酸、α_酮戊二酸、草酰乙酸、柠檬酸和琥珀酸的最适添加浓度在0.24～0.42g/L之间;赖氨酸最适于在0h添加,丙酮酸和草酰乙酸在第14h,谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺、组氨酸、脯氨酸、天冬氨酸、酪氨酸、甘氨酸、α_酮戊二酸和琥珀酸在第30h,天冬酰胺、丝氨酸和柠檬酸在第48h;在最适条件下添加这些促进剂,甘油产量均呈显著增加趋势,转化率和增加率分别达到60%和16%以上。氨基酸的作用机理为其脱氨形成的碳骨架经特定的分解代谢途径进入TCA循环,使其强化,导致碳代谢流在3_磷酸甘油醛节点处发生转移,使甘油合成途径的代谢流增加。     

西花蓟马在6种蔬菜寄主上的实验种群生命表

自西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis传入我国后,该虫对蔬菜寄主的危害趋于严重,组建了25℃条件下,西花蓟马在黄瓜、甘蓝、莴苣、茄子、芹菜和大蒜叶片的实验种群生命表,以研究西花蓟马的危害差异性,为西花蓟马的防治提供基础数据。结果表明西花蓟马的生长发育、繁殖和生命表参数等在不同寄主之间有明显差异。西花蓟马在黄瓜上发育最快,其未成熟期为11.43 d,同时在黄瓜上最先开始产卵,产卵前期为1.22 d,在芹菜上发育最慢,为16.11 d。其每雌每天在甘蓝上和莴苣上产卵量最大,分别为2.88粒和2.48粒,在大蒜上最小,为0.77粒;每雌每天产雌率、子代雌性比在甘蓝和莴苣上都大于其他寄主。雌虫寿命在甘蓝上最长(29.06 d)、雄虫寿命在莴苣上最长(13.22 d)。西花蓟马在黄瓜、莴苣、茄子、甘蓝、芹菜和大蒜上的内禀增长力rm值分别为0.1318、0.1228、0.1154、0.1197、0.0860和0.0791;净增殖率R0分别为19.1248、30.8523、17.9322、34.5322、8.9491和8.3536。种群趋势预测指数(I)在甘蓝(34.17)、莴苣(30.09)上明显高于其它寄主,在芹菜(8.00)和大蒜(8.22)上最低。     

土壤含水量对樟子松幼苗非结构性碳水化合物及生长的影响

为明确樟子松幼苗在不同土壤含水量下的生长适应策略,设置不同土壤含水量(80%、60%、40%和20%田间持水量(SFC))和持续时间(15、30、45和60 d),研究不同器官中可溶性糖、淀粉、非结构性碳水化合物及生物量的变化规律。结果表明：随着土壤含水量减少,樟子松幼苗株高和基径及一年生叶、细根和总生物量呈下降趋势。80%SFC条件下,可溶性糖含量在枝干中较高,在当年生叶和细根中较低;淀粉在枝干和粗根中较高。60%和40%SFC条件下,可溶性糖含量在叶片和细根中较高,淀粉含量分别在枝干和一年生叶中较高。20%SFC条件下,可溶性糖含量在当年生叶较高,在一年生叶较低;淀粉含量在细根中较高,在枝干和粗根中较低。因而,樟子松幼苗在80%SFC下具有更高的生长速率及抗逆性,在60%和40%SFC下具有更高的资源利用效率和较优的碳储存策略,在20%SFC下生长停滞。为促进科尔沁沙地樟子松林天然更新,土壤含水量应维持在7%以上。     

NOD1和NOD2基因在牦牛雄性生殖器官中的表达检测

为了解NOD1和NOD2基因在牦牛生殖系统中的表达情况,从脾脏组织总RNA中RT-PCR扩增牦牛NOD1和NOD2基因,半定量RT-PCR分析NOD1和NOD2 mRNA在牦牛雄性生殖组织的表达水平。结果显示,NOD1在脾脏、睾丸、附睾头、附睾体、附睾尾、输精管和阴茎中均相对低表达,而NOD2在脾脏、睾丸、附睾头、附睾体、附睾尾、输精管和阴茎中均相对高表达。结果表明,NOD1和NOD2在牦牛雄性生殖组织中广泛表达,提示其在牦牛生殖过程中可能发挥一定的作用。     

泥鳅消化道过氧化物酶、三磷酸腺苷酶、琥珀酸脱氢酶、酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶及非特异性酯酶的分布与组织定位

