控制小麦种、属旗叶水分利用效率的染色体背景分析

利用ＬＣＡ－３便携式光合仪对不同染色体背景的材料测定表明,就旗叶水分利用效率（ＷＵＥ）而言,不同染色体组的上排序为ＡＡ＞ＢＢ＞ＤＤ＞ＲＲ,说明Ａ组染色体上载有控制高ＷＵＥ的基因,对中国春双端体系列的研究表明,Ａ组染色体无论在缺失长臂和短臂时,其端体也保持较高的旗叶ＷＵＥ,在１ＡＬ、２ＡＬ、２ＡＳ、７ＡＳ染色体臂上载有控制高ＷＵＥ的基因。对小黑麦附加系的研究表明,４Ｒ染色体上载有控制高ＷＵＥ的基因,     

我国棉花细胞质雄性不育系育性恢复的遗传基础：Ⅱ.恢复基因与育性增…

以引自美国的哈克尼西棉细胞质雄性不育系ＤＥＳ－ＨＡＭＳ２７７及其恢复系ＤＥＳ－ＨＡＭＦ２７７为对照,对我国５个棉花细胞质雄性不育系进行了育性恢复的遗传学研究。研究结果：５个不育系的育性恢复受两个独立的显性基因控制,Ｒｆ１和Ｒｆ２称为恢复基因,其中Ｒｆ１为完全显性,Ｒｆ２为部分显性,Ｒｆ１对育性恢复的遗传效应大于Ｒｆ２。育性恢复还可被一个称为育性增强基因（Ｅ）的基因所促进,Ｅ基因与Ｒｆ１和Ｒｆ２基因     

普通小麦1BL—1RS K,V型雄性不育体系育性恢复的研究

对１ＢＬ－１ＲＳ Ｋ,Ｖ型雄性不育系及其保持素与中国春及其第一部分同源群染色体全部６个缺－四体杂种Ｆ１的育性恢复进行了研究。结果表明：Ｋ型杂种的育笥恢复主要受１ＢＳ上Ｒｆｖ１基因的控制;而Ｖ杂种则受Ｒｆｖ１的１Ｄ染色上育性恢复基因的共同控制;在保持１Ｄ正常剂量的情况下,使恢复系中载有Ｒｆｖ１的１Ｂ染色体（片段）加倍,如１Ａ缺体－１Ｂ四体能使Ｋ,Ｖ型杂种1Ｆ的育性完全恢复。     

畲族Gc、PGM1、AcP_1、6-ΡGD、ADA和AK1的遗传多态性

对畲族血浆组特异性成分（Ｇｃ）、红细胞磷酸葡萄糖变位酶１（ＰＧＭ１）、酸性磷酸酶（ＡｃＰ１）、６－磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶（６－ＰＧＤ）、腺苷脱氨酶（ＡＤＡ）、腺苷酸激酶（ＡＫ１）的遗传多态性进行了研究。Ｇｃ与ＰＧＭ１是用薄层聚丙烯酰胺凝胶等电聚焦分析的,ＡｃＰ１、６－ＰＧＤ、ＡＤＡ及ＡＫ１是用淀粉凝胶电泳分析的。各基因座的基因频率分别为Ｇｃ＊１Ｆ０．４７２２、Ｇｃ＊１Ｓ０．２４２１、Ｇｃ＊２０．２７３８;ＰＧＭ１＊１Ａ０．５３５７、ＰＧＭ１＊１Ｂ０．１６２７、ＰＧＭ１＊２Ａ０．１５８７、ＰＧＭ１＊２Ｂ０．１４２９;ＡｃＰ＊１Ａ０．１８２５、ＡｃＰ１＊Ｂ０．８１７５;６－ＰＧＤ＊Ａ０．９６８３、６－ＰＧＤ＊Ｂ０．０２７８;ＡＤＡ＊１０．９８８１、ＡＤＡ＊２０．０１１９;ＡＫ１＊１１．００００。畲族Ｇｃ、ＰＧＭ１、ＡｃＰ１、６－ＰＧＤ和ＡＤＡ基因为多态,而ＡＫ１基因为单态。发现１例带有６－ＰＧＤ＊Ｒ和３例带有Ｇｃ＊１Ａ２变异等位基因的个体,其中Ｇｃ＊１Ａ２基因频率为０．０１１９,达到多态水平。     

