干旱胁迫对不同根型苜蓿根系生长及根际土壤细菌的影响

为明确干旱胁迫对根茎型清水紫花苜蓿、直根型陇东紫花苜蓿、根蘖型公农4号杂花苜蓿根系生长及根际土壤细菌群落的影响,采用盆栽试验,运用16S rRNA基因测序技术,研究了幼苗期干旱胁迫下各根型苜蓿根系生长及根际土壤细菌群落结构的变化。结果表明：干旱胁迫下各根型苜蓿的Chao1和ACE丰富度指数均在中度胁迫下最大,Simpson和Shannon-wiener多样性指数各处理间差异不显著;根际土壤细菌群落均以变形菌门、绿弯菌门、类杆菌门、放线菌门和厚壁菌门为主,干旱胁迫均显著增加了变形菌门和厚壁菌门的相对丰度,显著降低了绿弯菌门的相对丰度,但类杆菌门和放线菌门先提高后下降。统计学分析显示,幼苗期干旱胁迫显著影响各根型苜蓿生长发育,随胁迫程度增加,其株高、地上生物量、地下生物量、根系活力、根体积、根系总长均显著降低,根冠比先增加后下降且在中度胁迫时达到最大值。重度胁迫下,清水苜蓿的株高、根系活力显著大于其他品种,而根冠比、根系干重显著小于其他品种;陇东苜蓿的根长、根尖数均显著大于其他品种;根系平均直径、根系总表面积各根型苜蓿间差异不显著。研究结果为植物的抗干旱胁迫以及提高各根型苜蓿在干旱胁迫下的水分利用提供参考。     

不同抗旱性花生品种的根系形态发育及其对干旱胁迫的响应

为明确不同抗旱性花生品种的根系形态发育特征,探讨其根系形态发育特征对不同土壤水分状况的响应机制,在防雨棚旱池内进行土柱栽培试验,研究抗旱型品种“花育22号”、“唐科8号”和干旱敏感型品种“花育23号”3个不同抗旱性花生品种根系形态发育特征及其对干旱胁迫的响应.结果表明:抗旱型品种根系较发达,具有较大的根系生物量、总根长、总根系表面积.干旱胁迫使抗旱型品种根系总表面积和体积增加,而干旱敏感型品种则相反.干旱胁迫显著增加抗旱型品种“花育22号”20 cm以下土层内根长密度分布比例及根系表面积和体积,但“唐科8号”相应根系性状仅在20-40 cm土层内增加;干旱胁迫使干旱敏感型品种“花育23号”40 cm以下土层内各根系性状升高,但未达显著水平且其深层土壤内各根系性状增加幅度小于“花育22号”.花生根系总长、总表面积及0-20 cm土层内根系性状与产量间呈显著或极显著正相关.土壤水分亏缺条件下,花生主要通过增加深层土壤内根长、根系表面积和体积等形态特性,优化空间分布构型,以调节植株对水分的利用.     

河西走廊中部两种荒漠植物根系构型特征

在河西走廊中部,采用挖掘法挖取红砂和白刺根系,应用拓扑学与分形理论分析了根系构型的特征.结果表明: 2种荒漠植物根系的拓扑指数均较小,根系分支模式均近似为叉状分支结构.红砂和白刺根系具有较好的分形特征,其分形维数分别为(1.18±0.04)和(1.36±0.06);分形维数、分形丰度与根系平均连接长度均呈显著正相关.2种荒漠植物根系的平均连接长度均较大,以扩大植物的有效营养空间,从而适应干旱贫瘠的土壤环境.2种荒漠植物根系分支前的横截面积等于根系分支后的横截面积之和,验证了Leonardo da Vinci法则.对17个根系构型参数进行主成分分析,根系拓扑指数、根系连接数量、逐步分支率和根系直径4个根系构型参数能很好地表示2种荒漠植物根系构型特征.     

水分胁迫和接种菌根真菌对青冈栎根系形态的影响

以石漠化地区造林树种青冈栎幼苗为试验材料,在盆栽条件下,分别用内生菌根真菌摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae,Gm)、根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices,Gi)、外生菌根真菌彩色豆马勃(Pisolithus tinctorius,Pt)和3种菌根真菌混合菌剂进行接种,利用根系扫描仪Epson Perfection V700和根系分析软件WinRhizo,研究了正常水分、中度干旱和重度干旱条件下菌根真菌对青冈栎幼苗根系形态的影响。结果表明:在土壤干旱条件下,接种菌根真菌使青冈栎根系生物量、总根长、根表面积和根体积显著增加,使根平均直径减小;在土壤中度干旱胁迫下,Pt处理根表面积显著高于Gm和Gi处理,而根平均直径显著小于Gm和Gi;在重度干旱胁迫下,Pt处理根生物量和根体积显著小于Gm和Gi,根平均直径显著大于Gm和Gi;相关性分析表明,菌根侵染率与根生物量和总根长呈极显著正相关。本研究表明,在干旱条件下,菌根真菌可改变青冈栎幼苗根系形态,促进碳水化合物向根系积累和分配。     

