北京温榆河-北运河生态廊道自生植物多样性对城市化的响应

城市化进程带来的城市生境破碎化对城市野生动植物多样性产生了巨大的影响,而生态廊道作为城市中的绿色线性空间,对缓解城市化进程下的生物多样性丧失具有重要作用。自生植物不仅是城市植物多样性的重要组成部分,也为乡土动物提供了赖以生存的资源,在低维护植物景观营造中起到关键作用。聚焦北京温榆河-北运河生态廊道,在对廊道自生植物总体物种组成进行分析的基础上,探究城市化梯度上自生植物物种组成与多样性特征差异,并分析不同自生植物种群对城市化水平的适应性。共调查到温榆河-北运河自生植物195种,隶属于73科,156属,以自生草本植物为主。各城市化水平下自生木本植物的α多样性无显著差异;中低城市化水平下草本植物的α多样性显著高于其他水平（P<0.05）。随着城市化水平升高,自生乔木和一、二年生的β多样性升高,自生多年生草本、自生入侵植物和外来植物的β多样性值下降。在城市化梯度上的生态位宽度均值排序为入侵植物 > 乡土植物 > 国外外来植物 > 国内外来植物。将生态廊道自生植物按照生态位宽度划分为广适型、中适型和狭适型,并依据生态位重叠筛选了与15种入侵植物在城市化梯度上适应性相近的自生乡土植物种类。本研究结果可以为营造稳定的低维护自生植物群落,抵抗外来入侵植物的扩散,实现城市河流生态廊道的生物多样性保护功能提供参考。     

Valuing urban green spaces in mitigating climate change: A city‐wide estimate of aboveground carbon stored in urban green spaces of China's Capital

Urban green spaces provide manifold environmental benefits and promote human well‐being. Unfortunately, these services are largely undervalued, and the potential of urban areas themselves to mitigate future climate change has received little attention. In this study, we quantified and mapped city‐wide aboveground carbon storage of urban green spaces in China's capital, Beijing, using field survey data of diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height from 326 field survey plots, combined with satellite‐derived vegetation index at a fine resolution of 6 m. We estimated the total amount of carbon stored in the urban green spaces to be 956.3 Gg (1 Gg = 10⁹ g) in 2014. There existed great spatial heterogeneity in vegetation carbon density varying from 0 to 68.1 Mg C ha^‐1, with an average density of 7.8 Mg C ha^?1. As expected, carbon density tended to decrease with urban development intensity (UDI). Likely being affected by vegetation cover proportion and configuration of green space patches, large differences were presented between the 95th and 5th quantile carbon density for each UDI bin, showing great potential for carbon sequestration. However, the interquartile range of carbon density narrowed drastically when UDI reached 60%, signifying a threshold for greatly reduced carbon sequestration potentials for higher UDI. These findings suggested that urban green spaces have great potential to make contribution to mitigating against future climate change if we plan and design urban green spaces following the trajectory of high carbon density, but we should be aware that such potential will be very limited when the urban development reaches certain intensity threshold.     