小麦选系“7182—0—11—1”与黑麦可杂交性的遗传分析

小麦选系“７１８２－０－１１－１”与黑麦的可杂交性明显高于传统的高亲和性品系“中国春”。遗传分析表明,“７１８２－０－１１－１”与“中国春”的可杂交性基因一样表现为完全隐性,“７１８２－０－１１－１”除具有“中国春”的３对可杂交性基因,好５Ｂ上的ｋｒ１、５Ａ上的ｋｒ２和５Ｄ上的ｋｒ３外,还具有一个新的可杂交性基因ｋｒ５,位于２Ｂ染色体上,ｋｒ５表现为强效,其效应接近ｋｒ１,小麦可杂交性隐性纯合等位     

抗脂多糖单克隆抗体特性及纯化的研究

用Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ０１１１：Ｂ４死菌体及其脂多糖（ＬＰＳ）免疫ＢＡＬＢ／Ｃ小鼠,取其脾细胞与ＳＰ２／０细胞融合获得６株稳定分泌抗ＬＰＳ特异性单克隆抗体细胞株,其中一株为ＩｇＧ２ａ类,５株为ＩｇＭ类,轻链均为Ｋ型;染色体数目为９０－９８条;５株ＩｇＭ类单克隆抗体识别５种不同的抗原表位;相对亲和力在１０~８～１０~（１０）之间;１Ｂ１２单抗经ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－１５０纯化后,经还原性ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ显示只有７０ＫＤ的重键和２５ＫＤ的轻链。     

丙型肝炎病毒C33_c单克隆抗体的研制和鉴定

用丙型肝炎病毒重组蛋白Ｃ３３_ｃ抗原免疫ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠,运用杂交瘤技术成功地建立了７株能稳定分泌抗Ｃ３３_ｃ单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞１Ｈ６Ｄ２、２Ｇ１Ａ６、３Ａ４Ａ８、３Ｅ３Ｅ７、４Ｇ１２Ｃ１０、４Ａ１０Ｃ２、５Ｆ４Ｂ６．试验结果表明,７株ＭｃＡｂｓ具有良好的ＨＣＶ特异性,间接ＥＬＩＳＡ法测得小鼠腹水ＭｃＡｂ效价为１：１０￣４－１：４×１０￣４;竞争抑制实验和相加指数测定证实７株ＭｃＡｂｓ识别相关的抗原表位;７株ＭｃＡｂｓ中１株为ＩｇＭ（５Ｆ４Ｂ６）,其它６株为ＩｇＧ（２ａ）。     

利用杆状病毒在昆虫细胞内表达

苏云金杆菌以色列亚种（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｔｈｕｒｉｎｇｉｅｎｓｉｓｖａｒｉｓｒａｅｌｅｎｓｉｓ）的分子量为２７ｋＤ的δ－内毒素蛋白基因,与一个拷贝杆状病毒ｇｐ６７信号肽基因连接后,被插入苜蓿银纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒（ＡｃＭＮＰＶ）基因组。在筛选出的３种不同的重组病毒株ＡｃＢＴＩ５－１、ＡｃＢＴＩ５－３和ＡｃＢＴＩ６－３中,前两种表现为多角体阳性,后者为多角体阴性,ＡｃＢＴＩ５－１和ＡｃＢＴＩ６－３在Ｓｆ细胞中表达产生分子量为２６～３０．５ｋＤ的４种与２７ｋＤδ－内毒素蛋白有关的多肽。在ＡｃＢＴＩ５－３感染的细胞中未检测出类似的多肽。粉纹夜蛾在吃了涂有ＡｃＢＴＩ５－１感染的细胞收集物的饲料后,表现典型的苏云金杆菌δ－内毒素中毒症状。被ＡｃＢＴＩ５－１感染的粉纹夜蛾幼虫血淋巴与２７ｋＤδ－内毒素蛋白抗血清呈阳性反应。     