目的研究过氧化物酶(POX)、三磷酸腺苷酶(ATPase)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)及非特异性酯酶(NSE)等6种酶在泥鳅消化道不同部位的分布和组织定位。方法在泥鳅食道、胃贲门、胃体、胃幽门、前肠、中肠和后肠等7个部位取样,采用冷冻切片、酶组织化学染色和光密度定量分析等技术。结果POX在食道黏膜上皮细胞中酶活性最高,在胃、前肠、中肠和后肠中酶活性均较低;SDH、ALP和ATPase在食道中酶活性最低,在消化道其他部位酶活性均较高,主要分布于胃黏膜上皮细胞顶部和肠上皮细胞的纹状缘;ACP在食道、胃贲门、胃体、前肠、中肠和后肠上皮细胞中酶活性均较高,胃幽门中酶活性显著较低;NSE在食道、胃贲门、胃幽门、前肠和中肠上皮细胞中酶活性均较高,在胃体和后肠中酶活性显著较低。结论泥鳅消化道黏膜6种酶的分布表明,泥鳅的胃分化程度低,胃和肠道都具有吸收功能;胃贲门、胃体和前肠是蛋白质的主要消化部位;胃贲门、胃幽门、前肠和中肠是脂质的主要消化部位。     

激发学生对遗传学实验学习兴趣的教学方法探索

通过增设研究性较强或由学生自主设计的实验项目, 采用生动有趣的案例式教学和问题式教学, 用“多元性”的教学理念设计实验教学环节, 结合综合性的教学手段, 有效激发了学生对遗传学实验的学习兴趣。     

Deep learning methods for 3D structural proteome and interactome modeling

Bolstered by recent methodological and hardware advances, deep learning has increasingly been applied to biological problems and structural proteomics. Such approaches have achieved remarkable improvements over traditional machine learning methods in tasks ranging from protein contact map prediction to protein folding, prediction of protein–protein interaction interfaces, and characterization of protein–drug binding pockets. In particular, emergence of ab initio protein structure prediction methods including AlphaFold2 has revolutionized protein structural modeling. From a protein function perspective, numerous deep learning methods have facilitated deconvolution of the exact amino acid residues and protein surface regions responsible for binding other proteins or small molecule drugs. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent deep learning methods applied in structural proteomics.     

评价湖泊富营养化的一个综合模型

湖泊富营养化的评价 ,即确定水体的状态属性 ,实际上是一个将定性问题定量化的多变量的综合决策过程 ,因此 ,对湖泊的富营养化程度进行评价应以综合评价为主 .在综述国内外若干综合评价方法的基础上 ,指出营养状态指数 (TSI)法应可作为湖泊富营养化评价的主要方法 ,因其可对湖泊的营养状态进行连续的数值化分级 ,从而为富营养化机理的定量研究提供坚实基础 .采用层次分析 (AHP)法确定综合评价指标中的权重分配 ,构建一综合评价模型 :TSI =W (Chla)×TSI(Chla) +W (Sd)×TSI(Sd) +W (TP)×TSI(TP)或TSIM=W (Chla)×TSIM(Chla) +W (Sd)×TSIM(Sd) +W (TP)×TSIM(TP) .此外 ,文中简要讨论了综合评价与其他统计方法如聚类分析的关系 .     

Therapeutic siRNAs and nonviral systems for their delivery

Gene-directed therapy with small interfering RNA (siRNA) has a tremendous potential and will undoubtedly occupy one of the leading positions among other therapeutic methods in the future. The lack of efficient and targeted delivery vectors delays a successful implementation of this method in medicine. To develop such systems, one needs a comprehensive insight into the interactions of siRNAs, its delivery systems, and an organism. The review covers the properties of therapeutic siRNAs and nonviral systems for their delivery.     

Prediction of protein secondary structure content for the twilight zone sequences

Secondary protein structure carries information about local structural arrangements, which include three major conformations: alpha-helices, beta-strands, and coils. Significant majority of successful methods for prediction of the secondary structure is based on multiple sequence alignment. However, multiple alignment fails to provide accurate results when a sequence comes from the twilight zone, that is, it is characterized by low (<30%) homology. To this end, we propose a novel method for prediction of secondary structure content through comprehensive sequence representation, called PSSC-core. The method uses a multiple linear regression model and introduces a comprehensive feature-based sequence representation to predict amount of helices and strands for sequences from the twilight zone. The PSSC-core method was tested and compared with two other state-of-the-art prediction methods on a set of 2187 twilight zone sequences. The results indicate that our method provides better predictions for both helix and strand content. The PSSC-core is shown to provide statistically significantly better results when compared with the competing methods, reducing the prediction error by 5-7% for helix and 7-9% for strand content predictions. The proposed feature-based sequence representation uses a comprehensive set of physicochemical properties that are custom-designed for each of the helix and strand content predictions. It includes composition and composition moment vectors, frequency of tetra-peptides associated with helical and strand conformations, various property-based groups like exchange groups, chemical groups of the side chains and hydrophobic group, auto-correlations based on hydrophobicity, side-chain masses, hydropathy, and conformational patterns for beta-sheets. The PSSC-core method provides an alternative for predicting the secondary structure content that can be used to validate and constrain results of other structure prediction methods. At the same time, it also provides useful insight into design of successful protein sequence representations that can be used in developing new methods related to prediction of different aspects of the secondary protein structure.     