城市公共绿地常见木本植物组成对鸟类群落的影响

快速城市化背景下, 城市公共绿地已经成为重要的鸟类栖息地, 其中的木本植物群落构成对鸟类群落结构有显著影响, 研究木本植物配置与鸟类多样性的关系对提升城市公共绿地作为鸟类栖息地的生态服务功能有重要的理论和应用价值。我们于2009–2010年间在上海市滨江森林公园就木本植物和鸟类群落的相互关系展开研究。样线法结合样点调查共记录到鸟类10目25科64种5,368只(次), 鸟类多度全年变化显著, 峰值分别出现在4月和11月。丰富度全年也呈现双峰型变化, 峰值出现在4月和12月。全年鸟类多样性(Simpson指数)差异显著, 10月最高, 8月最低。样方调查共记录到77种木本植物, 其中有14种(乔木9种、灌木5种)出现率超过5个样方, 定义为常见种, 其果期主要集中在9月到翌年2月, 其上常见林业致病害虫的发生盛期集中在5–11月。主成分分析显示, 常见木本植物上观察到的鸟类可划分为8个鸟类集团, Spearman秩相关检验显示秋冬季常见木本植物果期与植食性、肉食性、食虫性、杂食性等多个鸟类集团的多度均呈显著正相关。说明在秋冬季鸟类迁徙高峰期不同鸟类集团均能获得丰富的食物资源。就常见木本植物对鸟类群落的重要值进行排序, 结果显示, 大叶杨(Populus lasiocarpa)、枫杨(Pterocarya stenoptera)、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)等乔木对鸟类重要值较高, 而灌木层对鸟类的重要性整体偏低, 说明滨江森林公园的灌木层作为鸟类栖息地的功能建设尚需加强。根据以上研究结果, 我们提出了提高上海城市公园鸟类多样性的植被配置建议。     

北京南海子麋鹿苑鸟类多样性研究

城市公园及城市其他自然保护地是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,是城市鸟类最主要的栖息场所。城市化进程对城市的自然景观和生态系统造成很大影响,鸟类生存空间不断缩小,其群落结构受到影响。南海子麋鹿苑周边正在经历快速城市化,为了摸清该地区鸟类群落组成及多样性,自2014年10月起对研究区野生鸟类种类、数量和分布特点进行连续调查,共记录鸟类18目、49科、156种;其中,国家II级重点保护鸟类16种。鸟类优势种随年份变化和季节变化不一,总体来看,绿头鸭、灰喜鹊、喜鹊、[树]麻雀等留鸟为研究区优势种。研究区鸟类Shannon多样性指数和Pielou均匀性指数呈现2018年>2017年>2016年>2015年的变化规律;鸟类Shannon多样性指数和Pielou均匀性指数呈现秋季>夏季>春季>冬季的变化规律。同时,探讨了影响鸟类多样性的因素,提出连通城市绿地,打通动物迁徙通道;坚持山水林田湖草理念,创造多样的景观;对野生动物重点保护区域限制人类活动,保护野生鸟类生境等建议。     

Functional diversity of urban bird communities: effects of landscape composition,green space area and vegetation cover

In this study, we aim to gain a better insight on how habitat filtering due to urbanization shapes bird communities of Vienna city parks. This may help to derive implications for urban planning in order to promote and maintain high diversity and ecosystem function in an increasing urbanized environment. The structure of wintering bird communities of 36 Vienna city parks – surveyed once a month in January 2009, December 2009, December 2012, and January 2013 – was described by species richness and the functional diversity measurements FRic (functional richness), FEve (functional evenness), and FDiv (functional divergence). Environmental filtering was quantified by park size, canopy heterogeneity within the park, and the proportion of sealed area surrounding each park. Species richness, FRic, and FDiv increased with increasing park size. Sealed area had a strong negative effect on species richness and FDiv. Canopy heterogeneity played a minor role in explaining variance in FDiv data. FEve did not respond to any of these park parameters. Our results suggest a loss of species richness and functional diversity, hence most likely indicate a decline in ecosystem function, with decreasing park size and increasing sealed area of the surrounding urban landscape matrix.     

Increase in size and shrub cover improves bird functional diversity in Neotropical urban green spaces