苜蓿根瘤菌结瘤基因研究进展

苜蓿根瘤菌结瘤基因（ｎｏｄＡＢＣＤ１Ｄ２Ｄ３ＥＦＧＨＰＱ）存在于达３００～１０００Ｍｄ以上的巨大质粒上。ｎｏｄＤ基因（包括ｎｏｄＤ１和ｎｏｄＤ２基因）的产物与植物分泌的类黄酮进行特异结合,进而在转录水平调节其它ｎｏｄ基因的表达。ｎｏｄＡＢＣ、ｎｏｄＨ和ｎｏｄＱ基因编码的蛋白质控制ＮｏｄＲｍ因子的产生,从而决定宿主范围。其中,ｎｏｄＡＢＣ基因控制ＮｏｄＲｍ—１的产生,ｎｏｄＨ基因控制ＮｏｄＲｍ因子硫酸基团的转移,有硫酸基团的ＮｏｄＲｍ—１在苜蓿上表现有活力,没有硫酸基团的ＮｏｄＲｍ—２在野豌豆上有活力。     

普通小麦各染色体组有效利用土壤磷基因的遗传分析

以部分中国春双端体为材料用土培盆栽法对小麦各染色体组有效利用土壤潜在磷基因的遗传分析表明：小麦不同染色体臂上所携基因对小麦有效利用土壤潜在磷特性具有不同效应,在供试材料中,Ｂ组染色体所缺失的臂在缺磷下对籽粒产量的贡献较大,其中以４Ｂｓ、５Ｂｓ,效应最强,而Ｄ组所有缺失的染色体臂及大部分Ａ组所缺失的染色体臂在缺磷下则对籽粒产量有较强的抑制效应,其中以５Ｄｓ、３ＤＬ及２ＡＬ,１Ａｓ的效应最强。     

Mapping and Isolation of Quantitative Trait Loci Controlling Plant Height and Heading Date in Rice

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified for heading date and plant height in rice ( Oryza sativa L.) using a recombinant inbred line population consisting of 241 lines. Totally 4 QTLs for heading date and 4 QTLs for plant height were detected in three years. The QTL with large effects located in the interval C1023-R1440 on chromosome 7 was simultaneously detected in three years for both traits. In order to distinguished the interval whether contained one QTL with pleiotropy effect or two close linked QTLs, a recombinant line RIL50, whose genetic background was high similar to Zhenshan 97 except the regions covered the major QTL from Minghui 63, was selected to cross with Zhenshan 97. A BC1F2 population from the cross, which could be regarded as near isogenic lines (NIL) with the targeted QTL (QTL-NIL), was used to collect heading date and plant height data. The frequency distribution of the two traits in the BC1F2 population was bimodal, and their segregation ratios were in accordance with the expected Mendelian inheritance ratios. Normally, the short plants flowered early in the population, the high plants with late heading date, but the relationships between the plant height and the heading date of 6 plants conflicted with the case. The above results clearly demonstrated that QTL could be treated as single Mendelian factor. Moreover, there are two close linked genes controlling the heading date and the plant height on chromosome 7, respectively.     

Genotyping the Heading Date of Male-Sterile Rice Line II-32A

II-32A, an elite male-sterile line of rice （Oryza sativa L.）, has been widely used for the production of hybrid rice seed In China. Heading date In most combinations using II-32A shows transgressive Inheritance or similarity to the latter parent, but the genotype of II-32A with respect to major genes for heading time Is unknown. This limits the further exploitation of this sterile line In breeding and hybrid seed production. Using a number of major gene heading date Isogenlc lines and heading date QTL near-lsogenic lines, we genetically analyzed II-32B under both long- and short-day conditions. We show that II-32B carries two photoperlod-sensltlve genes, E1 and E3, a recessive late-heading gene, ef-l, and a photoperlod-sensltlve allele, Se-1^u. In addition we Identified In II- 32B a recessive Inhibitor for E1 or Se-1^n and other modified photoperlod-sensltlve genes. The heading-date constitution of II-32A was determined to be E1e2E3Se-1^uef-li-Se-1.     

