鹰嘴蜜桃病虫害调查与防控策略

为了解广东省连平县鹰嘴蜜桃病虫害的发生为害情况,于2015-2016年对连平县鹰嘴蜜桃病虫害的发生为害进行了系统调查。记录发现11种病害和13种虫害,其中为害严重的病害有果腐病、流胶病、细菌性穿孔病、炭疽病、果肉海绵组织病害5种;害虫有天牛、桑白蚧、蚜虫和桔小实蝇4种。在系统调查病虫害为害程度的基础上,对几种重要病虫害的发生、为害情况及相应的防治措施作了相应的阐述。     

厦门市桂花病虫害种类及防治

1998~2004年对厦门市桂花病虫害进行系统调查,查明桂花病虫害10种,其中病害6种,虫害4种;文中提出这些病虫害的防治方案。     

厦门城市园林绿化主要棕榈科植物病虫害调查研究

本文对厦门城市绿化主要栽培的棕榈科植物病虫害种类进行系统调查,共计44种病害,17种虫害,为厦门园林棕榈科植物病虫害的防治和深入研究提供了重要依据.     

澳门松山公园树木健康评估

通过调查样带中树木病虫危害和藤本植物危害等指标,对澳门松山公园树木健康状况进行了评估.结果表明,本次调杳的6个样带中,2/3的样带处于生长较差状态;所调杏的900株树木中,不健康树木涉及20科23属32种,占所调查树木的18.9%.这说明整个松山公园的树木生长较差.提出维护树木健康的建议:(1)尽快研究找出树木病虫害发病机制,切断病害传播途径,彻底消除病虫害;(2)加紧对入侵植物和土著危害藤本的防治;(3)加强景观改造和植被恢复的力度,构建健康的森林群落结构;(4)建立松山公园树木健康预警机制,对树木健康动态进行长期监控.     

28份人工合成小麦对禾谷孢囊线虫、纹枯病、条锈病和叶锈病的抗性

为了发现具有兼抗多种病害的小麦种质,本研究采用田间病圃法和人工接种法,对28份人工合成小麦的禾谷孢囊线虫、纹枯病、条锈病和叶锈病进行了抗性鉴定。人工合成小麦对这些病害表现不同程度的抗性反应。C2和C20对鉴定的4种病害都具有抗性,C5、C10和C25对这些病害都表现感病。8份材料对Heterodera avenae和H. filipjevi两种病原线虫都表现抗性反应型,也有的材料只抗一种线虫。供试材料对纹枯病的抗性表现较好,其中19份材料表现抗性反应型。9份材料对接种的条锈菌小种CY30、CY31、CY32和CY33均表现抗性反应型,5份材料对叶锈菌小种THT和PHT都具抗性。     

对上海海湾国家森林公园病虫害现状及其防治措施研究

上海海湾国家森林公园属于人工林,具有树木品种多、密度高、立地条件差等特性,加上全球气候变暖的影响,使得病虫害的发生进入高发期。从2004年检测统计至今,上海海湾国家森林公园虫害种类161种,病害种类46种。本文对上海海湾国家森林公园病虫害、防治现状、病害未来发展趋势及其防治措施进行了研究分析。     

古田山国家级自然保护区木腐真菌物种多样性及分布

木腐真菌是微生物的一个重要类群, 主要以倒木为生长基质, 通过产生各种水解酶将倒木的纤维素、木质素和半纤维素分解为小分子物质, 对促进森林生态系统中的营养物质循环发挥着重要的生态功能。于2016年8月在浙江古田山国家级自然保护区开展的木腐真菌野外调查, 利用形态学和DNA序列分析对采集的标本进行了物种鉴定, 并分析了木腐真菌的物种组成和地理成分。在采集的158份标本中鉴定木腐真菌45属92种, 其中白腐真菌78种, 褐腐真菌14种。古田山的木腐真菌物种区系组成中, 热带-亚热带成分比例最高。在158份木腐真菌标本中, 97份标本采自直径大于10 cm的倒木或树桩上, 分属于76个种, 是木腐真菌生长的主要基质大小类型; 48份标本采自直径为2-10 cm的枝干上, 分属38个种; 13份标本采自直径小于2 cm的枝干上, 分属12种。不同腐烂等级倒木上生长的真菌数量和种类差异明显, 其中一级腐烂倒木上采集到9份标本(7种), 二级腐烂倒木上采集到86份标本(45种), 三级腐烂倒木上49份标本(29种), 四级腐烂倒木上14份标本(14种)。结果表明, 林分中倒木直径大小和腐烂程度是影响木腐真菌生长与分布的重要因子。     