Latin American cityscapes are growing fast, posing risks to many bird communities and ecosystem services (e.g. seed dispersal and arthropod population control), but few studies have addressed how bird functional diversity respond to urbanization in Neotropical cities. In this study, we tested which biotic (i.e. vegetation characteristics and human and pet disturbances) and abiotic variables (i.e. area size, number of vehicles, and glass panes) influence functional diversity indices of insectivores, frugivores-nectarivores, migrants, residents, and total bird community at urban green spaces in São Paulo megacity, southeastern Brazil. A rich avian community (235 species) from 25 studied sites was recorded. Generalized linear models (GLM) analyses showed that large-sized areas of urban green spaces and shrub cover are the main characteristics that drive high bird functional diversity. Small-sized sites were less favourable for preserving bird functional diversity. We showed that these areas were related to some negative impacts for bird species (e.g. absence of shrub layer, heavy traffic and massive presence of glass panes, and domestic animals), thus causing declines in avian functional diversity. Off-leash and homeless dogs and cats may cause declines in bird ecological functions (e.g. insect control, seed dispersal and pollination), which are essential to sustain biodiversity. Therefore, as management actions to improve bird diversity and better provisioning of ecosystem functions, we recommend that urban planners and managers should prioritize large-sized areas with high shrub cover. Additionally, we highlight the need to mitigate the negative impact on birds caused by glass panes, traffic of vehicles, and off-leash and homeless dogs and cats.     

Effect of rapid urbanization on plant species diversity in municipal parks, in a new Chinese city: Shenzhen

Shenzhen was a famous typical rapid-urbanization city in China, and this study compares plant species diversity in urban parks from the start of urbanization through 2011. Results show that the plant species biodiversity increased rapidly: the rate changed from 140% to 980% and the average increasing rate was 406.90%, but only 12.59% of plants spread into the park naturally. Shrubs had the highest rate; with change increasing from 20.70% to 43.54%, they replaced trees to become the dominant type. The biodiversity of native plants also increased, but their proportion relative to all species had declined. The homogenization of plant species in the parks increased; more than half of the plant species (62.24%) are located in 5–7 parks at once now, compared with 65.52% of species located in only 2–3 parks at the start of the study. The increase of species was faster than the increase of families; many new species planted belong to a few specific families. The ratio of species to families declined from 0.40 to 0.32. Results indicate that the rapid increase of plant species diversity as well as their homogenization happened in the initial stage of urbanization, and so rapid urbanization might be the major factor in the changes in plant species diversity in municipal parks. Rapid urbanization was an important cause of change in plant species diversity.     

深圳市建成区入侵植物对草本植物种类及功能多样性的影响

入侵植物对城市生态系统形成潜在威胁,有待引起足够的关注。为探究城市入侵植物对草本植物种类及功能多样性的影响,以深圳市建成区入侵植物鬼针草（Bidens pilosa）和南美蟛蜞菊（Sphagneticola trilobata）为例,分析了不同绿地类型中不同程度的单独入侵和共同入侵对草本植物群落物种多样性和功能多样性的影响规律。结果显示：①Margalef物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数均与入侵植物盖度呈显著负相关（P<0.05,0.5865 < R² < 0.9356）。②功能丰富度指数（FRic）、功能均匀度指数（FEve）和Rao二次熵指数（FD_Q）与入侵植物盖度有一定的相关关系（0.0000 < R² < 0.2211）。③群落的特征加权平均株高（CWM_H）与入侵植物盖度有一定的正相关关系（0.0716 < R² < 0.2262）。④与未入侵的样方相比,鬼针草轻度入侵显著提高了物种多样性（P<0.05）,鬼针草和南美蟛蜞菊单独重度入侵均显著降低物种多样性（P<0.05）,二者各种程度的分别单独入侵及共同入侵都显著提高了群落加权平均株高（CWM_H）（P<0.05）。⑤对不同的绿地类型分开计算发现,鬼针草单独入侵和二者共同入侵都显著提高了各种绿地类型的物种多样性（P<0.05）,南美蟛蜞菊单独入侵只对部分绿地类型的群落物种多样性影响显著。⑥鬼针草和南美蟛蜞菊之间的生态效应可能为拮抗作用。研究结果为进一步揭示植物入侵对城市草本植物群落的影响规律提供参考,为有效防治城市外来植物入侵提供一定的依据。     

Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity in urban parks

Anthropogenic noise is becoming more prevalent in the world and has been shown to affect many animal species, including birds. The impact of such noise was measured in Neotropical urban parks to assess how the noise affects avifauna diversity and species richness. We sampled bird species, and concurrently measured sound pressure (noise) levels (L_eq, equivalent noise levels) in eight urban green areas or parks located in a large city (Belo Horizonte) in south‐eastern Brazil over a 1‐year period. The diversity of sampled points was measured by means of total species richness, Fisher's alpha and Shannon–Wiener diversity indices. Noise levels within all parks were greater than those in natural areas. We found that an increase in noise levels and the area of open habitats surrounding sampling points were negatively related to species richness. Social factors reflecting increased urbanization, such as higher incomes, were also negatively correlated with bird species richness. However, noise was the factor that explained most of the variance. These results suggest that anthropogenic noise can have a significant negative impact on the conservation value of urban parks for bird species.     

北京城市绿地调蓄雨水径流功能及其价值评估

随着城市化进程的加快,城区不透水面积急剧增加,改变了城市自然水循环。充分认识与发挥城市绿地调蓄雨水径流的积极作用,对于城市生态环境的改善和绿地资源的建设管理具有重要意义。本文以2009年北京城市园林绿地调查数据为基础,采用径流系数法和影子价格法评估了绿地调蓄雨水径流的功能及其价值。结果表明：2009年北京城市绿地生态系统调蓄雨水径流1.54亿m3,单位面积绿地调蓄雨水径流2494 m3/hm2;绿地年调蓄雨水径流价值13.44亿元,约合2.18万元/hm2;不同区县绿地调蓄雨水功能主要受其面积影响,朝阳区绿地调蓄雨水径流及其价值量最高,其次为海淀区、顺义区、丰台区区和通州区绿地,而密云县、怀柔区和门头沟区绿地调蓄雨水径流能力及其价值较低。本研究对于认识北京城市绿地的功能与价值、促进城市绿地的科学管理和建设维护具有一定的指导意义。     

热岛效应对植物生长的影响以及叶片形态构成的适应性

热岛效应是一种由于地表覆盖改变及人类活动导致的热量在城区空间范围内聚集的现象,是城市气候最明显的特征之一,随着越来越多的人口涌入城市以及伴随而生的超大城市的出现,城市热岛效应将更加凸显,这种环境温度的升高必将影响到各种景观园林植物的生理状态乃至形态结构。选取以生长在热岛点和有大量绿植覆盖的低温点的两种典型园林植物大叶黄杨和丁香作为实验材料,研究了这两种植物叶在城市热岛效应影响下,在热岛点和低温点中的形态特征。结果表明,在热岛点环境温度和二氧化碳浓度显著高于低温点,但其他环境要素差异并不显著。热岛点的大叶黄杨和丁香叶生物量分别是低温点的1.6倍和1.4倍。进一步研究表明,相较于低温点,在热岛点生长的植物叶表现出较低的比叶面积、单位重量和单位面积叶氮含量。生物量在向各部分组织分配时,热岛点的植物叶倾向于将更多的生物量分配给叶肉部分,而减少了对叶柄的生物量投入。     

城市菌根真菌多样性、变化机制及功能应用

菌根真菌能够与大多数陆生植物的根系形成菌根共生体,具有改善宿主植物矿质营养、增强抗逆性、改良土壤结构等重要生态功能。城市化过程中气候、土壤、植被、土地利用等因素的改变,对菌根真菌的多样性产生了直接或间接的影响。目前城市菌根真菌的研究多侧重对其空间分布及群落组成的简单描述,缺乏针对城市典型生态现象及生态问题系统性的探讨。分别从城市菌根真菌的多样性变化、影响机制及功能应用等3方面进行了综述,全面揭示城市菌根真菌的研究现状及研究的复杂性,发现当前研究存在多样性评估简单化、研究层次单一化、内在机制现象化及功能应用停滞化等问题,认为今后应建立更为系统、综合、标准的研究体系以深刻而准确地认识与理解城市化对菌根真菌多样性的影响,为城市微生物资源的保存及绿地系统维持提供理论依据。     

