山西太原市综合公园植物多样性研究

城市公园绿地是城市园林绿地系统的主体,是集中体现城市植物多样性的场所,研究其植物多样性可为城市生物多样性保护提供基础。以山西太原市 17 个综合公园为研究对象,从植物应用的重要值、 Margalef 丰富度、Shannon-Wiener 多样性和 Pielou 均匀度分析其植物多样性,为太原市公园植物多样性保护及公园绿地建设提供参考。研究表明太原市综合公园的植物种类有 78 科 164 属 285 种。植物应用重要值排名前五的种类为大叶黄杨 > 紫叶小檗 > 圆柏 > 国槐 > 金叶女贞。植物丰富度指数为 26.42,乔木层 > 草本层 > 灌木层;多样性指数为 3.13,乔木层 >灌木层;均匀度指数为 0.60,乔木层 >灌木层。木本植物多样性总体评价较高的公园为汾河公园、玉门河公园和晋祠公园;较低的为映山湖公园、长风商务区大平台景观绿化、南海子公园。     

北京温榆河公园不同建成时间城市绿地鸟类群落组成的空间变化与栖息地质量评价

公园作为城市绿地生态系统的重要组成部分，其鸟类群落组成与栖息地质量情况密切相关，是城市环境的重要指示指标。北京温榆河公园于2019年启动建设，是城区最大的生态空间。为了解公园建设过程中鸟类多样性的变化，给公园运行管理提供科学依据，2020年9月—2021年8月对其中2010年已建成的清河营郊野公园、2020年9月新建成的朝阳示范区、规划中尚未建设的温榆河与清河交汇处采用样线法开展鸟类多样性月度调查，并在此基础上结合遥感解译和食源植物多样性调查对鸟类栖息地质量进行评价。共记录到鸟类65种，隶属于13目29科，其中国家二级保护动物4种。温榆河与清河交汇处鸟类丰度、多度和多样性指数最高，Shannon指数平均为2.20±0.30,鸟类栖息地质量评分为优。朝阳示范区保护及受威胁鸟类多样性指数较高，Shannon指数平均为1.89±0.28,鸟类栖息地质量评分为良。清河营郊野公园鸟类多度和丰度最低，Shannon指数平均为1.49±0.27,鸟类栖息地质量评分为优。温榆河与清河交汇处是维持公园生物多样性最重要的点位，在建设中将作为核心区予以保留，减少人工绿地设置。今后公园生物多样性保护与建设中可...     

城市化鸟类群落变化及其与城市植被的关系

持续而快速的城市化进程正在助长全球生物多样性的丧失,其中鸟类是城市生态系统的重要环节和城市生物多样性保护的重点目标,同时也是研究的热点内容。从城市环境变化压力下,鸟类群落组成与结构、空间分布和繁殖营巢方式的改变分析,重点介绍了支持城市地区鸟类多样性的植物环境因素与影响机制的最新研究成果。结果表明：1）城市中的植被和绿色空间为城市鸟类提供生存空间和食物资源,是城市鸟类最主要的栖息地。2）保留原生乡土植物和大型树木的地区能支持更丰富的鸟类物种。3）植被的结构和盖度对鸟类群落有显著影响。林冠覆盖率增加,复杂的垂直空间和多样的植物种类的组合产生各种不同类型的植物空间和栖息地类型,吸引不同的鸟类物种,相应地也会导致更丰富的鸟类群落。总之,保持和加强城市中植物环境良好和稳定是保护城市生物多样性的有效手段。据此,提出城市环境与鸟类群落关系研究的未来发展方向,指出了其在鸟类多样性保护和城市可持续发展等领域的应用前景。     

荔枝果园植物群落动态变化及其对昆虫多样性的影响

果园生态系统的植物多样性是害虫天敌多样性的基础。以广西横县境内莲州路荔枝果园为样本,调查其中草本植物的种类和数量,从群落物种的4个特征指数(丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数及优势集中性指数)来分析果园植被多样性状况及季节性变化规律;同时调查分析果园栖生昆虫的种类、数量和4个相关性指数,探讨果园植被多样性与昆虫多样性的相关关系。结果表明,4～9月间,果园植物多样性指数在0.842～1.370之间;物种均匀度指数在0.445～0.659之间;优势集中性指数在0.326～0.518之间。昆虫与植被多样性指数峰值出现的时间基本同步,都在5～6月间。植被多样性指数较小起伏可导致昆虫多样性指数较大波动,说明栖息地植被多样性变化对昆虫群落的结构和组成产生较大影响,昆虫多样性与栖息地植被多样性密切相关。     

