真菌几丁质合酶的研究进展

真菌细胞壁几丁质的合成是一个复杂的过程, 其关键酶为几丁质合酶(CS)。近年来, 丝状真菌中的CS研究有了大的突破, 与酿酒酵母中只有3种CS不同, 丝状真菌中存在7种类别的CS。大部分临床和农业中重要的病原真菌都是丝状真菌, 文中对真菌中7种类别CS的结构和功能作了概述, 重点讨论了丝状真菌中重要的CS类别, 并介绍了CS作为抗真菌药物有效靶标的研究现状, 旨在为研究真菌CS及其抑制剂提供参考。     

真菌几丁质合酶的研究进展

真菌细胞壁几丁质的合成是一个复杂的过程,其关键酶为几丁质合酶(CS).近年来,丝状真菌中的CS研究有了大的突破,与酿酒酵母中只有3种CS不同,丝状真菌中存在7种类别的CS.大部分临床和农业中重要的病原真菌都是丝状真菌,文中对真菌中7种类别CS的结构和功能作了概述,重点讨论了丝状真菌中重要的CS类别,并介绍了CS作为抗真菌药物有效靶标的研究现状,旨在为研究真菌CS及其抑制剂提供参考.     

大型海藻种质保存中污染的丝状真菌菌群和药敏分析

目的:通过对大型海藻种质保存中污染的丝状真菌菌群和药敏结果进行分析,为种质保存工作中预防真菌污染提供理论依据。方法:以海藻种质保存中分离的丝状真菌为研究对象,通过基因序列分析对分离的丝状真菌进行种属鉴定。并通过药敏试验选出有效抗生素。结果:分离出种质保存中污染的丝状真菌12株,主要为镰刀菌属真菌4株,占污染真菌的33.33%,枝顶孢属真菌2株,占16.67%。药敏试验结果表明,制霉菌素、两性霉素B、酮康唑、氟康唑的敏感率分别为50%、16.67%、16.67%和8.33%。伊曲康唑对分离出的12株真菌均不敏感。结论:大型海藻种质保存中污染的丝状真菌以镰刀菌属真菌为多见,制霉菌素对常见的污染真菌敏感性较高,因此可选用制霉菌素来预防大型海藻种质保存中丝状真菌的污染。     

植物病原真菌过氧化物酶体的发生机制及功能

过氧化物酶体（peroxisome,P）是真核细胞中普遍存在的细胞器,参与多种重要的代谢过程。P的产生、增殖及降解是细胞器发生机理研究的重要部分。到目前已知的P发生相关基因有30多个,但其机制仍不完全清楚。作为一种多细胞真核生物,丝状真菌在P发生机制的研究中有重要价值。近年来,随着基因组序列的应用和真菌生物技术的进展,丝状真菌中P功能及发生机制的研究取得了较大进展。同时,作为丝状真菌真菌中的重要类群,植物病原真菌P在致病过程中的作用也引起关注。本文对P发生机制、在丝状真菌中的研究概况,以及与植物病原真菌致病性的关系进行了 综述。     

丝状真菌遗传转化系统的最新研究进展

随着大量丝状真菌基因组序列的公布,丝状真菌基因功能研究已然成为现今分子生物学的热点领域。真菌的遗传转化是研究基因功能的重要手段,研究者不断优化和开发出新的、高效的遗传转化方法,以满足更多真菌物种研究的需要。本综述总结了丝状真菌的遗传转化体系的最新研究进展,如遗传转化方法、选择标记的类型和转化系统的应用。     

丝状真菌次级代谢产物生物合成的表观遗传调控

丝状真菌产生的次级代谢产物是新药的重要来源之一,其生物合成过程受到众多因素的调控。最近的研究表明,表观遗传对多种丝状真菌次级代谢产物的生物合成具有调控作用。DNA和组蛋白的甲基化与乙酰化修饰是目前所知的丝状真菌主要的表观遗传调控形式。通过过表达或缺失相关表观修饰基因和利用小分子表观遗传试剂改变丝状真菌染色体的修饰形式,不仅可以提高多种已知次级代谢产物产量,而且可以通过激活沉默的生物合成基因簇诱导丝状真菌产生新的未知代谢产物。丝状真菌表观遗传学正逐渐成为真菌菌株改良的新策略以及挖掘真菌次级代谢产物合成潜力的强有力手段。     