城市绿地动物声景的时空特征及其驱动因素

动物群落是构成城市绿地生态系统的关键要素,声景作为野生动物重要的生态信息,掌握其时空变化及其影响因素,对于指导城市绿地景观设计与生物多样性保护具有重要意义。本文以Web of Science数据库的核心合集2005–2022年收录的67篇研究文献为对象,综合梳理与分析了城市绿地动物声景的时空模式及其驱动因素。城市绿地动物声景在空间上表现出环境空间梯度和植被空间结构的差异,动物声音多样性随海拔、纬度、城市化程度的降低以及植被类型和高度的增加呈现升高趋势。时间尺度呈现出昼夜、季节和年度变化差异,表现为鸟类在黎明和黄昏合唱、昆虫和两栖动物在夜间鸣叫以及季节性和年度性发声规律等。影响城市动物声景模式的因素主要包括植被、环境、人为干扰和动物自身驱动等。动物声景作为当前声景生态学研究的热点之一,面临大时空尺度演变规律研究不足、动物声景分析有限等挑战,建议未来着重开展多时空尺度变化规律研究、创新动物声景分析方法、定量解析影响因素及其响应机制、建立全球动物声景数据库等。     

北京城市绿地的蒸腾降温功能及其经济价值评估

尽管已有大量研究证实,城市绿地具有明显降温作用,但是从生态经济学角度定量评估城市绿地降温功能及其价值的研究不多.以夏季高温热害显著的北京建成区为研究区,在前人多项绿地降温功能实测结果基础上,利用第七次园林绿地资源调查数据,定量评估了城市绿地夏季蒸腾降温的功能及其价值.结果表明:北京建成区6.1万hm2绿地每年夏季蒸腾吸热可达4.61×1015 J,平均每公顷绿地每天吸热8.4×108 J,相当于10台1000瓦空调的降温作用.参照居民用电价格,建成区绿地夏季降温价值为6.4亿元,单位绿地降温价值约1.05元/m2.此外,不同绿地类型和区县绿地的降温功能差异较大,主要受绿地面积和组成结构的影响.     

广州市城市绿地空间格局及其关联性分析

城市绿地的空间格局影响其向市民提供各种生态服务的能力,以广州市为研究区域,利用1993-2013年中的共11期TM影像数据和DMSP/OLS夜间灯光影像数据,结合ArcGIS、ENVI、FRASTSTS等软件,在不同条件下划定城区范围,对这20年内广州市的城市绿地空间格局进行动态分析。然后建立土地集约利用的指标体系,与绿地空间格局的衡量指标做灰色关联分析,以明确两个系统之间的关联性。景观格局指数结果表明:1993年-2013年,广州市的城市绿地覆盖率、平均斑块大小、平均面积加权的形状指数和聚集度总体下降,斑块密度、平均最临近距离总体上升,说明广州市城市绿地呈现覆盖度下降、破碎化和规则化的趋势,且程度高低和变化幅度与空间上到建成区距离显著相关。灰色关联分析结果显示:与绿地空间格局变化关联的指标中,地均房地产开发投资额和地均市政公用设施建设固定资产投资额最高,地均社会消费品零售总额次之,说明房地产开发、政府主导的市政设施建设是土地集约利用体系中关联程度最高的两项活动,商业服务业的发展也具有一定程度的影响。研究结果可为研究区域制定规划和相关政策提供依据。     