城市绿地昆虫群落结构及多样性——以成都市为例

为研究成都城市绿地昆虫群落功能团结构及其多样性的变化,于2020年6-10月,采用扫网、网捕、搜寻、目测和振落等方法对成都3种功能绿地（公园绿地、生产绿地和道路绿地）昆虫进行调查。调查共采集昆虫29 382号,隶属15目130科747种。其中半翅目Hemiptera、膜翅目Hymenoptera、双翅目Diptera在3种功能绿地中均属于优势类群;在不同功能绿地,植食性昆虫的丰富度总体高于寄生性、捕食性和中性昆虫;不同功能集团在各功能绿地的α多样性指数均无显著差异,植食性-捕食性昆虫（Ph-Pr）、植食性-寄生性（Ph-Pa）昆虫个体数在生产绿地中呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,公园绿地和生产绿地昆虫群落结构最为相似;Ss/Si和Sn/Sp两个稳定性指标表明：3种生境昆虫群落最稳定的时期是9月。结果表明,成都城市绿地昆虫物种多样性较为丰富,3种绿地昆虫群落组成较相似,各绿地间功能团结构特征无显著差异;各绿地功能团丰富度时序变化趋势基本一致,9月是成都市绿地昆虫群落结构最稳定的时期。     

环境因子对上海城市园林春季鸟类群落结构特征的影响

2004年3—5月,对上海8个园林绿地的春季鸟类做了研究。在调查中共观察到55种鸟类,其中留鸟31种,候鸟24种。运用回归与相关统计分析方法分析了鸟类群落结构和分布特征与8个园林绿地的公园面积、水体比例、植被种数、乔木层盖度、灌木层盖度、草本层盖度、地形坡度异质性、临主干道状况、人流量、行道宽度10项环境指标的关系。结果表明：(1)公园面积、植被种数、灌木层盖度、草本层盖度、地形坡度异质性、临主干道状况、行道宽度等7个因子在影响园林鸟类群落结构和分布中起关键性作用;(2)上海城市鸟类数量、多样性呈单一化趋势,而且公园绿地内大面积水体等建设方案并不利于鸟类的栖息。     

浙江天台山甜槠群落物种多样性研究

对浙江省天台山甜槠群落的不同样地、不同层次的物种丰富度、物种多样性指数和群落均匀度进行了分析。结果表明:木本植物的物种丰富度、物种多样性指数明显大于草本植物,而群落均匀度两者无显著差异。在群落垂直结构中,乔木层第二亚层的物种丰富度、物种多样性指数均显著大于第一亚层,它们之间的群落均匀度差异不显著。灌木层的物种丰富度、多样性指数最大,乔木层次之,草本层最小。灌木层的群落均匀度明显大于乔木层,而乔木层、灌木层的群落均匀度与草本层差异不显著。乔木层、灌木层、草本层的多样性各项指标在群落各样地间均有一定的差异,相对而言,灌木层、乔木层的差异较小,草本层的差异较大。     

上海城市绿地冬季鸟类群落特征与生境的关系

2005年11月至2006年2月对上海市区绿地鸟类进行了调查,共记录到鸟类34种,隶属5目16科。研究发现冬季鸟类群落结构相对稳定,优势种为麻雀(Passer montanus)和白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)。冬季鸟类群落多样性受多种因素的影响,其中绿地面积、乔木盖度和栖息地类型多样性是影响鸟类多样性的关键因子。聚类结果表明,面积大、生境类型丰富及人为干扰相对较少的绿地,鸟类多样性高。因此提出如下建议:(1)增加城市中植物种类,特别是乡土物种,适当提高冬季常绿乔木以及乔、灌、草的比例;(2)在绿地中尽可能多地保留自然生境;(3)在城市绿地中适当开辟湿地生境,以吸引水鸟栖息。     

五台山林区典型人工林群落物种多样性研究

对山西五台山林区4种典型人工林群落物种多样性特征进行了定量研究,结果表明: 1 4种人工林群落灌木层和草本层的Simpson指数 D 和Shannon-Wienner指数 H′ 差异不显著,物种丰富度指数和均匀度指数 Jsw 差异显著,均匀度指数 Ea 差异极显著,草本层发育明显好于灌木层; 2 各人工群落尚处于演替初期阶段,林下植被发育常以禾本科阳生性植物为主; 3 对4种人工林群落灌草层物种多样性显著性检验结果显示,在灌草层物种多样性特征上,油松林与桦木林、山杨林多样性差异显著 P<0.05 ,其它群落差异不显著.山杨林物种多样性程度较高,油松林最差; 4 不同人工林群落物种总体多样性特征分析表明,桦木和山杨人工林群落总体α多样性与油松林差异显著,且多样性较大,阔叶林更有利于林下植被的发育和更新; 5 对人工生态系统物种多样性研究是退耕还林、天然林保护等生态环境工程的延伸,对于植被恢复后的生物学效果评价有重要意义.     