丝状真菌高效表达异源蛋白研究进展

丝状真菌是具有高效分泌蛋白质潜力的真核表达系统, 能对蛋白质进行翻译后修饰, 如蛋白质糖基化等; 并且比植物、昆虫和哺乳动物细胞具有更快的生长速率。近年来, 随着真菌分子遗传技术和菌种改良策略的进步, 尤其是真菌基因组学的发展, 利用丝状真菌生产异源蛋白越来越受到关注。综述了丝状真菌作为细胞工厂生产异源蛋白的最新探索与进展, 其中包括功能基因组学在蛋白表达与分泌研究中的应用, 同时探讨了异源蛋白表达和生产的改进策略。     

CRISPR/Cas9系统在丝状真菌中的研究进展

丝状真菌(Filamentous fungi)是一种与人类生存密切相关的微生物,除了具有巨大的食用和药用价值外,还被广泛应用于工业开发。近年来,成簇的规律间隔的短回文重复序列及其相关系统(Clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein 9,CRISPR/Cas9)以其设计简单、操作方便、精准定位、效率高等诸多优点在各个研究领域中迅速发展,并受到了国内外广泛关注,但由于某些真菌如烟曲霉中极低的同源重组率等,使得对其进行遗传操作相对困难,因而该技术在丝状真菌尤其是大型真菌中的应用鲜少。从CRISPR/Cas9技术入手,结合该技术在丝状真菌研究领域的最新应用和研究进展,对其在丝状真菌中实现编辑的各种机制做了详细介绍,并重点分析了其在各类已报道的模式真菌中的应用,旨在为更多真菌实现基因编辑提供参考。     

丝状真菌高效表达异源蛋白研究进展

丝状真菌是具有高效分泌蛋白质潜力的真核表达系统, 能对蛋白质进行翻译后修饰, 如蛋白质糖基化等; 并且比植物、昆虫和哺乳动物细胞具有更快的生长速率。近年来, 随着真菌分子遗传技术和菌种改良策略的进步, 尤其是真菌基因组学的发展, 利用丝状真菌生产异源蛋白越来越受到关注。综述了丝状真菌作为细胞工厂生产异源蛋白的最新探索与进展, 其中包括功能基因组学在蛋白表达与分泌研究中的应用, 同时探讨了异源蛋白表达和生产的改进策略。     

丝状真菌遗传转化体系的研究进展

随着现代测序技术的飞速发展,主要丝状真菌的基因组序列相继公布,对丝状真菌基因水平的研究也不断深入,发展高效的遗传转化技术是真菌基因功能研究以及定向改良菌种的前提。近年来,尽管研究者不断优化并开发新的遗传转化方法,然而在丝状真菌中仍然存在转化效率较低、阳性转化子筛选困难等问题。适宜的转化方法和筛选标记对丝状真菌的遗传转化有至关重要的作用。该文综述了丝状真菌遗传转化系统的研究进展,主要从受体细胞的处理、外源基因的整合与表达、常用转化方法和阳性转化子的筛选鉴定等方面进行概述,旨在为今后丝状真菌遗传转化体系的构建提供思路。     

广西岑溪县七坪林区土壤微生物生态分布及生化活性的研究

广西气候温和,雨量充沛,亚热带和热带森林资源十分丰富。为了合理利用和开发广西梧州、玉林等地区南亚热带的土地资源和充分发挥该地区森林资源的经济效益,1987年我们     

Cellulose and lignin degradation in forest soils: Response to moisture,temperature, and acidity

The concentration of lignin in plant tissue is a major factor controlling organic matter degradation rates in forest ecosystems. Microbial biomass and lignin and cellulose decomposition were measured for six weeks in forest soil microcosms in order to determine the influence of pH, moisture, and temperature on organic matter decomposition. Microbial biomass was determined by chloroform fumigation; lignin and cellulose decomposition were measured radiometrically. The experiment was designed as a Latin square with soils of pH of 4.5, 5.5, and 6.5 adjusted to 20, 40, or 60% moisture content, and incubated at temperatures of 4, 12, or 24°C. Microbial biomass and lignin and cellulose decomposition were not significantly affected by soil acidity. Microbial biomass was greater at higher soil moisture contents. Lignin and cellulose decomposition significantly increased at higher soil temperatures and moisture contents. Soil moisture was more important in affecting microbial biomass than either soil temperature or soil pH.     

