粤北一种虫草分离菌的抗酵母现象

CR 95 1 2是一株分离自粤北一种虫草的无孢丝状真菌 ,经培养初步鉴定为无孢菌目(^{Agonomycetales})的丝核菌属 (^Rhizoctonia)。对包括革兰氏阳性及阴性细菌、放线菌、丝状真菌和酵母菌在内的 2 6株致敏菌株的抗性测定表明 ,CR 95 1 2对包括红酵母属 (^Rhodotorula)、酵母属 (^{Saccharomyces})、毕赤氏酵母属 (Pichia)和隐球酵母属 (^Cryptoc     

纳木措可培养丝状真菌多样性及其与理化因子关系

微生物多样性在评估水体生态环境方面发挥着重要作用。本研究以青藏高原纳木措湖为研究对象, 开展水体可培养丝状真菌多样性及影响因子研究。通过膜过滤平置培养法、经典分类法和rRNA转录间隔区(ITS)序列分析对纳木措湖20个采样点的丝状真菌进行分离、纯化及鉴定, 测定水体理化指标, 综合分析丝状真菌空间分布格局与理化因子的相关性。菌种鉴定结果显示, 从纳木措水体样品中共分离纯化出1,412株丝状真菌, 隶属22属47种, 其中链格孢属(Alternaria)、青霉属(Penicillium)和毛霉属(Mucor)为优势属, 链格孢(Alternaria chlamydosporigena)和冻土毛霉(Mucor hiemalis)为优势种; Pearson相关性分析显示, 丝状真菌总丰度与温度、铵态氮、全磷呈显著正相关; 冗余分析显示, 铵态氮、温度、全磷、全氮、盐度及电导率是影响纳木措湖丝状真菌群落组成与分布的主要理化因子。综上所述, 纳木措水体可培养丝状真菌具有较高的物种多样性和空间异质性, 而且水体环境因子影响其分布。     

广东湛江湾可培养丝状真菌分布状况的初步调查

通过一次航行对广东湛江湾19个站位的表层和底层海水进行采样。经过对样品的分离纯化,共获得253株丝状真菌菌株。通过测序获得了121个rDNA-ITS序列,并已提交给GenBank。经统计分析发现,湛江湾表层和底层海水真菌数量总体上表现为由湾内向湾口逐渐减少的水平分布格局;湛江湾表层丝状真菌的数量略多于底层,在海水表层和底层中真菌种类和数量的分布规律相似。根据形态特征及rDNA-ITS的Blast同源性分析,这些菌株分属于18个属和32个分类单元,其中包括7个海洋真菌新记录属。结果表明,湛江湾丝状真菌多样性Shannon指数达2.75,物种优势度变化范围为30.90%–0.02%。枝孢属Cladosporium的优势度最高,为湛江湾优势种群,其次是青霉属Penicillium、侧齿霉属Engyodontium、曲霉属Aspergillus、枝顶孢属Acremonium等。湛江湾表层和底层海水真菌群落的Jaccard相似系数为0.42。     

掷孢菌科的研究 Ⅱ.中国叶表掷孢酵母的初步分类及掷孢酵母属的种类

作者多年来从我国禾本科等植物叶表分离了大量掷孢酵母,本文重点报道70株掷孢酵母与类酵母的初步分类,共分为三属,即掷孢酵母属(Sporobolomyces),布勒掷孢酵母属(Bul-lera)与腥掷孢菌属(Tilletiopsis);其中掷孢酵母属占75％。至于53株掷孢酵母,共分为三种,即玫红掷孢酵母(Sporobolomyces roseus)、赭色掷孢酵母(Sporobolomyces salmonicolor)、Sporobolomyces shibatanus);经统计,后者最为常见,占此属的84％。这些种在我国尚未见报道,作为新记录。     

中国丝孢酵母属的几个新种和新记录

作者从中国的北京、湖北等地的鸟粪,霉变柿子以及酒药中分离到了三株未描述的丝孢酵母菌。本文描述了这三个新种:板仓丝孢酵母(Trichosporon bancangense),北京丝孢酵母(Tr.beijingense)和中国丝孢酵母(Tr.sinense)并讨论了它们与属中近似种的差别。本文还发现了丝孢酵母属的4个新记录:皮刺丝孢酵母(Tr.aculeatum),埃利丝孢酵母(Tr.eriense),斐氏丝孢酵母(Tr.figueriae)和蜜二糖丝孢酵母(Tr.melibiosaceam)。     