科尔沁沙地赤松和樟子松根系生物量分配与构型特征

沙地赤松(Pinus densiflora)在科尔沁沙地南缘区已有50年的引种历史,但其生长表现和根系生物量分配与构型特征还很少被报道。本研究以同龄(40 a)樟子松为对照,在生长指标测定基础上,采用分层分段全挖法采集根系,对沙地赤松不同径级根生物量分配规律进行研究,测定根长、连接数量、平均连接长度等指标,同时计算分形维数和分形丰度。结果表明:与樟子松相比,沙地赤松具有较大生长量和生物量,其根生物量显著高于樟子松,是其1.96倍,细根(直径≤0.2 cm)生物量更显著高于樟子松,是其4.76倍;沙地赤松根系生物量占总生物量的29.0%,细根生物量占总根系生物量的1.1%,细根长度占根总长度的44.3%;樟子松根系生物量占总生物量的25.6%,细根生物量占总根系生物量的0.4%,细根长度占根总长度的28.8%;从根系垂直分布看,沙地赤松地下0~180 cm均有细根分布,且40~180 cm范围内细根生物量占总细根生物量的65.2%;樟子松几乎全部细根分布于0~100 cm范围内,此范围细根生物量占总细根生物量的99.2%,且0~40 cm土层细根生物量占63.4%;虽然两树种根系平均连接长度没有显著差异,但沙地赤松细根及部分中根(0.2~2.0 cm)连接数量显著高于樟子松;沙地赤松根系分形维数为1.548±0.251,是樟子松(1.293±0.190)的1.2倍,并且分形丰度是樟子松的1.3倍;与樟子松相比,沙地赤松根系具有较强的吸收能力,能够利用较大范围的深层水分和养分,根系分支多,拓扑结构更加复杂。     

干旱条件下接种AM真菌对小马鞍羊蹄甲幼苗根系的影响

为了探讨岷江干旱河谷丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对寄主植物幼苗根系的影响,通过接种购买的AMF摩西球囊霉菌(Funneliformis mosseae)到优势乡土灌木小马鞍羊蹄甲(Bauhinia faberi var.microphylla)幼苗,在重度、中度和轻度干旱条件下培养3个月,研究不同干旱条件下AMF对幼苗根系形态特征、结构特征、功能性状的影响。方差分析结果表明:(1)3种干旱胁迫条件下,接菌均显著增加了幼苗的根总长、根表面积、根分枝数、根尖数(P0.001),在中度胁迫和轻度胁迫下,接菌显著促进根鲜重、根体积的增加(P0.001),轻度胁迫条件下接菌幼苗的根鲜重、根总长、根表面积、根体积、根尖数最高并显著高于其它处理,但接菌与未接菌的根平均直径之间没有显著差异;(2)接菌幼苗根系趋向于叉状分支结构,在重度胁迫时,叉状分支趋势更显著(P0.001);(3)接菌幼苗的根比例都显著小于未接菌的,但幼苗比根长不存在显著差异。相关分析结果表明:菌根侵染率与根鲜重、根总长、根表面积、根体积、根分枝数、根尖数呈极显著正相关(P0.001),与拓扑指数、根比例呈极显著负相关(P0.001)。研究表明,在干旱条件下,AMF虽然没有提高生长初期的根系的吸收效率,但接种AMF显著影响幼苗根系形态特征和结构特征,更利于植物适应干旱环境,并且AMF对幼苗根系的促生作用随着干旱胁迫程度减轻而提高。     

