集水工程、沼气池与新型日光温室联体构筑的研究

通过集水工程、沼气池与新型日光温室联体构筑提高水的利用率,探讨半干旱地区集水农业发展的新途径,在年降水量250－550mm的半干旱地区将雨水富集、存贮与节水措施相结合,可以有效解决水资源短制的问题,将集水工程与日光温室、沼气池联体构筑,进行光、温、水、热的重组,发展高附加值的经济作物,提高水的利用率,使该地区发展高产优质高效农业成为可能,对日光温室中生态因子的优化,节水50％－70％,提高了地温与液间的温度,降低了湿度,不仅提高温室生产力,还有效地降低了病虫害的发生;沼气池供给CO2及部分能量;阴棚把单屋面日光温室背面的遮阴区转化为生产区,种植耐阴作用与食用菌,实现阴、阳棚之间热量、CO2气体的交流,该模式可作为集水型生态农业的发展模式。     

山楂叶螨滞育的初步研究

本文采用海绵水盘法研究了山楂叶螨Tetranychus viennensis Zacher的滞育与温度、光照和寄主营养等环境因子的关系。结果表明21℃下,临界光周期为12 h 32 min,光敏感螨态为幼螨至第二若螨之间的连续两个螨态,单独一个发育阶段对短光照不敏感或仅有微弱的感应。在相同寄主（梨树）叶片上,病叶和老叶诱导的滞育率比嫩叶高,分别为69.7%、55.3%和20%。相同叶片,短光照(12.5 h/d)条件下随螨密度的增大滞育率升高。相同短光照下,低温促进滞育,在15℃、18℃和21℃下滞育率分别为100%、93.1%和66.7%;高温（24℃）抑制滞育,滞育率仅为13.3%;温度为27℃时不滞育。     

昼间亚高温对日光温室番茄生长发育、产量及品质的影响

针对日光温室番茄生产中常出现的昼间温度偏高而带来的危害,以昼间适宜温度25℃为对照,在番茄第1花序开花后对其进行昼间30和35℃的温度处理,研究昼间亚高温对番茄生长发育、产量及品质的影响.结果表明,与25℃适宜昼温相比,在3d短期35℃昼间亚高温处理下,番茄植株相对生长速率极显著提高,但在7d以上长期35℃昼间亚高温处理下,番茄植株徒长,叶片变薄,并出现早衰现象;同时经35℃亚高温处理,番茄果实前期发育加快,成熟期提前,但果实空洞现象增加,糖酸比下降,平均单果重下降,总产量显著降低,第3花序各处理间差异最明显,第2花序次之.昼间30℃温度处理的结果介于昼间25和35℃处理之间,说明番茄植株长期生长在被认为是其生长发育适宜温度上限的35℃条件下,也会严重影响其正常生长发育,而且从花芽分化到果实成熟亚高温持续时间越长,番茄果实产量越低,品质越差.     

短时间高温对田间麦长管蚜的防治效果

【目的】了解短时间高温对麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(Fabricius)的致死效应,为探索其田间使用技术奠定基础。【方法】采取"对靶"和"非对靶"喷施热风的方法,观测了对叶片和麦穗上麦长管蚜的防治效果。【结果】在非对靶55℃高温处理15 s时间,叶片上蚜虫下降率仅达到43%,其防治效果不够理想。但"对靶"热风处理表明,叶片上蚜虫脱落率及脱落后蚜虫的死亡率均随着处理温度升高和处理时间延长而增加,最大脱落率可达80%以上;在65℃下,未脱落的麦蚜第3天后全部死亡。穗部的不同短时间高温处理组合试验表明,在55 6 s℃及以上高温处理时间组合下的虫口减退率超过90%。产量(千粒重)测定表明,55 6 s℃、55 10 s℃、65 3 s℃与喷施吡虫啉药剂对照相当,即这些处理组合的保产效果明显;65℃6 s、75℃3 s、85 3 s℃处理组合虽然蚜虫减退率高,但保产效果不理想。【结论】55 6℃~10 s的短时高温处理麦长管蚜可产生理想的防治效果和保产作用。     