基于步行指数的深圳市福田区公园绿地社会服务功能研究

城市公园绿地是当代城市的重要组成部分,居民能否方便地享用公园绿地所提供的各项服务与功能,是衡量一个城市人地关系和谐状况、现代化发展水平和居民生活质量的重要指标,也是城市公园绿地社会服务功能的体现。选取深圳市福田区为研究对象,计算单点绿地步行指数,衡量均质区域的公园绿地步行可达性;基于土地利用类型法实现人口数据空间化;基于面域绿地步行指数耦合绿地空间分布与人口格局,评估深圳市福田区居民通过步行方式到达城市公园绿地的便利程度,即城市公园绿地的社会服务功能水平。结果表明:深圳市福田区在区域均质假设下,公园绿地步行可达性整体较好,区域差异较大,呈现出东优西劣的趋势,梅林公园周边、莲花山公园南部、荔枝公园周边及皇岗公园周边是四个公园绿地步行可达性最好的区域,福田区西北部和西南部公园绿地步行可达性差;供需平衡视角下,70%街道的居民可以便捷、公平地享用城市公园绿地所提供的服务,华强北街道、莲花街道、园岭街道和华富街道公园绿地设施建设非常完善,且绿地格局与人口格局配置合理,香蜜湖街道与沙头街道开放性公园绿地建设状况有待改进。将步行指数应用于公园绿地建设状况评估,为步行城市建设、公园绿地空间布局优化提供参考依据。     

上海城市绿地夏季降温效应及其影响因素

城市绿地在夏季高温时具有明显降温作用,但在不同地区降温效果及其影响因子存在一定差异。以上海市为例,基于高分影像和实地观测,调查分析了18个典型样地夏季降温效应及其关键影响因子。结果发现：上海城市绿地夏季日均降温1.17-5.60℃,其中67%观测样地降温幅度低于平均值（2.51℃）;绿地降温幅度与对照点的环境温度显著正相关,当外界环境温度低于26℃时,城市绿地降温效应不明显;此外,城市绿地覆被格局对其降温效应有明显影响,当绿地乔木密度增加5%、叶面积指数增大1或者水面比例增加20%时,可使夏季绿地降温率分别提高1.73%、1.66%和1.18%。因此,在全球气候变暖背景下,优化提升上海城市绿地覆被格局可有效提升夏季绿地降温效应。     

Occurrence and assemblage composition of millipedes (Myriapoda, Diplopoda) and terrestrial isopods (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea) in urban areas of Switzerland

Terrestrial isopods and millipedes, members of the invertebrate macro-decomposer guild, were collected through pitfall traps in three Swiss cities (Zurich, Lucerne, Lugano). A total of 7,198 individuals of 17 isopod species (7093 ind.), and 10 millipede species (105 ind.) were captured. Besides the Alpine endemic isopod (Trichoniscus alemannicus) and millipede (Cylindroiulus verhoeffi), urban assemblages were mainly composed of widespread, native European and even cosmopolitan species, which are frequent in anthropogenic areas. Overall species richness (isopods and millipedes combined) was similar in Zurich (17 species) and Lucerne (16), while only 13 species were sampled in Lugano. According to the Sørensen index of similarity, species composition of Zurich and Lucerne were more alike, while the one of Lugano was more distinct from the other two cities. This result can be explained by the spatial proximity of Zurich and Lucerne in the north of the Alps compared to Lugano, which is located more distantly and in the south of the Alps. Dominant isopods and millipedes in Zurich and Lucerne were found to be widespread synanthropic species in temperate Europe(Porcellio scaber, Trachelipus rathkii and Ophyiulus pilosus) while the dominant isopod in Lugano (Trachelipus razzautii) is a species with a north-eastern Mediterranean distribution. Our study reveals that the urban millipede and isopod fauna in Swiss cities mainly consists of widespread species, but species of narrower distribution (e.g. Trichoniscus alemannicus, Cylindroiulus verhoeffi) may also find suitable habitats in cities. Despite some signs of biotic homogenization, our study also found compositional differences of millipede and isopod assemblages between northern and southern cities that suggest geographical effects of the regional species pool.