Mapping of Ppd-B1, a Major Candidate Gene for Late Heading on Wild Emmer Chromosome Arm 2BS and Assessment of Its Interactions with Early Heading QTLs on 3AL

Wheat heading date is an important agronomic trait determining maturation time and yield. A set of common wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Chinese Spring; CS)-wild emmer (T. turgidum L. subsp. dicoccoides (TDIC)) chromosome arm substitution lines (CASLs) was used to identify and allocate QTLs conferring late or early spike emergence by examining heading date. Genetic loci accelerating heading were found on TDIC chromosome arms 3AL and 7BS, while loci delaying heading were located on 4AL and 2BS. To map QTLs conferring late heading on 2BS, F₂ populations derived from two cross combinations of CASL2BS × CS and CASL3AL × CASL2BS were developed and each planted at two times, constituting four F₂ mapping populations. Heading date varied continuously among individuals of these four populations, suggesting quantitative characteristics. A genetic map of 2BS, consisting of 23 SSR and one single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) marker(s), was constructed using these F₂ populations. This map spanned a genetic length of 53.2 cM with average marker density of 2.3 cM. The photoperiod-sensitivity gene Ppd-B1 was mapped to chromosome arm 2BS as a SSCP molecular marker, and was validated as tightly linked to a major QTL governing late heading of CASL2BS in all mapping populations. A significant dominance by additive effect of Ppd-B1 with the LUX gene located on 3AL was also detected. CS had more copies of Ppd-B1 than CASL2BS, implying that increased copy number could elevate the expression of Ppd-1 in CS, also increasing expression of LUX and FT genes and causing CS to have an earlier heading date than CASL2BS in long days.     

Genotyping the Heading Date of Male-Sterile Rice Line Ⅱ-32A

Ⅱ-32A, an elite male-sterile line of rice (Oryza sativa L.), has been widely used for the production of hybrid rice seed in China. Heading date in most combinations using Ⅱ-32A shows transgressive inheritance or similarity to the latter parent, but the genotype of Ⅱ-32A with respect to major genes for heading time is unknown. This limits the further exploitation of this sterile line in breeding and hybrid seed production. Using a number of major gene heading date isogenic lines and heading date QTL near-isogenic lines, we genetically analyzed Ⅱ-32B under both long- and short-day conditions. We show that Ⅱ-32B carries two photoperiod-sensitive genes, E1 and E3, a recessive late-heading gene, ef-1, and a photoperiod-sensitive allele, Se-1u. In addition we identified in Ⅱ-32B a recessive inhibitor for E1 or Se-1n and other modified photoperiod-sensitive genes. The heading-date constitution of Ⅱ-32A was determined to be E1e2E3Se-1Uef-1i-Se-1.     

Gene differences in heading date,height, seed weight and seed yield between two pure line varieties of Triticum aestivum L.

Summary Reciprocal sets of homozygous inbred backcross lines were developed by crossing two pure line varieties (Baart 46 and Ramona) of Triticum aestivum L., followed by two backcrosses to each of the two parent varieties, and six to eight generations of selfing. Data on each inbred backcross line was obtained from twelve plots (from replications in three years). Five genes were responsible for over 95% of the genetic variation for heading date. These genes had pleiotropic effects on plant height that were proportional to their effects on heading date. Two additional genes had detectable effects on plant height. The genes with a measurable effect on height accounted for 90% of the genetic variation in the Baart 46 genetic background. One gene affected seed weight. In the Ramona background, this gene accounted for 80% of the genetic variation in seed weight and 16% of the genetic variation in seed yield. Two genes, responsible for the earliest and latest heading date classes, had large pleiotropic effects on seed yield. They accounted for 60% of the genetic variation in yield. One gene, with no effect on heading date, caused a detectable reduction in yield of 23% in the Baart 46 inbred backcross lines. This gene had no apparent effect in the Ramona genetic background. Quantitative trait genes are sparsely distributed in the genome: fewer than one in four chromosome arms carries a gene with a detectable effect. Gene effects on quantitative traits are not small and similar. The distribution of 22 gene effects for heading date and height is slightly skewed to the right: as the magnitude of effect increases, the frequency of genes having the effect decreases.     

Monosomic analysis of heading date and spikelet number in the common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) multispikelet line ‘Noa’

Summary Genetic analysis of heading date and spikelet number was carried out in the common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) multispikelet line Noa, by using the monosomic series of the regular line Mara. Noa's high number of spikelets was found to be controlled by a recessive major gene on chromosome 2D; a slight reduction in spikelet number was induced by another recessive gene on Noa's 7A chromosome. Noa's late heading date was found to be controlled by two recessive genes, located on chromosome 2D (a major effect) and 6B (a minor effect). The nature of the genes located on Noa's 2D chromosome and the relationship between spikelet number and heading date are discussed.     