短时高温对金银花贮藏期害虫锯谷盗存活及繁殖的影响

【目的】了解短时高温对金银花Lonicera japonica Thunb.贮藏期害虫锯谷盗Oryzaephilus surinamensis(Linnaeus)存活及繁殖的影响。【方法】在室内测定了锯谷盗成虫经36、39、42、45、48℃高温处1、3、5、7 h后成虫存活率、产卵前期、产卵期、产卵量及F_1代孵化率和羽化率的差异。【结果】短时高温对锯谷盗成虫存活率、产卵前期、产卵期、产卵量及F_1代孵化率和羽化率均有显著影响,在36~48℃范围内,随着温度升高和时间的延长,成虫存活率不断下降、产卵前期不断延长、产卵期不断缩短、产卵量不断下降、F_1代孵化率和羽化率不断下降。经36、39、42、45、48℃高温处理7 h后,成虫存活率分别比对照下降了29.19%、34.47%、39.84%、55.64%和66.68%,产卵前期分别比对照延长了2.06、3.48、4.88、6.51、8.31 d,产卵期分别比对照缩短了4.99、7.89、12.07、16.89、23.14 d,产卵量分别比对照降低了52.26、61.06、70.82、82.87、92.97粒,F_1代孵化率分别比对照下降了21.52%、44.27%、73.44%、97.16%、100%,羽化率分别比对照下降了20.61%、32.85%、57.59%、95.15%、100%。方差分析显示,温度和时间的交互作用对成虫的存活率、F_1代的孵化率和羽化率均有显著影响(P<0.05),而对成虫产卵前期、产卵期和产卵量的影响不显著(P>0.05)。【结论】短时高温对金银花贮藏期害虫锯谷盗存活及繁殖有显著的影响,引起存活率及繁殖力显著下降。     

稗草阴蔽对大豆根瘤固氮速率的影响

 在自控人工气候室内系统研究了稗草阴蔽对大豆根瘤固氮速率的影响。结果表明,在每盆6、12和24株稗草的阴蔽作用下,播后44—101天期间大豆单株根瘤的平均固氮速率分别比无阴蔽对照下降了31.5、39.5和44.5%。稗草阴蔽引起大豆根瘤固氮速率下降的原因与其通过降低大豆植株的受光量及其叶片的CO2传导速率从而降低其叶片的净光合速率有关。播后43一75天期间在每盆6、12和24株稗草的阴蔽作用下,由于大豆植株的受光量分别比无阴蔽对照平均减少了32.1,39.1和43.4%,叶片的CO2传导速率分别比无阴蔽对照平均下降了14.0,16.7和19.3%,导致大豆叶片的净光合速率分别比无阴蔽对照降低了25.4,32.7和37.3%。     

外源微生物及辅料对秸秆降解效果的影响

研究加入外源微生物及添加辅料对秸秆降解率的影响。通过秸杆固体培养进行了降解试验,结果显示,加入外源微生物后纤维素降解率明显提高,嗜热侧孢霉可提高34.76%,放线菌可提高18.99%。通过在秸秆中加入辅料香菇菌糠,培养后秸秆的纤维素含量由原来的32.11%降至14.19%,降解率达55.81%。加入外源微生物的秸秆降解过程具有升温快、温度高及高温维持时间长等优点。加入微生物的秸秆降解高温维持8 d,对照为6 d。秸秆降解过程中的最高温度分别为63℃和58℃。为下一步外源微生物的进一步研究及菌糠的大量利用提供参考。     