贵州黏菌初报

通过对作者2005年采自贵州的119份黏菌标本和从湿室培养10份树皮基物获得的19份黏菌标本进行的鉴定分类研究,以及对保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本馆和中国科学院昆明植物研究所隐花植物标本馆的共21份黏菌标本的鉴定复核,报告了目前已明确了的贵州黏菌51种,分隶属于6目9科21属,其中44种为贵州新记录种,白鳞钙丝菌和红柄发菌为中国新记录种。     

血源肝炎病毒筛查试验结果的分析

目的 探讨血筛酶免疫试剂的质量以及2次化验试剂的合理搭配,最大限度地避免漏检和减少假阳性。方法 对随机抽取的73份HBsAg和99份抗-HCV检测不合格的献血标本分别采用与常规筛查相同的2种进口试剂和另1种国产酶免试剂进行复检,并对复检中至少1种试剂为反应性的标本进行HBsAg中和试验或抗-HCV重组免疫印迹试验确证。结果 73份HBsAg不合格标本中,20份确证阳性,11份可疑,42份阴性;99份抗-HCV不合格标本中,29份确证阳性,70份阴性。针对研究范围内特定的标本,进口试剂的漏检率可达13.79%～27.59%,且也存在不同程度的假阳性。2种进口试剂间检测结果互补,而国产试剂无法查出进口试剂的漏检。结论 无论是进口还是国产血筛酶免试剂,都存在不同程度的漏检和假阳性情况,应选择2种检测结果互补的试剂对血液进行筛查,以保障血液安全。     

中国青藓科研究资料(Ⅱ)

根据Jos．Giraldi 1890至1896年在中国陕西省采集的青藓属标本13份,1896至1898年Carolo Mueller发表了青藓属的13个新种。笔者向佛罗伦萨大学植物标本馆借阅了上述类群的标本,其中主模式标本9份,等模式标本3份和由C.Mueller鉴定的标本1份。经过对这些标本逐一鉴定并进行形态性状的测量,本文订正了部分学名,提出了3个新异名,1个新组合。     

Fruit sizes and the structure of frugivorous communities in a New Guinea lowland rainforest

A community of frugivorous insects was studied by rearing of 25 565 individual insects representing three orders (Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera except Drosophilidae) from 326 woody plant species in a lowland rainforest in Papua New Guinea. Fruits from 19.3% of plant species were not attacked by any insect order, 33.4% of plant species were attacked by a single order, 30% by two orders and 17.2% by all three orders. The likelihood of attack by individual orders was positively correlated so that a higher proportion of plant species than expected suffered either no attack at all or was attacked by all three insect orders. Fruits from most of the plant species exhibited low rates of attack and low densities of insects. One kilogram of fruit was attacked on average by 11 insects, including three to four Coleoptera, six Diptera and one Lepidoptera. Thus, we reared on average one insect from 10 fruits, including one Diptera from 14 fruits, one Coleoptera from 22 fruits and one Lepidoptera from 100 fruits. Only 72 out of the 326 plant species hosted more than one insect per 10 fruits, and only seven species supported a density of greater than one insect per fruit. Our results suggest that specialized insect seed predators are probably too rare to maintain the diversity of vegetation by density‐dependent mortality of seeds as suggested by the Janzen–Connell hypothesis. Fruit weight, fruit volume, mesocarp volume, seed volume and fleshiness had no significant effect on the probability that a fruit would be attacked by an insect frugivore. However, fruits attacked by Diptera were significantly larger and had larger volume of both mesocarp and seeds than fruits attacked by Coleoptera and Lepidoptera.     

Phytophagous insect-woody sprout interactions in tropical eucalypt forest. II. Insect community structure

Abstract Sucking insects constituted 79% of all phytophagous insects collected from woody sprouts in the ground layer of a tropical eucalypt forest. Mobile insect groups such as non-psyllid Hemiptera and Orthoptera were relatively frequent in this environment compared to temperate, Eucalyptus-dominated vegetation. The high fire frequency of the tropical eucalypt forest may favour mobile insect groups. The capture of sucking insects and caterpillars peaked in dry season samples. Other patterns of abundance of phytophagous insect groups showed little consistency in their seasonal trends between host species or between vegetation types within host species. Disparities between chewing insect abundance in daytime samples and the damage chewing insects cause, may result from disproportionate consumption by large, mainly nocturnal insects, such as members of the Orthoptera. In this study, 21% of insect species were specialists on single plant species. This study suggested that insect abundance reflected the growth patterns of woody sprouts after regular burning, rather than that plant growth and development were tuned to the pressures of insect herbivory.     