外来树种日本落叶松对森林土壤质量及细菌多样性的影响

以甘肃小陇山林区8～30年林龄日本落叶松林（外来树种）、油松林（乡土树种）及次生林为研究对象,研究了不同树种森林的土壤质量和细菌多样性变化.结果表明: 不同树种森林土壤pH无明显变化;林龄越长,土壤含水量越高.土壤总氮与有机质含量以次生林最高,其次为日本落叶松,油松最低.不同林龄森林土壤总氮与有机质含量无明显变化,表明树种是影响土壤质量的主要因素.与乡土树种油松相比,外来树种日本落叶松显著提高了土壤全氮及土壤有机质含量.变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)图谱显示,次生林土壤细菌多样性最高,而外来树种日本落叶松土壤细菌多样性最低.对DGGE图谱的聚类分析发现,小陇山不同森林土壤细菌类群分属变形杆菌、噬纤维黄杆菌和高G+C含量革兰氏阳性细菌类,其中分属变形杆菌为主要类群.进一步分析发现,日本落叶松的细菌群落组成具有更高的相似度,说明日本落叶松正在使该地区土壤细菌多样性发生变化.     

Changes in soil associated with continuous growth of some vegetation

Summary and conclusions From a study of the composition of the soil and the subsoil under three grasses,Imperata cylindrica, Pennisetum orientale, Pennisetum polystachyum and three legumesTephrosia candida, Medicago sativa andPueraria hirsuta and of those of natural bare soil in the neighbourhood of each, it could be observed that the soils under vegetation contained more moisture, organic matter, organic nitrogen clay and soluble salts but had lower pH values than the bare soils. The soils under grasses had less moisture, lower pH and lower salinity but higher clay content and exhibited greater aggregation than the soils under legumes. Though the soils under grasses had significantly higher quantities of organic matter than the soils under legumes there was no significant difference in the organic nitrogen contents between them.     

Specific features of soil organic matter in forest landscapes of Karelia

The organic matter reserves and the soil humus state are assessed in three types of landscapes of the middle taiga (Karelia). Peat soils are the main organic matter reservoir. Hence, the greater their area, the higher the organic matter reserves in a particular landscape. The organic matter stocks in the group of semihydromorphic and hydromorphic soils clearly correlate with the degree of their waterlogging. The distribution of organic matter reserves within these soils depends on the ratio between the areas of boggy forests and open mires. The forest supporting quality of the soil is related to the organic matter composition and parent rock (the properties of the soil mineral horizons) rather than to the organic matter stocks. The data obtained may be used for assessing the forest supporting qualities of the soils and the basis for estimating the carbon budget in the landscapes.     

Plant species richness and productivity determine the diversity of soil fungal guilds in temperate coniferous forest and bog habitats

Fungi have important roles as decomposers, mycorrhizal root symbionts and pathogens in forest ecosystems, but there is limited information about their diversity and composition at the landscape scale. This work aimed to disentangle the factors underlying fungal richness and composition along the landscape‐scale moisture, organic matter and productivity gradients. Using high‐throughput sequencing, we identified soil fungi from 54 low‐productivity Pinus sylvestris‐dominated plots across three study areas in Estonia and determined the main predictors of fungal richness based on edaphic, floristic and spatial variables. Fungal richness displayed unimodal relationship with organic matter and deduced soil moisture. Plant richness and productivity constituted the key predictors for taxonomic richness of functional guilds. Composition of fungi and the main ectomycorrhizal fungal lineages and hyphal exploration types was segregated by moisture availability and soil nitrogen. We conclude that plant productivity and diversity determine the richness and proportion of most functional groups of soil fungi in low‐productive pine forests on a landscape scale. Adjacent stands of pine forest may differ greatly in the dominance of functional guilds that have marked effects on soil carbon and nitrogen cycling in these forest ecosystems.     

Anthropogenic N deposition increases soil organic matter accumulation without altering its biochemical composition

Accumulating evidence indicates that future rates of atmospheric N deposition have the potential to increase soil C storage by reducing the decay of plant litter and soil organic matter (SOM). Although the microbial mechanism underlying this response is not well understood, a decline in decay could alter the amount, as well as biochemical composition of SOM. Here, we used size‐density fractionation and solid‐state ¹³C‐NMR spectroscopy to explore the extent to which declines in microbial decay in a long‐term (ca. 20 yrs.) N deposition experiment have altered the biochemical composition of forest floor, bulk mineral soil, as well as free and occluded particulate organic matter. Significant amounts of organic matter have accumulated in occluded particulate organic matter (~20%; oPOM); however, experimental N deposition had not altered the abundance of carboxyl, aryl, alkyl, or O/N‐alkyl C in forest floor, bulk mineral soil, or any soil fraction. These observations suggest that biochemically equivalent organic matter has accumulated in oPOM at a greater rate under experimental N deposition, relative to the ambient treatment. Although we do not understand the process by which experimental N deposition has fostered the occlusion of organic matter by mineral soil particles, our results highlight the importance of interactions among the products of microbial decay and the chemical and physical properties of silt and clay particles that occlude organic matter from microbial attack. Because oPOM can reside in soils for decades to centuries, organic matter accumulating under future rates of anthropogenic N deposition could remain in soil for long periods of time. If temperate forest soils in the Northern Hemisphere respond like those in our experiment, then unabated deposition of anthropogenic N from the atmosphere has the potential to foster greater soil C storage, especially in fine‐texture forest soils.     