烟蚜茧蜂滞育诱导的温光周期反应

烟蚜茧蜂Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead是可持续防控蚜虫的优良内寄生蜂,在害虫生防中具有重要作用,研究其滞育对探索发育调控机制、延长产品货架期、提高防治效果意义重大。本文采用梯度变温法和光周期反应曲线法,系统研究了温度和光周期对烟蚜茧蜂滞育诱导的影响,研究结果表明:烟蚜茧蜂以老熟幼虫滞育,滞育类型属冬滞育型。低温、短光照是诱导烟蚜茧蜂滞育的主要环境因子,二者相互配合能诱导更多个体滞育。短光照(L∶D=8∶16)条件下,温度低于12℃可诱导烟蚜茧蜂进入滞育,8℃时滞育率可达54.35%。长光照(L∶D=14∶10)下,高温不能诱导烟蚜茧蜂滞育,低温下的滞育率较低,仅为1.79%。低温(10℃)下,短光照(8 h)可诱导50.70%的高滞育率,光照为14 h和6 h其滞育率均显著下降。25℃时,不同光照下滞育率均为0,光周期作用不显著。综合而言,温度和光周期均能显著影响烟蚜茧蜂的滞育,温度较光周期的滞育诱导效能更显著,二者互作配合能极显著的诱导烟蚜茧蜂进入滞育态。     

药用植物灯盏花种子储存条件及萌发特性研究

该文以云南春季野外采收灯盏花种子为材料,研究了不同储存湿度、储存温度、储存时间及不同光照、温度、吸胀条件等对其萌发率的影响。结果表明:(1)降低储存湿度(15%RH)和储存温度(-20、4℃)有利于种子保存,种子寿命可延长2 a多,萌发率在80%以上;高温(35、45℃)和高湿(60%RH)加快了种子衰老,不利于保存,种子为短命种子。(2)光照与否对种子萌发率无显著影响,为光中性种子,但光照有利于种子萌发后幼苗的形成。(3) 25℃为该种子萌发的最适宜温度,萌发率可达84.37%。(4)生产上播种时,尽量避免低温(4℃)和高温(30、35℃),有利于提高出苗率。(5)该种子对吸胀冷害不敏感,为抗冷型种子。因此,在种子研究和药材生产上,成熟种子采收后应及时干燥并密封存于低温下,来年春季及早播种;在育苗生产上,应提供适宜的光照条件,设置单独的恒温(25℃)育苗间,并避免低温季播种。通过研究灯盏花种子的适宜储存条件和萌发特性,为该珍稀药用物种的合理储存和高产栽培提供有效指导。     

籼稻颖花分化与退化对不同播期温光的响应

试验以三系杂交籼稻‘五优308’和‘天优华占’以及常规籼稻‘黄华占’为材料,在大田条件下,设置10个播期,研究田间不同温光条件对籼稻生育期天数、颖花分化和退化数的影响.结果表明: 温度对3个籼稻品种生育期的影响比日照长度大,平均温度升高1 ℃,播种-穗分化始期天数平均减少1.5 d,而穗分化历期天数与光照和温度的关系均不密切.不同播期间每穗颖花数和颖花分化数存在显著差异.穗分化期间平均温度、最高温度和最低温度升高,有效积温增加,昼夜温差扩大,光辐射增强,有利于穗分化期干物质积累和颖花分化,各品种趋势一致.穗分化期间有效积温增加50 ℃,颖花分化数增加10.5朵,昼夜温差扩大1 ℃,颖花分化增加14.3朵,总光辐射量增加50 MJ·m^-2,颖花分化数增加17.1朵.颖花退化率与温度呈现二次项相关,极端高温或极端低温的自然条件不利于颖花形成,但低温天气对颖花退化的影响大于高温.温度低于临界温度,颖花退化率大幅增加,穗分化期临界积温为550～600 ℃,日平均温度为24.0～26.0 ℃,日最高温度为32.0～34.0 ℃,日最低温度为21.0～23.0 ℃.适宜高温、昼夜温差大、光照辐射强的自然条件利于颖花分化,并减少颖花退化.     