深圳近海公园植物群落结构特征及其与景观格局的相关性

城市公园植物群落为城市生态系统提供重要的生态服务。对深圳最具代表性的6个近海城市公园进行实地调查,同时结合高分辨率的遥感图像,分析其植物群落结构特征及其与公园内部景观格局的相关关系。结果表明：（1）共调查到近海公园植物108科310属471种,其中乡土植物82科169属231种。草本植物中乡土植物比例较高,而木本中乡土植物占比较低。（2）TS-4和H-1分别是近海公园最常见的乔灌群落类型和草本群落类型,其样地量分别占总量的39%和26%。常见群落的指示种多数具有热带性质并占据主体地位。（3）公园中灌木植物种数低于乔木和草本植物,但群落稳定性较高。（4）半自然型和人工型近海公园各类植物的相似性,以灌木层植物最低。（5）公园整体景观格局中,斑块密度与林地面积比、林地最大斑块面积比呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。（6）各层植物多样性也受到景观格局显著影响：草本层植物多样性与草地、林地的斑块形状复杂程度分别呈显著负相关（P<0.05）;灌木层植物多样性与林地、水体的景观破碎度呈显著负相关（P<0.05）;乔木层植物多样性与草地最大斑块指数呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。公园景观破碎度的增大可能会导致植被景观面积减少。建议在公园植物造景初期就要重视对灌木的运用,尤其是一些生态本底比较脆弱的公园,以提高植物群落的稳定性和低维护性。同时应尽可能保留大面积的核心植被生态斑块,更好地发挥其生态功能。研究结果可为城市公园的规划设计、植物群落的优化配置与城市生物多样性保护提供依据。     

Environmental drivers of spider community composition at multiple scales along an urban gradient

Broad-scale modification of natural ecosystems associated with urbanisation often leads to localised extinctions and reduced species richness. Despite this, habitats within the urban matrix are still capable of supporting biodiversity to varying degrees. As species have different responses to anthropogenic habitat modification, the species composition of urban areas can depend greatly on the habitat characteristics of the local and surrounding areas. The aim of this study was to compare the community composition of spiders in private gardens, urban parks, patches of remnant vegetation and continuous bushland sites, so as to identify habitat variables associated with variation in spider populations along and within the urban gradient and matrix. Overall spider abundances and richness were highest in remnant vegetation patches and were associated with increased vegetation cover at microhabitat and landscape-scales. While gardens were not as diverse as remnant patches, they did support a surprisingly high diversity of spiders. We also found that species composition differed significantly between gardens and other urban green spaces. Higher richness within gardens was also associated with greater vegetation cover, indicating the importance of private management decisions on local biodiversity. Differences in community composition between land-use types were driven by a small number of urban-tolerant species, and spider guilds showed different responses to habitat traits such as vegetation cover and human population densities. This study demonstrates that urban land-uses support unique spider communities and that maintaining vegetation cover within the urban matrix is essential in order to support diverse spider communities in cities.     

Woody plant composition and diversity of urban green spaces in Istanbul,Turkey

Abstract

The high urbanization rate of Istanbul in response to rapid population decreased the size and amount of green spaces. Thereby, every green space types are of vital importance in terms of conservation of urban biodiversity. In this study, it was aimed to compare woody species composition of main green space types consist of artificial and natural sites. Botanical gardens had the highest diversity followed by gardens. Residential areas showed to be important in terms of shrub (52%) and evergreen species (58%), which are mostly exotics (71%). The ratio of the invasive plants in the composition was higher in parks, which contain highway greenings and public gardens. Since the most tree species used in public green areas of Istanbul were mostly same with the species used in European cities, all of the green space categories having varied composition must be considered as interconnected habitat patches in urban planning.     