石河子不同树龄蟠桃土壤中可培养酵母多样性分析及功能酵母的筛选

为了探究新疆本土蟠桃园可培养酵母菌多样性,并挖掘功能酵母资源,本研究以新疆石河子蟠桃园3年、8年、15年树龄的根际和非根际土壤以及桃树叶片为材料,经过传统的分离培养方法获得可培养的酵母菌菌株,并进行形态学、生理生化以及26S r DNA的D1/D2区序列分析,共获得可培养酵母菌129株,从属于12个属17个种,其中子囊菌酵母为优势菌群,占分离属的88%,分布于威克汉姆酵母属(Wickerhamomyces),Vanrija属,Barnettozyma属和有孢圆酵母属(Torulaspora)等11个属的15个种。担子菌占分离属的12%,分布于隐球酵母属(Cryptococcus)的2个种。其中优势属威克汉姆酵母属,包括异常威克汉姆酵母(W. anomalus)和W. pijperi两个种,占总比例的33%,优势种异常威克汉姆酵母所占总株数比例为17%。从可培养酵母中共筛选出23株功能酵母,其中富硒酵母21株,优势种为白地霉(Galactomyces candidum),产蛋白酶酵母2株均属于隐球酵母属的Cryptococcus albidus。结果表明,新疆桃园中蕴含丰富的酵母菌资源,非根际土壤中的酵母多样性大于根际及叶片酵母多样性,且分离得到富硒酵母及产蛋白酶酵母。本研究挖掘了新疆本土可培养酵母菌资源,同时也为功能酵母的开发和利用提供理论指导。     

云南程海湖冬季酵母菌多样性及胞外酶活性研究

采用过滤涂皿的方法对云南程海湖冬季湖水样品中的酵母菌进行分离,通过26S r DNA D1/D2区域序列分析并结合形态观察和生理生化测试对分离获得的菌株进行鉴定,同时采用胞外酶定性筛选培养基进行产酶活性筛选,分析冬季程海湖酵母菌的多样性及胞外酶活性。结果从程海湖中分离获得171株酵母菌,鉴定为14个属22个种和2个潜在的新分类单元;优势属是红冬孢酵母属Rhodosporidium、红酵母属Rhodotorula和隐球酵母属Cryptococcus;优势种是红冬孢酵母Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae和斯鲁菲亚红酵母Rhodotorula slooffiae;湖北半部的样点CH2的多样性指数(H′=1.5945)和丰富度指数(R=2.7576)均最高,均匀度指数较高的是湖北部的样点CH1(J=0.8531);样点之间种群差异大,相似性低。大多数酵母菌株具有产1种以上的胞外酶。     

广东湛江湾优势真菌群落结构及其与理化因子的关系

通过对2010年1月9日采自广东湛江湾的海水样品中真菌的分离培养和鉴定,发现第一优势属为枝孢属,包括球枝孢、枝状枝孢、芋枝孢、极细枝孢、尖孢枝孢、收窄枝孢、夏生枝孢7个种;第二优势属为青霉属,包括疣孢青霉、灰黄青霉、菌核青霉、嗜松青霉、棘孢青霉、简青霉6个种;第三优势属为侧齿霉属,仅白色侧齿霉一个种;第四优势属为曲霉属,包括土曲霉、棘孢曲霉、黄曲霉、烟曲霉4个种。从真菌种类的优势度来看,球枝孢为该海域第一优势种(7.97%),白色侧齿霉为第二优势种(3.60%),枝状枝孢为第三优势种(3.29%),疣孢青霉为第四优势种(3.04%)。鉴定出的收窄枝孢为中国新记录种。通过对菌株数量与理化因子的相关性分析发现,在19个站位的表层真菌数量与无机磷和硅酸盐呈显著正相关(P0.05);表层侧齿霉属和曲霉属与总有机碳呈极显著正相关(P0.01),曲霉属与p H呈极显著负相关(P0.01),侧齿霉属与p H呈显著负相关(P0.05),曲霉属与盐度呈显著负相关(P0.05)。底层真菌数量与悬浮物呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与总有机碳呈显著正相关(P0.05),与p H呈显著负相关(P0.05);底层枝孢属与悬浮物呈极显著正相关(P0.01),侧齿霉属与溶解氧和总有机碳呈显著正相关(P0.05),曲霉属与总有机碳呈显著正相关(P0.05)。海水温度、油污和海水深度与真菌数量的相关性不明显。     

掷孢菌科的研究II．中国叶表掷孢酵母的初步分类及掷孢酵母属的种类

作者多年来从我国禾本科等植物叶表分离了大量掷孢酵母,本文重点报道70株掷孢酵母与类酵母的初步分类,共分为三属,即掷孢酵母属(Sporobolomyces),布勤掷孢酵母属(Bul-lera)与腥掷孢菌属(Tilletiopsis);其中掷孢酵母属占75％。至于53株掷孢酵母,共分为三种,即攻红掷孢酣母(Sporobolomyces roseus)、赭色掷孢酵母(Sporobolomyces salmonicolor)、Sporobolomyces shibatanus);经统计,后者最为常见,占此属的84％。这些种在我国尚未见报道,作为新记录。     