Practical placement improves the performance of slow release sachets of Neoseiulus cucumeris

This research investigated factors that affect the performance of Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) slow release sachets, focusing on dispersal in environments with non-continuous canopies and high exposure to greenhouse environmental conditions. When released from a central plant in a tray, the distribution of N. cucumeris across all other plants was uneven with the majority of mites recovered at the release point. Shading by a plant canopy reduced the mean internal temperature of the sachets, temperature peaks were less pronounced and the relative humidity was higher than in exposed sachets. Most N. cucumeris left the exposed sachets in the first week, followed by reduced emergence and no signs of breeding were observed in the sachets. Sachets in a plant canopy had low emergence during the first week, increasing thereafter. Overall, plant canopy sachets released more N. cucumeris than exposed sachets. Emergence patterns of N. cucumeris from sachets under greenhouse and ideal conditions were variable, with sachets generally performing better under ideal conditions. Even under constant ideal conditions, the number of N. cucumeris released from sachets varied among batches and some produced a suboptimal number of predators. Results demonstrate that exposed greenhouse conditions can seriously affect the performance of N. cucumeris sachets and that good coverage is needed to compensate for limited dispersal in non-continuous plant canopies.     

日光温室CO2浓度变化规律研究

研究了日光温室内CO2浓度的时空变化规律。结果表明,日光温室CO2浓度日变化曲线通常呈不规则"U"形,有时呈不规则"W"形。冬春栽培过程中日最高CO2浓度逐渐减小,日最低浓度和昼平均浓度先降后升,CO2亏缺时间逐渐延长,温室内CO2空间分布特点通常是早晨和傍晚为前部>中部>后部,近地面层>作物冠层>顶层;中午前后为前部<中部<后部,近地面层>顶层>作物冠层。影响日光温室CO2浓度变化的主要环境因素是光照度,通风不能阻止温室内高浓度CO2外逸和避免CO2亏缺。幼苗期群体光合较弱、土壤呼吸旺盛,温室CO2浓度较高;结果期群体光合旺盛、土壤呼吸衰竭,CO2亏缺严重。     

日光温室CO2浓度变化规律研究

研究了日光温室内CO₂浓度的时空变化规律.结果表明,日光温室CO₂浓度日变化曲线通常呈不规则“U”形,有时呈不规则“W”形.冬春栽培过程中日最高CO₂浓度逐渐减小,日最低浓度和昼平均浓度先降后升,CO₂亏缺时间逐渐延长.温室内CO₂空间分布特点通常是早晨和傍晚为前部>中部>后部,近地面层>作物冠层>顶层;中午前后为前部<中部<后部,近地面层>顶层>作物冠层.影响日光温室CO₂浓度变化的主要环境因素是光照度,通风不能阻止温室内高浓度CO₂外逸和避免CO₂亏缺.幼苗期群体光合较弱、土壤呼吸旺盛,温室CO₂浓度较高;结果期群体光合旺盛、土壤呼吸衰竭,CO₂亏缺严重.     

不同叶幕形对设施葡萄叶幕微环境、叶片质量及果实品质的影响

以3年生‘贝达’砧木设施栽培‘京蜜’葡萄为试材,研究直立、V形和水平3种叶幕形处理下葡萄叶幕微环境、叶片质量及果实品质的差异.结果表明: 直立叶幕的总孔隙度和开度显著高于V形叶幕和水平叶幕,叶面积指数、光能截获率和叶幕昼夜温差均显著低于V形叶幕和水平叶幕,后两者间无显著差异.V形叶幕葡萄叶片的栅栏组织厚度显著大于直立叶幕,水平叶幕居中,叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量显著高于直立叶幕和水平叶幕,后两者间无显著差异.果实品质以V形叶幕最佳,水平叶幕其次,直立叶幕最差.通过GC-MS分析发现,V形叶幕挥发性香气化合物种类最多,为29种,直立叶幕与水平形叶幕分别为17和16种.V形叶幕中‘京蜜’葡萄的特征香气组分除乙醇、反式-2-己烯-1-醇、仲辛酮和甲酸己酯含量较低外,其余含量均较高.芳樟醇(里那醇)含量在直立叶幕和V形叶幕中显著高于水平叶幕,橙花醇含量在V形叶幕中显著高于直立叶幕和水平叶幕,叶醇含量在V形叶幕和水平叶幕中显著高于直立叶幕,香茅醇仅在V形叶幕中检出.V形叶幕设施栽培葡萄的果实香气更浓,更能体现其品种特性.     