Direct and indirect effects of land use on floral resources and flower‐visiting insects across an urban landscape

Although urban areas are often considered to have uniformly negative effects on biodiversity, cities are most accurately characterized as heterogeneous mosaics of buildings, streets, parks, and gardens that include both ‘good’ and ‘bad’ areas for wildlife. However, to date, few studies have evaluated how human impacts vary in direction and magnitude across a heterogeneous urban landscape. In this study, we assessed the distribution of floral resources and flower‐visiting insects across a variety of land uses in New York City. We visited both green spaces (e.g. parks, cemeteries) and heavily developed neighborhood blocks (e.g. with high or low density residential zoning) and used structural equation modeling (SEM) to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of median income, vegetation, and development intensity on floral resources and insects in both settings. Abundance and taxonomic richness of flower‐visiting insects was significantly greater in green spaces than neighborhood blocks. The SEM results indicated that heavily‐developed neighborhoods generally had fewer flower‐visiting insects consistent with reductions in floral resources. However, some low‐density residential neighborhoods maintained high levels of floral resources and flower‐visiting insects. We found that the effects of surrounding vegetation on floral resources, and thus indirect effects on insects, varied considerably between green spaces and neighborhood blocks. Along neighborhood blocks, vegetation consisted of a mosaic of open gardens and sparsely distributed trees and had a positive indirect effect on flower‐visiting insects. In contrast, vegetation in urban green spaces was associated with increased canopy cover and thus had a negative indirect effect on flower‐visiting insects through reductions in floral resources. In both neighborhood blocks and green spaces, vegetation had a positive direct effect on flower‐visiting insects independent of the influence of vegetation on floral resources. Our results demonstrate how inter‐related components of an urban ecosystem can vary with respect to one another across a heterogeneous urban landscape, suggesting that it is inappropriate to generalize about urban systems as a whole without first addressing differences among component land use types.     

Garden Size, Householder Knowledge, and Socio-Economic Status Influence Plant and Bird Diversity at the Scale of Individual Gardens

Domestic gardens collectively cover substantial areas within cities and play an important role in supporting urban biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. The extent of their contribution to urban biodiversity is ultimately determined by the attitudes, motivations, and practices of their owners. We identified variables characterizing individual householders and their properties that explained variation in perennial plant and avian species richness and plant diversity among 55 gardens in New Zealand. The size of the vegetated area was most important in explaining bird and plant diversity, independent of property size. Also important and positively associated with plant richness were socio-economic status and ability to discriminate between native and exotic species. Median housing age and neighborhood green space were less important. Contrary to expectations, better educated householders who demonstrated pro-environmental orientation (NEP) did not necessarily have gardens with greater plant diversity, however, people with higher NEP scores tended to have gardens with more structurally complex vegetation. Similar variables were important in explaining native and exotic species richness, but higher exotic plant diversity was associated with older people with smaller properties of lower value. Avian species richness increased primarily with vegetated area, but also the areas of beds and hedges. We demonstrate that although householder knowledge is an important determinant of garden biodiversity, vegetated area is most important. Promoting urban garden biodiversity requires that larger vegetated properties be supported and encouraged, and that planners should consider biodiversity when formulating policies concerning garden size, property size, and consents that may result in a progressive increase in the proportion of built over/paved areas.     

Woody trees,green space and park size improve avian biodiversity in urban landscapes of Peninsular Malaysia

Rapid urbanization in major cities has adversely affected avian biodiversity in both developed and developing countries. Due to over-urbanization and little regard for nature conservation, such cities are usually characterized by poor biodiversity. In contrast to central business district areas, suburbs may support greater levels of biodiversity through an increase in green areas. We examined urban bird species richness, abundance, and composition in Klang Valley, Peninsular Malaysia. We surveyed 141 points for passerines across 80 parks grouped into two different urban zones, namely central business districts and suburbs. Our results revealed that bird richness did not differ significantly (p = 0.994) between central business districts and the suburbs. We found that the abundances of birds were significantly greater in the suburbs than in central business districts. However, species composition was similar between the central business districts and suburbs. We also found that bird richness increased significantly with an increase in size of green areas and park areas, as well as the number of woody trees in both zones. Evidence from this study suggests that creating urban parks and gardens, coupled with tree planting in central business districts, is able to support greater biodiversity, at least for birds in cities similar to those found in the suburbs.     

北京城区公园的植物种类构成及空间结构

对植物种类构成及空间结构的研究,可为公园植物多样性保护及公园的科学管理提供重要依据.采用分层随机抽样调查法,调查了北京市五环以内的53处公园,共记录维管束植物96科283属492种.基于研究区乔、灌、草共21个调查项目的大量数据及相关统计分析,对北京城区公园绿地各层植物的常见结构型式进行了阐述.结果表明：北京城区公园植物中,本地种占5386%,植物属的区系地理分布很广泛,优势植物的优势性明显;研究区大部分公园的草本植物种类较为丰富、盖度较高,而灌木盖度偏低、树冠下的灌木也偏少,乔灌植物种类丰富度和密度不高,乔木冠幅、胸径、灌幅及乔灌高度基本在2级水平,但乔木冠层结构比较丰满、受光良好、生长状况良好,灌木叶层缺失不明显.通过相关分析和北京市园林绿化史调研结果推测,北京城区公园植物种类构成及其空间结构主要受园林设计、植物引种、种植管理的影响.     