几种保藏细菌方法的检测

Devay等人和Mcginnis等人,用蒸馏水法保藏细菌、酵母、丝状真菌和好气放线菌的一些属种;Soriano用梭氏(Sordelli)真空干燥法保藏细菌、酵母、丝状真菌等某些属种,获得了较好的效果;Grivdl等人和Trollope,     

广西森林土壤丝状真菌的生态分布

真菌种类多,分布广,对人类的生产和生活关系非常密切,因此近来对真菌特别是丝状真菌的研究日益引起高度重视。1981—1990年我们对桂北龙胜县里骆林区、桂中宜山县庆远林区、桂南岑溪县七坪林区和桂西田林县老山林区森林土壤微生物区系进行了分析,其中丝状真菌是我们重点研究的内容之一。在上述森林土壤中共分离出丝状真菌2084株,经鉴定归属于25属。现将广西森林土壤丝状真菌生态分布的研究结果报道如下。     

Metabolite profiling of fungi and yeast: from phenotype to metabolome by MS and informatics

Filamentous fungi and yeast from the genera Saccharomyces, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Fusarium are well known for their impact on our life as pathogens, involved in food spoilage by degradation or toxin contamination, and also for their wide use in biotechnology for the production of beverages, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and enzymes. The genomes of these eukaryotic micro-organisms range from about 6000 genes in yeasts (S. cerevisiae) to more than 10,000 genes in filamentous fungi (Aspergillus sp.). Yeast and filamentous fungi are expected to share much of their primary metabolism; therefore much understanding of the central metabolism and regulation in less-studied filamentous fungi can be learned from comparative metabolite profiling and metabolomics of yeast and filamentous fungi. Filamentous fungi also have a very active and diverse secondary metabolism in which many of the additional genes present in fungi, compared with yeast, are likely to be involved. Although the 'blueprint' of a given organism is represented by the genome, its behaviour is expressed as its phenotype, i.e. growth characteristics, cell differentiation, response to the environment, the production of secondary metabolites and enzymes. Therefore the profile of (secondary) metabolites--fungal chemodiversity--is important for functional genomics and in the search for new compounds that may serve as biotechnology products. Fungal chemodiversity is, however, equally efficient for identification and classification of fungi, and hence a powerful tool in fungal taxonomy. In this paper, the use of metabolite profiling is discussed for the identification and classification of yeasts and filamentous fungi, functional analysis or discovery by integration of high performance analytical methodology, efficient data handling techniques and core concepts of species, and intelligent screening. One very efficient approach is direct infusion Mass Spectrometry (diMS) integrated with automated data handling, but a full metabolic picture requires the combination of several different analytical techniques.     

丝状真菌的细胞凋亡

凋亡是一种程序性细胞死亡类型,为多细胞生物发育和维持生命所必需的,也普遍存在于细菌等原核生物和酵母、丝状真菌等真核生物中。丝状真菌既具有酵母和哺乳动物共有的凋亡同源蛋白,也具有酵母所不具备的哺乳动物凋亡同源蛋白,所以其凋亡机制较酵母更为复杂,而又较哺乳动物简单。凋亡在丝状真菌的发育、繁殖、衰老等过程中具有重要的作用。近年,丝状真菌作为新的凋亡研究的模式生物被广泛研究,而且进展迅速。综述丝状真菌的凋亡现象和检测方法,丝状真菌中凋亡的生物学功能,丝状真菌凋亡的诱导条件,以及丝状真菌凋亡相关基因的功能研究进展。     

Quantitative and qualitative seasonal changes in the microbial community from the phyllosphere of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris)

Bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi colonizing immature, mature and senescing primary leaves of field grown Beta vulgaris (sugar beet) were analysed over a complete growing season. Greatest microbial numbers were detected on senescing primary leaves and these numbers increased over most of the season. The number of colonizers detected on mature leaves was found to be stable over most of the study.Filamentous fungi and yeasts were identified to the genus level and the communities found to have greatest diversity during the summer months. There was no consistent pattern of diversity according to leaf type. Two genera of filamentous fungi, Cladosporium and Alternaria and two yeast genera, Cryptococcus and Sporobolomyces were the most numerous fungal populations isolated. Only 8 filamentous fungi and 3 yeast genera were commonly isolated on PDA (potato dextrose agar).Bacterial strains (1236) were isolated on Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) agar and identified to species, or in some cases sub-species level, by analysis of their fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles. Isolated bacteria were grouped into 78 named and 37 unnamed species clusters. Greatest number of bacterial species were isolated from young plants and leaves, sampled during the autumn months. Bacterial community diversity was lowest in mid-summer and winter months. Pseudomonas was the most commonly isolated genus and Erwinia herbicola the most common species. P. aureofaciens was the only species isolated from soil that was also isolated from the phyllosphere of B. vulgaris throughout the season.     