Passive heat treatment of sweet basil crops suppresses Peronospora belbahrii downy mildew

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) is an annual herb crop grown in polyethylene‐covered structures in Israel. It is Israel's leading herb crop, grown in warm regions of the country. Downy mildew (caused by Peronospora belbahrii) is a severe disease in Israel and in many other crop‐growing regions worldwide. Experiments were carried out to identify potential climate‐management techniques for suppression of this disease on basil in non‐heated greenhouses. Disease severity was evaluated under commercial‐like conditions in three experiments, with 8–10 walk‐in tunnels at each location. Pathogen inoculum was introduced into all walk‐in tunnels. Regression analysis was performed between the disease values and air temperature, relative humidity (RH) and soil temperature. Downy mildew severity was negatively related to high (>25°C) air temperature, RH in the range of 65–85% and high (>21°C) soil temperature. The increase in air temperature did not result in a significant increase in leaf temperature; canopy surface median temperatures only reached 30°C. Symptomless plants from relatively warmer tunnels (peak temperatures of 45–48°C) that were transferred to conditions that promote downy mildew (22 ± 2°C, RH > 95%) became severely diseased, showing sporulation of P. belbahrii, suggesting that infection occurred but at the high temperatures symptom expression/tissue colonisation was suppressed. Pot experiments in which aerial and subterranean plant organs were differentially heated revealed that treating the roots with a high temperature (26–31°C), similar to the soil temperatures in the warmer greenhouses, while maintaining the upper plant parts at ambient temperature (20°C), suppresses canopy downy mildew. The effect lasted for 1–2 weeks after the plants were removed from the heated soil treatments and maintained under optimal conditions for pathogen development. Furthermore, oospores were found in the symptomatic leaves. Oospores are minimally affected by high temperature, and therefore the high temperature presumably did not affect pathogen survival. In conclusion, the effect of high greenhouse temperature on basil downy mildew may not result from a direct negative effect of high temperature on the pathogen but from an indirect high‐temperature effect on the host, rendering it less susceptible to pathogen development.     

Diurnal variation in the radial reflection coefficient of intact maize roots determined with the xylem pressure probe

Xylem pressure and its relative response to the imposition ofan external osmotic stress (the so-called radial reflectioncoefficient) were recorded in roots of intact maize plants usingthe xylem pressure probe technique. Consecutive insertion oftwo probes into the same xylem vessel or into adjacent vesselsof intact roots of plants exposed to high light intensity andsalt stress under laboratory conditions showed that the xylemtension was not changed by vessel probing. It was also shownby using the double probe approach that the plants were capableof overcoming artificially induced leakages. This and otherevidence reported in the literature convincingly demonstratedthat the probe accurately reads xylem pressure and xylem pressureresponses to osmotic stress. Additional experiments were performedon plants grown in a greenhouse at a subtropical latitude. Underthese conditions the plants were exposed to strong diurnal fluctuationsin light intensity, relative humidity and temperature. The resultsshowed that the absolute xylem pressure in the roots of untreatedplants decreased with increasing transpiration rate from positivevalues in the early morning to negative values around noon (averagevalue –0.15 MPa; maximum negative value –0.57 MPa).As the day progressed and the transpiration rate decreased,xylem pressure increased again to positive values. Correspondingly,the radial reflection coefficient for NaCI increased from aboutzero in the early morning to about unity at noon when transpirationreached its highest value and decreased again to very low valuestowards the evening. The data raise questions concerning conclusionsabout the mechanism of water transport in intact roots drawnfrom the low radial reflection coefficients measured on excisedroots using the root pressure probe. Key words: Xylem pressure probe, osmotic stress, reflection coefficient, transpiration, diurnal changes     