The glutamine synthetase (<Emphasis Type="Italic">GS2</Emphasis>) genes in relation to grain protein content of durum wheat

Glutamine synthetase (GS2) is a key enzyme in plant nitrogen metabolism responsible of the first step of ammonium assimilation and transformation into glutamine (an essential compound in the amino acid-biosynthetic pathway). The goal of the present study was to isolate and characterize GS2 genes and to assess the linkage with grain protein content (GPC), an important quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes. Here, we report the isolation of the complete glutamine synthetase gene sequences and their localization on the two homeologous chromosome 2A and 2B in durum wheat cvs. Ciccio and Svevo characterized by a different grain protein content. GS2-A2 located on 2A chromosome is comprised of 13 exons separated by 12 introns, and the allele sequence in the two cultivars were different for an insertion of 5 bp located in the third exon in the cv. Ciccio. The GS2-B2 has the same intron/exon structure, but the two cultivars differ for the insertion of a 33-bp sequence located in the second intron of the cv. Svevo. Specific primers were designed in the polymorphic region and amplified in a recombinant inbred line mapping population. The study localized GS genes (GS2-A2, GS2-B2 GSe, GSr) on chromosomes 2A, 2B, 4A, and 4B, where four significant QTLs for GPC were also located.     

Effects of an intercultivaral chromosome substitution on winterhardiness and vernalization in wheat

During a study on the genetic control of winterhardiness in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. group aestivum), a gene that affected vernalization was found on chromosome 3B in the winter wheat cultivar `Wichita.' When chromosome 3B from Wichita was substituted into the winter wheat cultivar `Cheyenne,' the resultant substitution line exhibited a spring growth habit. This is unusual since a cross between the cultivars Wichita and Cheyenne results in progeny that exhibit the winter growth habit. The F(2) plants from a cross of the 3B substitution line to Cheyenne, the recipient parent, segregated 3:1 for heading/no heading response in the absence of vernalization (χ(2) = 2.44). Earliness of heading appeared to be due to an additive effect of the 3B gene as shown by the segregation ratio 1:2:1 (early heading-later heading-no heading) (χ(2) = 2.74). This vernalization gene differs from previously described vernalization genes because, while dominant in a Cheyenne background, its expression is suppressed in Wichita. The gene may have an effect on winter hardiness in Wichita. In a field test for winter survival the 3B substitution line had only 5% survival, while Wichita and Cheyenne had 50 and 80% survival, respectively. No other substitution line significantly reduced winter survival. The difference between Wichita and Cheyenne in winterhardiness may be due to the vernalization gene carried on the 3B chromosome.     

水稻显性早熟材料D64B的发现、遗传分析和分子标记定位

D64B是从籼型杂交稻保持系D63B中发现的一个无色早熟突变株。用不育系、保持系、恢复系以及早稳型水稻品种与之杂交,F1的抽穗期多数与早熟亲本D64B相同或相近,部分偏向早熟亲本。这些结果表明D64B具有显性早熟特性。将D64B在海南陵水短日照和温江长日照下分期种植,观察到两地点因生长发育期间温度变化引起的抽穗期的变化的程度是一致的,并且在一定范围内随着生长发育期间温度升高,D64B抽穗缩短,可知D64B不感光,感温性中等。种植D64B与蜀恢527的正反交F2和回交一代BC1,三者的抽穗期均呈双峰分布,并且峰谷处于同一位置,以峰谷值103d为转折点进行分组,早熟与迟熟植株的分离比经x^2检验分别符合3：1和1：1,表明D64B的早熟特性主要受一对显性早熟核基因控制。用356对微卫星引物对亲本D64B和蜀恢527进行多态性分析,并用多态性引物扩增蜀恢527／D64B的F2早熟和迟熟近等基因池,找到多态引物RM279,进一步用RM279附近的微卫星引物扩增F2早熟和迟熟近等基因池、迟熟植株,筛到多态性引物RM71。用MAPMAKER／EXP3．0软件分析,将该早熟基因定位于第2染色体的短臂端,位于RM179和RM71之间,遗传距离分别为12．6cM和13．3cM,该基因拟名EF-3(t)。在育种实践中用D64B育成早熟不育系D64A。