超干贮藏提高梭梭种子的耐贮藏性

梭梭 (HaloxylonammodendronBge .)的种子为短命种子 ,在自然状态下 ,种子的含水量为 8.5 % ,寿命约为 10个月。将梭梭种子含水量降至 2 .5 %和 1.4% ,其耐贮藏力增强。经过 5 0℃下 5d和 10d的人工加速老化后 ,超干种子表现出较强的抗老化能力。与对照相比 ,超干种子具有较高的萌发率、活力指数及较长的根 ,其细胞膜具有较低的电导率和较高的脱氢酶活性     

濒危植物西康玉兰种子休眠、萌发及贮藏特性

研究了西康玉兰(Magnolia wilsonii)种胚的形态大小,温度、层积、硝酸钾、浸种处理和GA_3对种子休眠及萌发的影响.通过将种子脱水至不同含水量和在两种温度(4℃和一20℃)下贮藏100 d后测其生活力,分析各处理对西康玉兰种子活力的影响.结果表明:西康玉兰种子胚尚未分化完全,需经过低温层积完成生理后熟;低温层积和GA3可打破种子休眠.种子最适萌发温度为25/20℃.由此推测,西康玉兰种子具有形态生理休眠特性.西康玉兰种子当含水量降至5.39%,存活率为53.50%.不同含水量的种子贮藏在-20℃条件下,100 d后种子全部死亡;但在4℃下含水量为10.31%的种子存活力高达76%.因此,西康玉兰种子极可能属于中间性种子,其适宜贮藏环境为4℃下的干藏或湿藏.     

不同贮藏条件下豆薯种子的脂质过氧化研究

豆薯(Pachyrhizuus erosus(L.)Urban)种子分别在4℃、15℃相对湿度(RH)45%及室温开放条件下贮藏,或新鲜种子进行超干处理将其含水量降到6.43%后密封贮存,以探讨种子劣变的生理机制.结果表明,豆薯种子在室温开放贮藏12个月的发芽率降至50%,24个月后发芽力完全丧失.4℃下贮藏豆薯种子最有效,贮藏后种子的电导率和紫外吸收值较低,过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性仍保持较高水平,种子萌发时释放出的挥发性醛也较低.适当的超干处理效果与15℃45%RH相似,但不及4℃的.     

超干贮藏榆树种子萌发过程中ATP和可溶性糖含量的变化

经过超干(种子含水量3.73%)贮藏(普通室温下2个月)的榆树种子萌发过程中ATP与可溶性糖含量和ATP酶、淀粉酶、抗氧化酶的活性都高于对照(种子含水量9.34%,普通室温下贮臧),说明适度的超干贮藏有利于保持种子活力.     

洋葱种子含水量与贮藏温度对其寿命的影响

不同含水量（MC7.1％～1.2％）的洋葱种子贮藏在35℃、室温、15℃和5℃条件下1～3年,适度超干处理能延长种子的贮藏寿命;种子的贮藏寿命与种子含水量和贮藏温度密切相关。种子贮藏的最适含水量随温度的改变而发生相应的变化,35℃时MC为3.4％;室温时为3.4％～4.5％;15℃时为4.5%～5.1％。MC≤2.2％不利于延长种子寿命。在室温自然条件下贮藏1～3年,适度超干种子（MC3.4％）内MDA和H2O2含量、O－*2产生速率和LOX活性明显地低于未超干种子（MC7.1％）和高度超干种子（MC1.2％）,而抗氧化酶AsA-POD、CAT和SOD的活性显著地高于未超干种子（MC7.1％）和高度超干种子（MC1.2％）。据此认为对脂质过氧化的抑制作用是适度超干种子耐贮藏的生理原因之一。     

盐旱胁迫对3种新疆造林树木种子萌发的影响

以3种新疆常见造林树木白榆、大叶白蜡、梭梭种子为材料,通过测定不同土壤含盐量(0.1%～0.5%)和含水量(9%～23%)复合胁迫作用下种子的发芽率、发芽指数,以探讨3种种子萌发对盐分和干旱胁迫的响应特征.结果显示:(1)梭梭种子对盐和干旱胁迫的适应范围最广,大叶白蜡次之,然后是白榆.(2)在土壤含盐量不超过0.2%情况下,土壤含水量达到17%以后,3种树木种子发芽率都在50%以上;而当土壤含盐量为0.3%时,3树种种子仅在23%含水量下有较高发芽率;0.4%土壤含盐量条件下,只在含水量为23%时,梭梭、大叶白蜡萌发率能达到50%以上;0.5%土壤含盐量时,仅梭梭种子萌发率达到50%.(3)白榆、大叶白蜡、梭梭的耐旱临界值分别为15.1%、10.7%、9.6%,耐盐临界值分别为0.34%、0.41%、1.03%.研究表明,盐旱胁迫存在明显互作效应,盐旱复合胁迫对种子萌发的危害性明显强于单一的盐胁迫或旱胁迫.     