暖温带山地森林的小气候研究

本文探讨了暖温带山地落叶阔叶混交林和油松林不同梯度的气温、湿度、土壤温度的日变化特征,不同季节的分析结果表明：１．落叶阔叶林夜间始终存在气温随高度增加而增加（第１梯度＞第２梯度＞第３梯度＞第４梯度）的辐射逆温现象。油松林夜间林内气温观测值始终低于林冠以上值。２．在生长季的不同时期,人工油松林的林内气温（林地以上２ｍ和４ｍ）的日间波动程度和振幅都高于林冠以上（林冠顶以上０．５ｍ和２．５ｍ）。而在生长季中期,充分发育的落叶阔叶林林冠能够明显地缓减林内气温波动和振幅。３．两类林分各梯度的气温一般均在正午后２～３小时内达到高峰,而早晚较低,具有明显的日变化特征。４．落叶阔叶林林冠以上２．５ｍ处的水汽压及相对湿度始终低于林地以上４ｍ（林下灌木层以上２．５ｍ）处的同期值,具有比油松林更强的增湿效应。     

禹城地区陆气相互作用耦合模式和观测研究

论述了陆气相互作用研究在人类生存环境与发展区域经济中的重要意义与研究现状。在原有研究工作基础上,针对中国科学院禹试验城站地区麦田陆气水热传输过程,提出了一个多层陆气耦合模式。对植被内部湍流交换的物理过程作了深入研究,特别考虑了叶片气孔为非饱和水汽条件下的交换情况,并且给出了修正后的根系吸水模式。陆气耦俣模式分别对大气、植被、土壤作多层划分,以助于细致了解沿高度分布的各种物理量。利用本模式对中国科学     

自控玻璃温室冬季气候生态特征及调控策略

根据上海东海蔬菜示范基地荷兰型自控玻璃温室内监测的5年气象数据,采用数理统计方法,分析了冬季光照、温度、CO₂浓度和空气相对湿度的月际变化特征,揭示了不同天气型下适宜与不宜各级光照度持续时数、各级界限温度出现情况、CO₂欠缺量与持续时间特点、空气相对湿度变化特征,建立了白天温度、CO₂浓度、空气相对湿度与同期光照度间的统计关系式,明确了上海地区冬季温室内主要气候生态问题,并提出了调控建议.在本地区气候背景下在冬季要使温室作物获得高产,关键是要保证充足的光照;在夜间适当控制加温水平,重点提高晴天上午温度,增大昼夜温差,以增加蔬菜的净光合产物.分析结果为温室小气候的合理调控提供技术依据.     

温室甜椒叶面积指数形成模拟模型

叶面积指数是光合作用驱动的作物生长模型以及冠层蒸腾模型所需的重要作物参数,温度和辐射是影响叶片生长的重要环境因子.通过不同定植期、不同品种、不同地点的试 验,定量分析了温室甜椒出叶数、叶片长度和叶面积指数与温度和辐射的关系,构建了温室 甜椒叶面积模型,并利用独立的试验资料对模型进行了检验.结果表明：甜椒出叶数与出苗 后累积辐热积呈指数函数关系;叶片长度与出叶后累积辐热积呈负指数函数关系;甜椒出叶 数、叶片长度和叶面积指数的模拟结果与实测值之间的决定系数R²分别为0.94、0.89、0.93,其回归估计标准误RMSE分别为3.4、2.15 cm、0.15.该模型能够利用气温、辐射、 种植密度和出苗日期准确地预测温室甜椒叶面积指数动态,且模型参数少、实用性强,可以为温室甜椒生长模型和蒸腾模型提供必需的叶面积指数动态信息.