A PCR method for detection of plant meals from the guts of insects

The feeding behaviour of insects is a difficult ecological interaction to study. To date, entomologists have used biochemical and molecular techniques to identify the meals of predatory insects. We present here a molecular approach to identifying the DNA of plant species in the insect gut using the ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase gene large subunit (rbcL). A reference collection of 23 plant species from the southern Jordan Valley, Israel, was genetically characterized and employed. Insects belonging to eight different families were collected in the field along with the plants upon which they were found. After collection and prior to analysis, these insects were isolated on the plants they were found upon in the laboratory. This was to ensure that the insects had only one plant meal in their gut, as multiple plant meals would require additional techniques like cloning. A blind study was performed, genetically confirming plant DNA to species level from the processed gut contents of the insects. All reference plant species could be differentiated using a 157 bp long fragment of the rbcL gene. Plant DNA was identifiable, and the meal of the respective insect was accurately determined in each case. Analyses using experimentally fed crickets, Gryllodes hebraeus, determined that plant DNA was still detectable by PCR up to 12 h post-ingestion. This research proposes the application of molecular techniques for the identification of herbivorous insect feeding behaviour to increase understanding of plant–insect interactions.     

长白山阔叶红松林植物群落与昆虫群落的相互关系研究

通过季节性的观察,系统研究了长白山植物群落、昆虫群落多样性及它们之间关系。结果表明,植物群落物种丰富度指数与植食性昆虫丰富度指数呈负相关,而与捕食性天敌昆虫丰富度指数呈正相关,与寄生性天敌的丰富度指数呈负相关;昆虫群落的均匀度与植物群落的均匀度相关显著。植物群落的多样性指数与捕食性、寄生性天敌的多样性指数呈正相关。而与植食性昆虫的多样性指数呈负相关,这表明植物群落的多样性影响昆虫群落的多样性。     

Insects affect relationships between plant species richness and ecosystem processes

This study examined whether insects can alter relationships between plant species diversity and ecosystem function in grassland communities, by (i) altering biomass across a plant diversity gradient, (ii) altering relative abundances of plant species, or (iii) altering ecosystem function directly. We measured herbivore damage on seminatural grassland plots planted with 1, 2, 4, 8, or 12 plant species, and compared plant biomass in a subset of these plots with replicates in which insect levels were reduced. Plant biomass and herbivore damage increased with species richness. Reducing insect populations resulted in greater evenness of relative plant species abundances and revealed a strong positive relationship between plant species richness and above-ground biomass. Reducing insects also changed the relationship between plant species richness and decomposition. Plant species mixtures and their relative abundances partially explained plant biomass results, but not decomposition results. These results suggest that insects can alter relationships between plant diversity and ecosystem processes through all three mechanisms.     

Phytophagous British insects and mites and their food-plant families: total numbers and polyphagy

The Phytophagous Insects Data Base (PIDB) was used to summarize information about 6933 species of British insects/mites and their food-plant families. Total species in 183 insect families on 127 vascular plant families were correlated with numbers of plant species in each family in Britain and Europe, accounting for 41.8% of the variation. Families with trees had more insects, while ferns and aquatic, uncommon and ephemeral plants, particularly orchids, had fewer. Seven individual insect families were analysed separately: Aphididae were more closely correlated with plant species numbers than were the more polyphagous Geometridae. Agromyzidae were uncommon on families with trees. Of insect species 75.8% fed on only one plant family and 10.1% were recorded on two families. Species feeding on three families or more were considered to be polyphagous. In the 30 largest insect families, eight had species feeding on only one plant family, while 12 had more than 20% of their species polyphagous. Proportions of family-restricted insects were high on Pinaceae, Gramineae and Compositae, but low on Corylaceae, Primulaceae and Tiliaceae. More pest species were polyphagous. Polyphagy was related to large larvae, larvae overwintering, wood-feeding, ephemeral food sources, poor dispersal abilities and omnivory. Some polyphagous species might be actively evolving in exploitation of vacant niches, leading to later progressive specialization to food-plants.     