种子超干贮藏技术研究的背景和现状

综述了种子超干贮藏技术的研究背景和进展, 对目前超干贮藏技术研究所涉及的物种、种子超干贮藏的方法、超干贮藏种子含水量的安全下限和最佳贮藏含水量, 以及种子超干贮藏应用于种质库的可行性和前景作了评述。     

超干处理对胡杨种子抗逆生理生化指标的影响

以珍稀濒危植物胡杨种子为材料,采用硅胶脱水的方法制备不同含水量的种子,再经不同相对湿度的溶液对种子进行回湿处理,确定最适含水量及最适回湿方法;对最适含水量种子进行50℃高温老化处理,经回湿后测定各种酶活性、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及丙二醛含量,考察超干保存的效果,明确超干保存胡杨种子的可行性。结果表明:(1)当胡杨种子含水量降至3.4%时,其发芽率开始显著下降,但经回湿处理后的发芽率和发芽指数可恢复至未经超干处理样品的水平。(2)采用4种不同的方法对含水量为3.4%的种子进行回湿处理,各回湿方法处理的种子发芽率和发芽指数均显著高于未回湿处理,并以先用饱和CaCl2回湿12h后再用饱和NH4Cl回湿12h的处理效果最佳。(3)在50℃高温老化处理过程中,超干处理(含水量为3.4%)和未超干处理的胡杨种子过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶活性以及可溶性糖的含量均逐渐降低,而丙二醛的含量则逐渐升高,但超干处理种子的升降幅度明显较小。研究认为,胡杨种子超干处理的最适含水量为3.4%,超干处理种子较适宜的回湿方法是饱和CaCl2和饱和NH4Cl依次回湿处理各12h,超干处理可使胡杨种子抗氧化酶活性和可溶性糖含量于老化过程中维持在相对较高水平,膜系统伤害较轻,从而提高种子的抗老化能力,说明超干保存胡杨种子具有一定的可行性。     

种子超干贮藏技术应用面临的问题和研究方向

种子超干贮藏技术对种质资源保存具有很大的应用前景,但鉴于目前的研究进展,其应用还存在诸多技术上的问题。本文对种子超干贮藏技术在种子库中应用所面临的挑战以及需要开展的研究内容进行了如下几个方面的讨论：种子贮藏安全含水量下限的多样性决定了超干技术应用的复杂性;超干贮藏含水量安全下限的确定尚未有可靠的方法;超干贮藏的种子吸胀前需要恰当的预处理以避免吸胀损伤;超干处理前外源抗氧剂预处理可能改善超干贮藏效果;无氧条件可能对超干贮藏具有增效作用;糖类物质以及两性物质对种子在超干处理及超干贮藏过程中的保护作用。     

贮藏温度和超干处理对沙芥属种子萌发及解剖结构的影响

以沙芥种子(含水量4.5%)和斧形沙芥种子(含水量4.3%)为材料,采用硅胶干燥法将其含水量分别降至3.1%、2.2%、1.3%,在50℃、35℃和20℃条件下密闭贮藏1年,研究贮藏温度和超干处理对种子萌发指标、解剖结构的影响,为种子老化及贮藏研究提供理论参考。结果表明:(1)随着贮藏温度升高和种子含水量降低,沙芥和斧形沙芥种子的发芽率、胚根长、胚根干质量均在下降。(2)解剖观察发现,贮藏温度升高和种子含水量降低,首先加剧种子胚内部维管束组织活性的降低,其次由里及外对薄壁细胞活性和结构产生破坏,同时胚淀粉粒活性和数量下降。(3)沙芥和斧形沙芥种子分别在含水量4.5%和4.3%(CK)、并于20℃～35℃条件下贮藏后,种子的萌发和结构活性保持最好,而且斧形沙芥种子的保持能力强于沙芥。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.