Studies on soil fungi III. Seasonal variation and distribution of microfungi in some soils of Andhra Pradesh (India)

The seasonal variation and distribution of microfungi in four soil types collected from two districts of Andhra Pradesh (India) were studied.Besides soil type and surface vegetation, it appears from the present study that soil moisture, organic matter, potassium, calcium, iron and phosphorus contents also may affect the fungal numbers favourably, while chlorides, total soluble salts, total nitrogen and manganese contents may have an adverse effect.Even alkaline soils harbour greater numbers of fungi, but small fluctuations in the pH seem to influence the fungal numbers in soils inversely.A total of 101 species representing 43 genera were isolated. These included 18 Phycomycetes, 5 Ascomycetes, 72 Fungi Imperfecti, 5 Mycelia Sterilia and a single Myxomycete. The order of occurrence of the chief genera of fungi isolated wasAspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Pythium, Curvularia, Phoma, Cunninghamella, Rhizopus, Alternaria andTrichoderma.A large number of genera and species were found common to the forest, maize field, garden and uncultivated soils; and the fungal flora was also not very much different from those recorded from various parts of the world.     

Diversity of antifungal actinomycetes in various vegetative soils of Korea

Diversity of actinomycetes and their antifungal activities against some plant pathogenic fungi were examined in various vegetative soils from 14 different sites in the western part of Korea. Actinomycete counts ranged from 1.17 x 10(6) to 4.20 x 10(6) cfu x g(-1) dried soil. A total of 1510 actinomycetes were isolated from the soil samples. Streptomyces was predominant in soils with a pH range of 5.1-6.5, 9.1-13.0% moisture, and 9.1-11.0% organic matter. Most Micromonospora, Dactylosporangium, and Streptosporangium were distributed in soils with pH 4.0-5.0, 2.0-9.0% moisture, and 4.0-7.0% organic matter. Actinomadura and nocardioform actinomycetes were abundant in soils with pH 4.0-5.0 and 13.1-20.0% moisture and with 9.1-11.0 and 4.0-7.0% organic matter, respectively. Populations of Streptomyces were predominant in all the soils, but were highest in grassland and lowest in mountain-forest soils. Micromonospora was most abundant in pepper-field soil and nocardioform actinomycetes were highest in rice paddy field soil. Dactylosporangium was predominant in lake-mud sediments and pepper-field soil, Streptosporangium in lake-mud sediments, and Actinomadura in mountain-forest soil. Antifungal actinomycetes were abundant in orchard soil and lake mud. More than 50% of antifungal isolates from most soils were classified as genus Streptomyces. Actinomycete isolates that showed strong antifungal activity against Alternaria mali, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum, and Rhizoctonia solani were predominant in pepper-field soils, whereas those against Magnaporthe grisea and Phytophthora capsici were abundant in radish-field soils.     

The ratio of fungi and bacteria in the biomass of different types of soil determined by selective inhibition

Tundra, chernozem (virgin and arable), sod-podzolic (coniferous forest, meadow, and arable), and grey forest (larch forest) soils were used to separate the contributions of fungi and bacteria to substrate-induced respiration (SIR) with the help of antibiotics. For soils with a high content of organic matter (tundra and chernozem: 12 and 8%, respectively), the procedure of selective inhibition of SIR has been optimized. The optimized procedure includes the application of high concentrations of streptomycin (50-120 mg/g of soil) and cycloheximide (50-80 mg/g of soil) and decreasing the weight of the analyzed soil sample. Soils under study have shown the predominant contribution of fungi (63-82%) to the total SIR. The fungal-bacterial ratio in the soils of natural ecosystems (0-5 cm, without litter) was 4.32, 2.19, 1.5, and 1.5 for tundra soil, virgin chernozem, coniferous (sod-podzolic soil), and larch (grey forest soil) forests, respectively. The lower layers of sod-podzolic (5-10 cm) and grey forest (48-58 cm) soils showed a decrease in the fungal and increase in the bacterial component in the total SIR.