Methods for predicting bacterial protein subcellular localization

The computational prediction of the subcellular localization of bacterial proteins is an important step in genome annotation and in the search for novel vaccine or drug targets. Since the 1991 release of PSORT I--the first comprehensive algorithm to predict bacterial protein localization--many other localization prediction tools have been developed. These methods offer significant improvements in predictive performance over PSORT I and the accuracy of some methods now rivals that of certain high-throughput laboratory methods for protein localization identification.     

Current methodologies for the analysis of aminoglycosides

The aminoglycosides are a large and diverse class of antibiotics that characteristically contain two or more aminosugars linked by glycosidic bonds to an aminocyclitol component. Structures are presented for over 30 of the most important members of this family of compounds. The use of aminoglycosides in clinical and veterinary medicine and in agriculture is described. Qualitative methods for aminoglycoside analysis include X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS). The major part of this article comprises a comprehensive review of quantitative methods for the determination of aminoglycosides. These are microbiological assay, radiochemical assay, radioimmunoassay, enzyme immunoassay, fluoroimmunoassay and other immunoassays, spectrophotometric and other non-separative methods, gas chromatography (GC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and capillary electrophoresis (CE). Simple spectrophotometric methods may be adequate for the assay of bulk pharmaceuticals and their formulations. Microbiological assays make useful semi-quantitative screening tests for the analysis of veterinary drug residues in food, but rapid enzyme immunoassays are more suitable for accurate measurements of aminoglycosides in complex matrices. Automated immunoassays are the most appropriate methods for serum aminoglycoside determinations during therapeutic drug monitoring. HPLC techniques provide the specificity and sensitivity required for pharmacokinetic and other research studies, while HPLC–MS is employed for the confirmation of veterinary drug residues. The potential for further development of chromatographic and CE methods for the analysis of biological samples is outlined.     

Systems approach to explore components and interactions in the presynapse

The application of proteomic techniques to neuroscientific research provides an opportunity for a greater understanding of nervous system structure and function. As increasing amounts of neuroproteomic data become available, it is necessary to formulate methods to integrate these data in a meaningful way to obtain a more comprehensive picture of neuronal subcompartments. Furthermore, computational methods can be used to make biologically relevant predictions from large proteomic data sets. Here, we applied an integrated proteomics and systems biology approach to characterize the presynaptic (PRE) nerve terminal. For this, we carried out proteomic analyses of presynaptically enriched fractions, and generated a PRE literature‐based protein–protein interaction network. We combined these with other proteomic analyses to generate a core list of 117 PRE proteins, and used graph theory‐inspired algorithms to predict 92 additional components and a PRE complex containing 17 proteins. Some of these predictions were validated experimentally, indicating that the computational analyses can identify novel proteins and complexes in a subcellular compartment. We conclude that the combination of techniques (proteomics, data integration, and computational analyses) used in this study are useful in obtaining a comprehensive understanding of functional components, especially low‐abundance entities and/or interactions in the PRE nerve terminal.     

RNA interference for the study and genetic manipulation of ticks

Ticks are ectoparasites of wild and domestic animals, and humans. A more comprehensive understanding of tick function and the tick-pathogen interface is needed to formulate improved tick-control methods. RNA interference (RNAi) is the most widely used gene-silencing technique in ticks where the use of other methods of genetic manipulations has been limited. In the short time that RNAi has been available, it has proved to be a valuable tool for studying tick gene function, the characterization of the tick-pathogen interface, and the screening and characterization of tick protective antigens. This review considers the applications of RNAi to tick research and the potential of this technique for tick functional studies, and to elucidate the tick-pathogen and tick-host interface. It is probable that the knowledge gained from this experimental approach will contribute to development of vaccines to control tick infestations and the transmission of tick-borne pathogens.     

虚拟仿真技术助力下的“医学微生物学”实验课程教学方案设计和实践

近年来,虚拟仿真技术在实验教学中获得了广泛的应用,取得了令人瞩目的成绩。由于学科特点,"医学微生物学"实验课程特别适合通过虚拟仿真技术丰富实验教学内容,从某种意义上说虚拟仿真技术重新构建了"医学微生物学"实验课程的教学体系。本文以"医学微生物学"实验课程教学局限性为着眼点,重点阐述基于虚拟仿真技术在加强生物安全教育、重构教学内容、创新教学手段等方面的有益实践和探索。相较于传统实验教学,该教学方案极大地丰富了教学内容,能够更好地培养学生的综合实验能力和职业责任感,切实提高实验教学质量,有望为虚拟仿真实验建设及基础医学实验教学改革提供借鉴参考。