干旱对杉木幼苗根系构型及非结构性碳水化合物的影响

通过比较不同时期不同强度干旱胁迫下杉木1年生盆栽苗地上部分生长、根系构型以及根系中非结构性碳水化合物含量（TNC）的变化,并分析各指标之间的相关性,探究杉木根系在干旱胁迫下的适应性策略以及抗旱生理机制,以期为杉木造林生产和水分管理提供科学依据和技术指导。结果表明：随着干旱程度的加强,杉木幼苗地上部分干重（SDW）、根干重（RDW）、根长（RL）、根表面积（SA）、根体积（RV）、根尖数（RT）、根系分支角度（Angle）、分形维数（FD）逐渐减小,根冠比（R/T）逐渐增大,根系拓扑指数（TI）、根系平均直径（RD）先增大后减小,比根长（SRL）先减小后增大。而根系连接长度（LL）、TNC、糖淀比在不同时期表现出不同的趋势。连接长度随着干旱胁迫的加强在30 d和60 d时表现出逐渐增加趋势而在90 d时则表现出先减小后增大的趋势。TNC在30 d和60 d时先增大后减小,但90 d时,呈逐渐下降的趋势。糖淀比随着干旱胁迫的加强在30 d和60 d时表现出先增加后减小趋势,90 d时,表现为先减小后增大。干旱胁迫显著影响根系在不同径级的分布长度,且随着胁迫时间的延长不断变化。杉木地上部分生长与根系生长指标（RL、SA、RV、RT、RDW）以及根系构型指标（Angle、FD）之间存在显著的正相关（P < 0.01）,根系平均直径与TNC存在显著的正相关（P < 0.05）。总之,杉木通过增加根系光合产物的积累、提高根系建成成本,增加有限成本下根系的复杂程度和延伸范围,降低根系分支角度,使根系"更陡更深"来适应不同强度的干旱胁迫。     

不同林龄胡杨克隆繁殖根系分布特征及其构型

以中龄林和成熟林胡杨为研究对象,采用挖剖面和根窗的方法,研究胡杨繁殖根系分布、根系构型,以及胡杨根蘖与繁殖根系构型之间的关系。结果表明:(1)细根(d<2 mm)的根长密度、根表面积密度,随深度增加呈现指数函数分布;(2)中龄林细根的根长密度、根表面积密度在0—90 cm各层都是显著大于成熟林的对应指标(P<0.05),成熟林的中等粗根(5 mm0.05),且两种林龄的一级侧根数、分枝角度亦无显著差异(P>0.05);(5)对比两种林龄不同根序上的根蘖芽发现,二级根上不定芽个数均是同组一级根上不定芽个数的3—4倍;基于以上对胡杨根系的功能权衡的分析,得出:细根对胡杨根系构型有重要的影响,在胡杨根系功能权衡中扮演重要角色。     

干旱胁迫对花生根系生长发育和生理特性的影响

以花育17号和唐科8号两个花生品种为试验材料,在防雨棚栽培池内进行土柱栽培试验,研究了中度干旱胁迫和正常供水处理下花生生育后期根系形态发育特征和生理特性.结果表明: 唐科8号具有较发达的根系及较高的产量和抗旱系数,花育17号根系对干旱胁迫的适应性小于唐科8号.两品种根长密度、根系生物量均主要分布于0～40 cm土层中,但同一土层内两品种根系性状存在差异.与正常供水处理相比,干旱胁迫处理使花育17号各生育期总根长、根系总表面积和总体积均降低,而唐科8号除花针期显著降低外,其余生育期均明显升高;干旱胁迫增加了两品种20～40 cm土层内根系生物量、根系表面积和体积,而降低了40 cm以下土层内各根系性状;干旱胁迫处理使两品种饱果期40 cm以下土层内根系活力降低,且花育17号降低幅度高于唐科8号.干旱胁迫下两品种生育后期根系发育和生理特性的差异表明其根系在干旱胁迫下对水分吸收和利用存在差异.     

典型黑土区主要树种根系构型特征及其对固土能力的影响

为量化典型黑土区主要树种根系构型特征,探究其对固土能力的影响,以该区分布较广的榆叶梅、小叶锦鸡儿、白桦、糖槭、红皮云杉、樟子松单株个体为研究对象,采用全根挖掘和WinRHIZO Pro LA2004分析系统相结合对其根系空间分布、几何形态、分形等特征进行测定,同时采用原位整株根系拉拔的方法量化根系垂直拉拔力。结果表明: 榆叶梅以倾斜根为主,小叶锦鸡儿、白桦、糖槭和红皮云杉以水平根为主,樟子松根系在水平和垂直分布上较为均衡;除白桦总根表面积和红皮云杉总根长外,灌木树种总根长、总根表面积显著大于乔木,落叶阔叶乔木总根长、总根表面积显著大于针叶常绿乔木,白桦总根体积显著大于小叶锦鸡儿、糖槭、红皮云杉和樟子松;榆叶梅、小叶锦鸡儿和白桦根系分形维数和分形丰度显著大于红皮云杉和樟子松;榆叶梅、小叶锦鸡儿和糖槭整株根系平均最大垂直拉拔力显著大于白桦、樟子松和红皮云杉。主要受根系总根长、总根表面积和倾斜根数量的影响,榆叶梅、小叶锦鸡儿和糖槭根系表现出较强的固土能力,可作为典型黑土区水土保持植被构建中优先选择的树种。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.