用现代分子生物学方法揭示植物与昆虫的相互关系

昆虫与植物之间相互关系的研究由来已久。1 964年Ｅｈｒｌｉｃｈ和Ｒａｖｅｎ提出了协同进化 (ｃｏｅｖｏ ｌｕｔｉｏｎ) [1 ] 的概念后 ,更大大促进了植物与昆虫相互关系的研究。马世骏高度重视这一领域的研究 ,指出协同进化的观点是研究生物进化的方法论的基础之一[2 ] 。钦俊德对昆虫与植物的关系作了系统的论述和总结[3] 。以往研究昆虫与植物之间的相互关系 ,主要依靠分析昆虫的习性与相关植物的外部形态和内含次生物质之间的关系 ,辅以数学手段及计算机工具来进行 ,虽然取得了大量卓有成效的成果 ,但都还未能直接从绝大多数生物的遗传…     

Evolutionary dynamics of specialisation in herbivorous stick insects

Understanding the evolutionary dynamics underlying herbivorous insect mega‐diversity requires investigating the ability of insects to shift and adapt to different host plants. Feeding experiments with nine related stick insect species revealed that insects retain the ability to use ancestral host plants after shifting to novel hosts, with host plant shifts generating fundamental feeding niche expansions. These expansions were, however, not accompanied by expansions of the realised feeding niches, as species on novel hosts are generally ecologically specialised. For shifts from angiosperm to chemically challenging conifer hosts, generalist fundamental feeding niches even evolved jointly with strong host plant specialisation, indicating that host plant specialisation is not driven by constraints imposed by plant chemistry. By coupling analyses of plant chemical compounds, fundamental and ecological feeding niches in multiple insect species, we provide novel insights into the evolutionary dynamics of host range expansion and contraction in herbivorous insects.     

Species richness of gall-forming insects in a tropical rain forest: correlations with plant diversity and soil fertility

We tested two hypotheses to explain changes in species richness ofgall-forming insects. The first hypothesis proposes that gall-forming insectspecies richness increases as more potential host–plant species areavailable. The second hypothesis implies that soil fertility affects plantcolonization by gall-forming insects. Seven sites, representing strongdifferences in vegetation and soil were chosen at the Lacandona tropical rainforest region, Chiapas, Mexico. Overall, we found 1522 individual plantsbelonging to 340 different plant species. From this, we found gall-forminginsects on 737 (43.9%) plants and on 74 (22%) of total plant species. We found asignificant negative correlation between gall-forming insect species richnessand species richness of plants, which does not support the hypothesis that plantspecies richness is an important factor in generating the radiation ofgall-forming insects. Using phosphorus as an indicator of soil fertility, wefound the lowest number of plants with gall-forming insects and the smallestgall-forming insect load per individual plant in the more fertile soil(alluvial). In contrast, the highest number of plants with galls and the highestgall-forming insect load per plant were found at a savanna-like vegetationsite, where the poorest soil was recorded. These results did not support thesoil fertility hypothesis in terms of species richness, but did with respect toabundance of plants with galls.     

两种蚜茧蜂及其寄主蚜虫对大豆植株挥发性次生物质的触角电位反应

研究了下列害虫和寄生天敌种类对大豆植株中提取的某些挥发性次生化合物及其不同组合混合相的触角电位反应： 1)豆蚜Aphis craccivora Koch和麦长管蚜Macrosiphum avenae (Fabricius);2)为害大豆植株的大豆蚜Aphis glycines Matsumura和不为害大豆植株的豆蚜二者所共有的寄生天敌豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus fabarum Marshall; 3)不为害大豆植株的麦长管蚜的寄生天敌燕麦蚜茧蜂Aphidius picipes Nees。结果表明,与大豆植株相关联的大豆蚜和不相关联的豆蚜所共有的天敌——豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂,对大豆植株的挥发性次生化合物及其混合相反应敏感,而与大豆植株不相关联的豆蚜、麦长管蚜及其寄生天敌——燕麦蚜茧蜂,对大豆植株的挥发性次生化合物及其混合相反应不敏感。再次证明,植物挥发性次生化合物在害虫及其寄生天敌搜寻寄主的过程中起到重要的作用。