Plant biodiversity and vegetation structure in traditional cocoa forest gardens in southern Cameroon under different management

Floristic surveys were performed in 17 traditional cocoa forest gardens under different management regimes in the humid forest area of southern Cameroon, to assess the impact of intensification on plant biodiversity. This impact was evaluated by analyzing species richness, vegetation structure, carbon sequestration and above ground biomass. We hypothesize that: (a) plant (tree and herbs) species richness is negatively correlated to management intensity and (b) vegetational density predictably change with management intensity. Our results show that management as practiced in traditional cocoa forest gardens in southern Cameroon following a gradient of intensification from extensive cocoa forest gardens with high floristic diversity to intensive ones strongly impacts plant diversity, plant biomass and to some extend carbon storage with possible negative consequences on biodiversity. Great differences in species richness, species composition, and, for trees, diameter at breast height and basal area were evident among the five types of traditional cocoa forest garden systems investigated. In terms of plant species richness, we found a decreasing gradient of plant species numbers from extensive forest gardens to intensive ones. This study also highlights the importance of the Management Index for quantifying differences in the management; this index could be used to standardize certification procedures and assess conservation progress and success. Our findings support the idea that traditional cocoa forest gardens can help to protect many forest species, sustains smallholder production and offer more scope for conservation of biodiversity, at both species-level and landscape-level. Moreover, diverse traditional cocoa forest gardens may help in regulating pests and diseases and allow for efficient adaptation to changing socioeconomic conditions.     

Effect of Landscape Pattern on Insect Species Density within Urban Green Spaces in Beijing,China

Urban green space is an important refuge of biodiversity in urban areas. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the relationship between the landscape pattern of green spaces and biodiversity to mitigate the negative effects of urbanization. In this study, we collected insects from 45 green patches in Beijing during July 2012 using suction sampling. The green patches were dominated by managed lawns, mixed with scattered trees and shrubs. We examined the effects of landscape pattern on insect species density using hierarchical partitioning analysis and partial least squares regression. The results of the hierarchical partitioning analysis indicated that five explanatory variables, i.e., patch area (with 19.9% independent effects), connectivity (13.9%), distance to nearest patch (13.8%), diversity for patch types (11.0%), and patch shape (8.3%), significantly contributed to insect species density. With the partial least squares regression model, we found species density was negatively related to patch area, shape, connectivity, diversity for patch types and proportion of impervious surface at the significance level of p < 0.05 and positively related to proportion of vegetated land. Regression tree analysis further showed that the highest species density was found in green patches with an area <500 m². Our results indicated that improvement in habitat quality, such as patch area and connectivity that are typically thought to be important for conservation, did not actually increase species density. However, increasing compactness (low-edge) of patch shape and landscape composition did have the expected effect. Therefore, it is recommended that the composition of the surrounding landscape should be considered simultaneously with planned improvements in local habitat quality.     

Revegetation of urban green space rewilds soil microbiotas with implications for human health and urban design

Many noncommunicable diseases are linked to degraded diversity in the human and environmental microbiota and are rising globally in epidemic proportions in industrialized urban populations. Reducing this disease burden may be aided by the ecological restoration of microbiota and their habitat in urban green spaces—a process termed microbiome rewilding. Microbiome rewilding could serve as a mechanism to increase urban exposure to biodiversity; biodiversity could introduce microbiota species or functional diversity to improve immune training and regulation in urban populations. As a first step in examining this hypothesis, we explored the microbial diversity and composition of a variety of urban green space vegetation types relative to urban revegetated woodlands of varying levels of vegetation diversity, including lawns, vacant lots, parklands, and remnant woodlands. We generated amplicon sequence variant community profiles from bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA, fungal ITS1 region, and eukaryotic 18S rRNA marker genes. We also made trophic‐mode predictions of the fungal amplicon sequence variants. Across sites, soil microbiotas in revegetated urban green spaces were similar to remnant woodland microbiotas and differed greatly from lawns and vacant lots. There were several differentially abundant genera likely driving these differences that had strong correlations to plant species richness, soil pH, and conductivity. We provide the first evidence, as far as we know, that revegetation can improve urban soil microbiota diversity toward a more natural, biodiverse state by creating more wild habitat conditions. This evidence supports initiating further studies within the growing field of microbiome rewilding.