大兴安岭地区可培养毛霉门真菌多样性与分布

为查明大兴安岭地区可培养毛霉门真菌的资源、多样性及其分布, 本研究选取9个代表市县, 采集了279份枯枝落叶、腐殖质、土壤和粪便样品, 采用稀释平板挑取法、稀释平板切块法和样品直接培养挑取法进行分离培养。通过形态初步观察鉴定, 共得到毛霉门真菌1,153株。选取代表性的菌株706株, 基于真菌分子条形码ITS rDNA进行分子系统发育多样性分析, 明确了毛霉门真菌总计3目8科10属38种。优势属为被孢霉属(Mortierella)、伞形霉属(Umbelopsis)和毛霉属(Mucor), 优势种为类变形被孢霉(Mortierella amoeboidea)、冻土毛霉(Mucor hiemalis)和深黄伞形霉(Umbelopsis isabellina)。本文同时汇总了全国已报道毛霉亚门和被孢霉亚门共计26属的分布, 分析了大兴安岭优势属和优势种在全国的分布。按三大主要生态区(东部湿润、半湿润生态区, 西北干旱、半干旱生态区和青藏高原高寒生态区)对所有属进行区域分析, 结果表明: 有9个属在3个大区都有分布; 对特有属而言, 东部湿润、半湿润生态区发现9个, 西北干旱、半干旱生态区仅有1个, 青藏高原高寒生态区未发现。     

Yeasts from Macrobrachium amazonicum: a focus on antifungal susceptibility and virulence factors of Candida spp

In the present study, it was sought to compare yeast microbiota of wild and captive Macrobrachium amazonicum and evaluate the antifungal susceptibility and production of virulence factors by the recovered isolates of Candida spp. Additionally, cultivation water was monitored for the presence of fungi. Overall, 26 yeast isolates belonging to three genera and seven species were obtained, out of which 24 were Candida spp., with Candida famata as the most prevalent species for both wild and captive prawns. From cultivation water, 28 isolates of filamentous fungi were obtained, with Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp. and Aspergillus spp. as the most frequent genera. Eight out of 24 Candida spp. isolates were resistant to azole derivatives, out of which four were recovered from wild-harvested prawns. As for production of virulence factors, three (12.5%) and eight (33.3%) isolates presented phospholipase and protease activity, respectively. This is the first comparative study between wild and captive prawns and the first report on yeast microbiota of M. amazonicum. The most relevant finding was the high percentage of resistant Candida spp., including from wild individuals, which suggests the occurrence of an environmental imbalance in the area where these prawns were captured.     

Candidiasis, aspergillosis and other invasive mycoses in recipients of solid organ transplants

Invasive fungal diseases (IFD) are important causes of solid organ transplant-related morbidity and mortality. Modifications and improvements in the transplant surgical procedures, supportive care, and advances in the diagnosis and treatment of these IFD have produced notable changes in their epidemiology and outcome. Candida and other yeast genera continue to play an important etiological role, but Aspergillus and other filamentous fungi are the cause of most IFD in lung transplant recipients. This review is an update of the relevant findings in the literature related to the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of IFD in solid organ transplant recipients, with a main focus on invasive aspergillosis and candidiasis.     

Fungal community associated with marine macroalgae from Antarctica

Filamentous fungi and yeasts associated with the marine algae Adenocystis utricularis, Desmarestia anceps, and Palmaria decipiens from Antarctica were studied. A total of 75 fungal isolates, represented by 27 filamentous fungi and 48 yeasts, were isolated from the three algal species and identified by morphological, physiological, and sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region and D1/D2 variable domains of the large-subunit rRNA gene. The filamentous fungi and yeasts obtained were identified as belonging to the genera Geomyces, Antarctomyces, Oidiodendron, Penicillium, Phaeosphaeria, Aureobasidium, Cryptococcus, Leucosporidium, Metschnikowia, and Rhodotorula. The prevalent species were the filamentous fungus Geomyces pannorum and the yeast Metschnikowia australis. Two fungal species isolated in our study, Antarctomyces psychrotrophicus and M. australis, are endemic to Antarctica. This work is the first study of fungi associated with Antarctic marine macroalgae, and contributes to the taxonomy and ecology of the marine fungi living in polar environments. These fungal species may have an important role in the ecosystem and in organic matter recycling.